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TS Board Solutions

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 8C What is My Name? Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 8C What is My Name?

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What made Mrs. Murthy so restless to know her name ?
Answer:
In her scrubbing zeal Mrs. Murthy had forgotten her name. At once she felt that she had lost her own identity. She had lost her self-respect. That made her so restless to know her name.

Question 2.
Do you notice any change in Mrs. Murthy in the first picture and Sarada in the second picture ?
Answer:
Mrs. Murthy in the first picture is more traditional, cool and obedient. She seems to be much bold and energetic in the second one, as Sarada. She feels like a real person as she thinks that she has got her identity and self-respect.

Question 3.
Do you find any similarities between Mrs. Murthy and the women in your family ? If yes, list them.
Answer:
Yes, I find some similarities between Mrs. Murthy and my mother as well as my grandma. My mother and grandma are completely dedicated to the well being of the family like Mrs. Murthy. They totally confine themselves to the chores such as cleaning floors, washing clothes, cooking , looking after children etc. They don’t have any identity and know nothing about the world outside our home.

Question 4.
Why do you think the writer decided to focus on the question of married women’s identity ?
Answer:
The writer decided to focus on the question of married women’s identity because she wanted them to live with their own identity and self-respect. She did not want them to confine to their homes. She wanted them to be given equal rights, equal respect. She wanted that they should also assume some responsibility in nation building activity.

Question 5.
Which part of the story shows that Mrs. Murthy feels her identity restored ?
Answer:
In the last part of the story, when she returned to her husband’s house Mrs. Murthy feels her identity restored. It is clear from her word’s .. from now onwards don’t call meyemoi, geemoi. My name is Sarada – call me Sarada, understood ?”

Question 6.
Dowry was given in Sarada’s marriage. Is taking and giving dowry an offence? What are your thoughts on people offering and demanding dowry?
Answer:
Both taking and giving dowry is an offence. No one should demand dowry nor offer dowry. A person may give her daughter some money or jewellery. But it must not be at demand. It must be pleasing. Dowry is also against the constitution.

Question 7.
Make a list of activities/ professions. Find out about women and men in varied professions. Is there any job that only a woman or only a man can do? Discuss.
Answer:
List of activities or professions :
Lawyers, Doctors, Scientists, Entrepreneurs, Administrative Officers, Soldiers, Teachers, Politicians, Writers, Artists and such others.
There is not any job that only a woman or a man can do. Nowadays women are also doing all types of jobs.

Writing:

I. Translation:

Read the following news item in Telugu and compare it with its translation in English given after that.

The following is the translated version of the above Telugu news item.

Centre’s nod to Kasturi Rangan Committe Recommondations on Western Ghats

NEW DELHI:
The Ministry of Environment has accepted the report made by the Kasturi Rangan Committee on the conservation of Western Ghats. The committee, in its recommendations, made it clear that no further development activities be undertaken in the Western Ghats spread across the 60 thousand square kilometers in six states.

The committee was appointed by the Union Government and headed by Kasturi Rangan to suggest measures to conserve the rarest ecosystem of the Western Ghat forests. The committee submitted its Report on 15th of April. The Ministry of Environment, after taking opinions of the six state governments and the people of the states, accepted the recommendations. The Western Ghats extend in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu states.

Let’s think of the following.

1. Do you think that translation is just translation of language ? Or does it also include translation of ideas ?
2. Which translation is better true translation or free translation ?
3. Do you find any change in the order of the sentence? For e.g: We have Subject, Verb, Object in English but the order is Subject, Object, Verb in Telugu.
4. Do you think sometimes it creates problems in the choice of vocabulary while attempting to translate a text ?
5. Is it possible to translate a poem from one language to the other ?
6. Is it necessary to take cultural aspects into consideration ?
Answer:
1. No. I don’t think that translation is just a translation of language. It includes linguistic, pragmatic and cultural elements. A literary translation must reflect the imaginative intellectual and intuitive writing of the author. Literary translation must reflect all the literary features of the source text such as sound effects, selection of words, figures of speech, etc.
2. The true translation keeps the original message sufficient without its form and word order changed. While the free translation aims at the message adequately represented paying little attention to the form or order. The method we should employ depends on the form of the text we are to translate. Often the combination of the two methods works better.
3. Yes, I do.
4. Yes, I do.
5. Yes, it is possible.
6. Yes, it is necessary.

Now, take a paragraph in Telugu from your text book/ magazine and translate it into English. List the difficulties while translating the text.

ఎవరీ అబ్బాయి? అతని పేరు నరేంద్రనాథ్. అందరూ నరేన్ అని పిలిచేవారు. అతడే తరవాతికాలంలో విశ్వవిఖ్యాతినొంది సింహసదృశమైన మనోబలానికి ప్రతిరూపమై భారతదేశ యువజనులందరికీ ఆదర్శమై నిలిచిన శ్రీ వివేకానందస్వామి. ఈయన జన్మదినమైన జనవరి 12వ తేదీన మన దేశ ప్రజలంతా జాతీయ యువజన దినోత్సవంగా పండుగ జరుపుకొంటారు. నరేన్ తండ్రి శ్రీ విశ్వనాథ్ దత్త. మంచి పేరున్న వకీలు. ఎంతో చదువుకున్నవాడు. అందరి గౌరవాన్నీ పొందేవాడు. తల్లి భువనేశ్వరీదేవి. రూపంలోను, ప్రవర్తనలోను ఒక రాణిని ఉండేది. అందరూ ఆ తల్లిని ప్రేమించేవారు, గౌరవించేవారు.

Who is this boy ? His original name is Narendranath. All used to call him Naren. He is none other than the person Sri Vivekananda Swami, who became ideal to all Indian youth, by his will-power like that of lion and became world famous, later on. All Indians celebrate his birthday, 12th January as National Youth Day. The father of Naren was Sri Viswanath Datta, a famous lawyer, well educated and respected by all. Mother was Bhuvaneswari. She was like a queen in her appearance and behaviour. All loved and respected her.

Some difficulties while translating the text:
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language by equivalent textual material in another language (Target Language).

1.  removing arbitrarily through paraphrasing is very difficult.
2. Selecting suitable words and phrases to translate the meaning along with its feeling is a difficult task.
3. A translator must distinguish between formal/ informal, fixed expression or personal expressions.
4. Finding the idiomatic expressions and translating them into other language is the most difficult as every language has its own idiomatic expressions.

Question 3.
Translate the following extract into Telugu and compare it with the original story in Telugu. (Refer to teacher’s handbook for Telugu version.)
‘Sarada! My dear Sarada!’ she shouted and embraced her. The housewife felt like a person — totally parched and dried up, about to die of thirst — getting a drink of cool water from the new earthen kooja poured into her mouth with a spoon and given thus a new life. The friend did indeed give her a new life — ‘You are Sarada. You came first in our school in the tenth class. You came first in the music competition conducted by the college. You used to paint good pictures too. We were ten friends altogether — I meet all of them some time or other. We write letters to each other. Only you have gone out of our reach! Tell me why are you living incognito?’ her friend confronted her.
Answer:
“శారదా, నా ప్రియమైన శారదా” అంటూ అరచి ఆ అమ్మాయిని (తన స్నేహితురాలైన గృహిణిని కౌగిలించుకుంది. ఆ గృహిణి దాహంతో ఎండిపోయి చనిపోబోతున్నప్పుడు క్రొత్త కుండలోంచి చల్లని నీటిని చెంచాతో తన నోటిలో పోస్తే క్రొత్త జీవితాన్ని పొందిన వ్యక్తివలె అనుభూతి చెందింది. “నీవు శారదవు. నీవు పదవ తరగతిలో మన స్కూల్ ఫస్ట్ వచ్చావు. కాలేజీలో జరిగిన సంగీత పోటీలలో నీవు ప్రథమురాలుగా వచ్చావు. నీవు మంచి బొమ్మలు కూడా వేసేదానివి. మనమంతా సుమారు పదిమంది స్నేహితులము. వాళ్ళందర్నీ నేను ఎప్పుడో ఒకప్పుడు కలిశాను. మేము ఒకళ్ళకు ఒకళ్ళము ఉత్తరాలు రాసుకుంటూ ఉంటాము. నీవు మాత్రమే మాకు అందుబాటులో లేకుండా పోయావు. నీవు అజ్ఞాతంగా ఎందుకుంటున్నావో చెప్పు” అని నిలదీసిన ఆ స్నేహితురాలు గృహిణికి నిజంగానే క్రొత్త జీవితాన్ని ఇచ్చింది.

This chapter talks about human rights from a different perspective. Let us now understand the rights of children to keep them safe through the following section:

Speak for Safety:

Here is a conversation that Tony had with his mother.

Mother : Tony, why are you so irritable these days? Even the next door aunty was telling me that you have stopped going over to help her as you usually do.
Tony : It’s nothing! I don’t want to talk about it.
Mother : No Tony, I feel you are worried about something. Talking about our troubles helps us feel better.
Tony : (Hesitantly) I would like to. But I think it might upset you.
Mother : (Sitting down next to him) It’s not about me, Tony. We need to figure out what the problem is and find a solution.
Tony : Well. It is about the aunty next door. I had gone to her house to give the clothes she had asked me to collect from the dhobi. She asked me to put the clothes in the top shelf of the inside cupboard.(Tony then stops…)
Mother : (Gently) I see.
Tony : Well… she was standing very close to me. It made me feel uncomfortable. And when I tried to move away, she held me back.I did not like it but she would not let go of me. I got away. But it has been bothering me ever since.
Mother : Tony, it is really brave of you to tell me this. Aunty has behaved in an unsafe manner. I will talk to her about it this evening.
Tony : What if she denies it and gets angry with us?
Mother : I know you are telling the truth and I believe you.
Tony : I am a big boy now, may be I should have done something to stop it. I feel ashamed.
Mother : But it’s not your fault! You did not break any rules. The person who breaks the rule is to be blamed. She is the one who needs to feel ashamed, not you. Our laws – like the POCSO Act, prescribe punishment for such offences.

Questions for discussion:

Question 1.
What makes this issue sensitive? What are the different ways to handle such issues?
Answer:
The young woman standing close to the grown up boy and holding him back when he tried to move away makes the issue sensitive. To handle such issues, we have to consult with our elders like parents or teachers who can guide us in a right path.

Question 2.
Always seek help. Do you think the boy was correct? How do you support?
Answer:
Yes, the boy was correct. We should accept that he was wise because he sought the help of his own mother, who was the most trusted.

Project Work:

(a) Collect paper clippings that appeared in daily newspapers over a period of fifteen days or so that depict gender discrimination/violation of human rights/child rights. Paste them on a chart and display the chart in the class.
Answer:
Student’s Activity.

(b) Work in groups and discuss what specific actions you as students can take to stop the violation of human rights/gender discrimination/child rights in school, home and in the locality where you live.
Answer:
Group Work:

Group 1: I (we) will treat all our students equally.
Group 2: We will organize seminars, meetings etc. on the violation of human rights and how to prevent such violation.
Group 3 : We won’t ill treat any body because of their caste religon and gender.
Group 4: We will arrange meetings in our neighbourhood and bring awareness among the people about gender discrimination.
Group 5: We will take the support from community to stop the violation of human rights/gender discrimination/child rights.
Group 6 : We will lodge complaints against such incidents.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

Answer:

What is My Name ? Summary in English

The author deals with a common scenario that the women in India face – even forgetting their name. Their names are not given much importance. Right from the childhood, they are called with many common names like ammayi, ammadu, amma and so on. Their real name doesn’t has much importance.

The story deals with a lady, who after watching the name board of a lady in her neighbourhood, started thinking about her own name. She couldn’t remember that. She tried to take the help of anyone-the servant, her children, her neighbour and even her husband. But no one could help her. At last she went to her parental home, to check in the certificates as it is mandatory that they hold her name. But her mother told her that her certificates were kept on the attic and they would search them the next day and asked her to take her meal.

When she met her college mate and friend that friend called her by name with affection and talks with her.
After returning home, she found the certificates and prizes.

Taking them she went to her own home. She told her husband to call her by Sarada not by “yemoi, geemoi”. She sat there on the sofa which has not been dusted and started showing her children the album and paintings of her childhood.

About the Author:

Smt P. Satyavathi is one of those writers who have brought feminism to the peak in Telugu literature. Though she is a retired English lecturer, she has great understanding of the Telugu accent and the idiom of the respective regions. She is adept in portraying human experience universally.

The technique of appealing to the readers by weaving the story wonderfully with a philosophical touch and theological aspect is her forte. She has published four anthologies of short stories, five novels and a collection of essays. She has won a number of prestigious awards. This story “What Is My Name” is originally published as “Illalakagaane Pandagouna” in Telugu in 1990 and has been translated into almost all the south Indian languages and Hindi.

Glossary:

perturb (v) = make someone anxious, agitated or worried;
mistress (n) = A woman who has control, power and authority of a house;
daubing (n) = the act of spreading a substance such as mud thickly;
immerse (v) = absorb oneself in something;
giggling (v) = laughing nervously;
anguish (n) = to cause to suffer severe mental distress.
frantically (adv) = worriedly/anxiously;
maternity home (n.phrase) = house of one’s parents (especially a woman’s);
attic (n) = a part of a house under the roof;
parched (adj) = very dry;
choultry (n) = a resting place for visitors;
incognito = having a concealed identify;
fish (v) = search;
sacred (adj) = holy
knots (v) = tying two ends of rope
tucked (v) = pushed
mission (n) = particular work to do
query (n) = a question
maid servant (n) = a lady servant
immersed (adj) = completely covered
urge (n) = impulse
anguish (n) = severe pain
bothered (v) = spent time or energy
chore (n) = household duties
strain (n) = pressure
embraced (v) = hugged
confronted (v) = faced

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 8B Once upon a Time (Poem) Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 8B Once upon a Time (Poem)

Reading:

Once upon a time, son,
they used to laugh with their hearts
and laugh with their eyes:
but now they only laugh with their teeth,
while their ice-block-cold eyes
search behind my shadow.

There was a time indeed
they used to shake hands with their hearts:
but that’s gone, son.
Now they shake hands without hearts:
while their left hands search
my empty pockets.

‘Feel at home’! ‘Come again’:
they say, and when I come
again and feel
at home, once, twice,
there will be no thrice –
for then I find doors shut on me.

And I have learned too
to laugh with only my teeth
and shake hands without my heart.
I have also learned to say, ‘Goodbye
when I mean ‘Good-riddance’;
to say’ Glad to meet you’,
without being glad; and to say ‘It’s been
nice talking to you’, after being bored.

But believe me, son.
I want to be what I used to be
when I was like you. I want
to unlearn all these muting things.
Most of all, I want to releam
how to laugh, for my laugh in the mirror
shows only my teeth like a snake’s bare fangs !

So show me, son,
how to laugh; show me how
I used to laugh and smile
once upon a time when I was like you.

So I have learned many things, son.
I have learned to wear many faces
like dresses – home face,
office face, street face, host face,
cocktail face, with all their conforming smiles
like a fixed portrait smile.

Comprehension:

I. Tick (✓) the option that will complete each of the following statements. In some cases more than one option may be possible.

Question 1.
In the first five stanzas the poet is talking about
a) the honest and innocent world of children
b) the insincere world of adults.
c) the difference between the past and the present.
d) the old and the young
Answer:
b) the insincere world of adults.
c) the difference between the past and the present.

Question 2.
The last four lines of the poem suggest
a) hope.
b) regret.
c) a sense of loss.
d) eagerness to learn.
Answer:
a) hope.
b) regret

Question 3.
The expression ‘Ice-cold-block eyes’ means
a) The eyes are wet with tears.
b) expressionless eyes.
c) a state of lack of feelings.
d) a dead man’s eyes.
Answer:
b) expressionless eyes.
c) a state of lack of feelings.

Question 4.
‘They’ in line 4 of stanza 1 refers to
a) people in the past.
b) present day people.
c) all adults.
d) young children.
Answer:
c) all adults.

Question 5.
‘Their ….eyes search behind my shadow’ means
a) they avoid meeting his eyes.
b) they try to look at the darker side of the person.
c) they convey no emotions.
d) they try to see what is not there.
Answer:
b) they try to look at the darker side of the person.

Question 6.
The poet has learnt
a) to shake hands.
b) the ways of the world.
c) to laugh.
d) to put on masks.
Answer:
b) the ways of the world.
c) to laugh.

Question 7.
The poet wants to learn from his son because his son
a) is not corrupted by the ways of the world.
b) is more informed.
c) knows about good manners more than his father.
d) is more caring.
Answer:
a) is not corrupted by the ways of the world.

II. Answer the following questions ¡n a sentence or two each.

Question 1.
When did people shake hands with their hearts?
Answer:
The people shook hands with their hearts in their childhood. Then they didn’t know the falsehood and hypocrisies of the world and they were not corrupted by the ways of the world. So, the people shook hands heartfully in their childhood days.

Question 2.
What is the poet crying over? What help does he want from his son?
Answer:
The poet says that he is fed up with the lifeless expressions and heartless ways of the world. He is crying over the loss of traits of his own character such as goodness, honesty, modesty and sincerity. He regrets over the corrupted and hypocritic ways of the world. The poet wants his son to help him to regain his heartful, sincere, innocent and child-like smile.

Question 3.
“Most of all, I want to relearn how to laugh, for my laugh In the mirror shows only my teeth like a snake’s bare fangs!”
Why does the poet mean by these lines?
Answer:
The line says that in the process of learning the ways of the world, he has forgotten the laugh, he once had. Now his laugh is not more than a grin. He feels that his teeth are like a snake’s fangs as his smile is artificial, insincere and hypocritic.

Question 4.
What ¡s the tone of the poem?
Answer:
The poem has a mixed tone of sadness and great hope. It is truly emotional.

Question 5.
“Now they shake hands without hearts:
while their left hands search
my empty pockets.”
Why do the left hands search empty pockets now ? What does this indicate’
Answer:
The poet expresses his concern for the influence of the western world on age-old African custom. He feels that the once enthusiastic and friendly society of Africa now treated ts own people like strangers and looked at each other with suspicion and hostility.

The white imperialists always exploited and plundered the wealth of their colonies. So their left hands search the empty pockets of their subjects in an endeavour to rob them further.

Question 6.
The poet uses certain words to express frustration and sorrow. Identify these words.
Answer:

1. Ice-block-cold-eyes
2. many faces like dresses.
3. a fixed portrait smile.
4. laugh with teeth.
5. shake hands without hearts.
6. doors shut on me
7. teeth like a snak&s bare fangs
8. “believe me, son; I want to be what I used to be”.
9. unlearn these muting things.
10.  want to learn how to laugh etc.
    are the expressions used by the poet to express frustration and sorrow.

Once Upon A Time (POEM) Summary in English

The poet Okara, compares the hypocritic ways of the modern society to the original ways of the previous generation. Once upon a time people used to laugh with their hearts and eyes. But now they laugh only with their teeth and searching the negative side of the person with evil eyes.

Once upon a time people used to shake hands with their hearts, but nowadays people shake hands without hearts and searching the other’s empty pocket with their left hands.

People ask us to feel at home and come again. But if we go there thrice, we can find the doors shut on us. So he says that modern man has learnt to wear many faces-home face, office face, street face etc. He has learnt to express a fixed portrait smile. The writer also has learnt to laugh with teeth and shake hands without heart. He also has learnt fake greeting and good bye etc.

But the poet says that he wants to be what he used to be – lively. He wishes to relearn how to laugh whole heartedly – but not a fake one.
He requests the modernman to show him how to laugh whole heartedly, like a child.

About the Author:

Gabriel Okara is an African poet. He was born in 1921 in Nigeria. He was educated at Government College, Umuahia. His parents were not rich. He worked as a book binder and later as an information officer at Enugu. He also wrote plays and features for broadcasting and became a poet of outstanding ability. His poems appeared regularly in Black Orpheus. He has also written a novel called Voice.

Glossary:

cold eyes (n.pharse) = evil eyes ;
cocktail (n) = a drink usually made from a mixture of one or more alcoholic drinks;
conform (v) = to be and thinking the same way as most other people in a group or society, normally acceptable ;
portrait (n) = a painting, drawing or photograph of a person especially of the head shoulders ;
good bye (n) = An exclamatory expression used forexpressing separation or leaving a person or place ;
good riddance (n) = a feeling of relief when an unwanted person leaves ;
muting (adj) = changing all the time; expressionless/not expressed in speech ;
fangs (n) = long, sharp teeth of some animals like snake and dogs ;

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 8A Jamaican Fragmenta Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 8A Jamaican Fragment

Human Rights:

Read the following statement and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
What does this statement speak about ?
Answer:
The statement speaks about human rights of equality.

Question 2.
Do you agree with the statement ?
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

Question 3.
Have you ever witnessed any incidents in contrast of the above statement? Tell your class.
Answer:
I haven’t seen any such incidents. But I have heard that some people are still not allowed to enjoy the rights of equality. Some upper class sections do still deny some human rights to those of lower strata.

Oral Discourse:

Question.
Debate – “Children should not have equal dignity and rights as adults.”
Answer:
I think the children shouldn’t all the rights like that of an adult.

POINTS:
1) Moral (right/wrong)

• children cant discern from right and wrong
• there minds cant comprehend.
• only know because parents say so.
• so if a parents tell them that killing people is right then it is right in their minds
• children are essentially sociopaths when born.

2) Maturity (sense of judgment (examples))
ok this is sort of related to morals but in a sense different, this point focuses more on the examples linking to the previous point.

3) Abusive (of power when given)
like what would happen if given the right to vote and drink

4) Misconception (people think children are saints; don’t judge a book by its cover?)
people assume that children are innocent but they lie too.

5) Peer pressure and protection

• easily fall into peer pressure
• protection: law protects them, if they don’t then it more likely they will fall into bad influence.

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
‘I puzzled within myself.’ says the narrator. What conclusion did he come to after this puzzling thought?
Answer:
The narrator wondered if the little dark boy was the son of a servant in the home as he was obeying the white boy’s bidding. As both the boys dressed alike, the narrator concluded that the black boy was not the son of a servant in the white boy’s home. He thought that the black boy was of equal class with his playmate and his neighbour’s child.

Question 2.
‘For a whole day my faith in my people was shaken.’ What do you think was the writer’s faith? Why was it shaken?
Answer:
The narrator’s faith was that his people in their own country like all the other people in other countries live in self-respect and sovereignty where they could enjoy liberty, equality and fraternity, without being discriminated because of their colour and creed. The narrator’s belief was that in his country Jamaica, all people live in harmony without being discriminated.

But his faith in his people was shaken when he saw a little white boy enforcing his will upon a little black boy who, realizing his inferiority very early in his life, abjectly surrendered to the white boy and was at the white boy’s beck and call.

Question 3.
Why did the game next morning astonish the author ? What did he see ?
Answer:
The game next morning astonished the author because the black boy was the master and the white boy was the servant. The boys changed their roles. He saw that the black boy was striding imperiously up and down and the little white boy walked abjectly behind him taking orders from his black master.

Quarrelling 4.
The second day, the narrator smiled as he remembered something. What made him laugh ?
Answer:
On the second day, he realised that the boys were playing a game. He remembered that he too had played the game, when he was a boy, and had enjoyed a lot. This made him laugh.

Question 5.
Read the following sentences from the first paragraph:
…. I noticed two little boys playing in the garden…
The game, if it could be called a game, was not elaborate.
From these two sentences, we can understand that the writer knows it is a game, but then why was he puzzled?
Answer:
The narrator was aware that it was a game, and he too played enjoyed the same game in his childhood. Though the narrator knew it was game, he was very excited as he had seen the little black boy’s obeying the white boy’s bidding. He couldn’t bear the idea of a black child’s submission to a white one. It made the narrator puzzle over the matter.

Question 6.
If the writer had seen the second day’s game on the first day, what would he have thought about it ?
Answer:
If the writer had seen the second day’s game on the first day, he would have understood that it was only a game and wouldn’t have excited over it. He wouldn’t have thought that it was a social problem.

Question 7.
Why did the white man feel surprised at the narrator’s outburst ? Eventually, he also smiled. Why ?
Answer:
The narrator, without any formal introduction went to the white man and tried to explain that the boys were playing only a game. Actually, the narrator misunderstood that the white man too was worried and excited to see the white boy obeying the black boy’s orders. At first the white man felt surprised at the narrator’s outburst but later he also smiled to see the narrator’s imputation of deep motives to children’s actions. More over the boys were his sons.

Question 8.
Did the white man believe in white supremacy ? How do you know ?
Answer:
No, the white man did not believe in white supremacy. I know it from the fact that his wife was a black lady.

Question 9.
How did the narrator come to the conclusion that grown – ups are silly ?
Answer:
On the first day, when the narrator found the two boys playing a game, he misunderstood that the white boy was imposing his will upon the black boy and the black boy was obeying the white boy’s orders. On the second day also, the narrator found the two boys again playing but with changed roles. Then the narrator understood that it was only a game. At that time, he saw a white man watching their game and misunderstood that the white man too was puzzling like him. In this context, the narrator came to the conclusion that grown-ups are silly.

Question 10.
How did the story begin? How did the writer take the story forward?
What is the point of conflict? How did the story end?
What are the characters you empathize with?
Answer:

1. The story began with the discription of a pleasant morning and a scene he had seen one day.
2. The writer took the story forward through a scene he had seen one morning and the thought that arose in his mind.
3. The point of conflict is racial discrimination, which unfortunately was misunderstood by the writer.
4. The story ends with a detailed classification and assuming that the writer was wrong with his thoughts.
5. I empathize with the writer himself, who has misunderstood the situation. I also empathize with the father of the boys who is broadminded.

B. Read the following sentences. Some of them are in accordance with the story. Tick (✓) these sentences, (textual Question has been changed)

Question 1.
The narrator was worried that even a very young white boy commanded the older black boy which indicated racial domination.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
The black boy played the role of servant on both the days and followed his brother’s commands meekly.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
The white boy who was younger of the two played the role of the master and the older boy who was a black played the role of the servant on the first day.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
The narrator observed two boys playing a game one day when he was going for an evening walk.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 5.
The little white boy commanded the black boy to perform a few tasks which the black boy did obediently.
Answer:
(✓)

Vocabulary:

I. Tick (✓) the correct meaning of the words underlined below.

Question 1.
The game, if it could be called a game was not elaborate.
a) simple
b) detailed
c) brief
d) mysterious
Answer:
b) detailed

Question 2.
The little boy strode imperiously up and down.
a) politely
b) respectfully
c) humbly
d) proudly
Answer:
d) proudly

Question 3.
This man, I said to myself, will puzzle all day on whether the blacks will eventually rise and rule the world.
a) gradually
b) finally
c) immediately
d) temporarily
Answer:
b) finally

Question 4.
Could it be that the little dark boy was the son of a servant in the home and therefore had to do the white boy’s bidding?
a) advice
b) instruction
c) order
d) suggestion
Answer:
c) order

Question 5.
The white youngster walked abjectly behind him.
a) submissively
b) unhappily
c) miserably
d) secretly
Answer:
a) submissively

II. The following words/phrases describe the two boys in the story Jamaican Fragment.

1) Now look for the other words in the lesson that describe the two boys. Write your words in the appropriate column.

Answer:

The White Boy	The Black Boy
light brown hair	coarse hair
hazel eyes	coal black eyes
white youngster	dark youngster
little white boy	little black boy
white baby	dark boy
little fellow	little servant
little white youngster	little dark youngster
sturdy youngster	little dark boy
	little brown boy
	strong little Jamaican
	dark master
	little Jamaican

 

Question 2.
Think of some other words that may be used to describe the characters of the white boy and the black boy.
Answer:

Words used to describe the white boy	Words used to describe the black boy
Imperious	submissive
Superior	faithful
Dominate	inferior
Master	slave

III. Read the following sentence.
The bigger of the two was a sturdy youngster, very dark, with a mat of coarse hair on his head and coal black eyes.

In the above sentence, the narrator described the hair and eyes of the boy in an effective way. The expression “a man of coarse hair” is a metaphor.

A metaphor is a word/phrase used in an imaginative way to describe something or somebody in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and make the descriptions more effective.

Now the hair of the boy can also be described as the hair of the boy is like a mat.
A simile is a figure of speech that expresses the resemblance of one thing to another of a different category usually introduced by like, as.. as.

A simile, like a metaphor, is also a comparison. The primary difference is that a simile contains the words like, as, as as to compare two things while a metaphor simply suggests different (dissimilar) things as the same (similar).

Read the following paragraph and identify the similes and metaphors in it.

Sunitha was an exceptional student. She was good at sports and other co-curricular activities too. One day the teachers were talking about her. The maths teacher said fondly, “My Sunitha is the Shakuntala of our school.” The science teacher said, “She is as clever as Kalpana Chawla and as hard working as Marie Curie.

One day she will bring the Nobel prize to our country.” The physical education teacher started singing the praises of Sunitha saying, “You know, she runs like a hare and swims like a fish. And in the boxing ring? she is a leopard. I must say she is the Mary Korn of our state.”

Unlike other teachers, the social studies teacher hated this girl as Sunitha belonged to the so-called ‘lower caste’. She said, “Sunitha… a hare, a fish and what is that? a leopard. She is more an animal than a girl, I suppose.” All other teachers said in unison, “Yes, she is an animal for animals that cannot understand the metaphor in language.”
Answer:
1. My Sunitha is the Shakuntala of our school, (metaphor)
2. She is as clever as Kalpana Chawla. (Simile)
3. [She is] as hard working as Marie Curie, (simile)
4. She runs like a hare, (simile)
5. [She] swims like a fish, (simile)
6. She is a leopard, (metaphor)
7. She is the Mary Korn of our state, (metaphor)
8. She is an animal for animals, (metaphor).

Some useful information about ‘Simile’ and ‘Metaphor’.

Simile :
A ‘simile’ is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a ‘metaphor’, a ‘simile’ draws resemblance with the help of the words ‘like’ or ‘as’. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.
Eg: Yogesh is as slow as a snail.
(Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the slowness of Yogesh is compared to that of a snail.)

Some other examples :
1. The soldiers are as brave as lions. (very brave)
2. Sobha’s cheeks are red like a rose. (very red)
3. Chalapathi is as cunning as a fox. (very cunning)
4. Narasimham is as funny as a monkey. (very funny)
5. Chaitanya is as angry as a bull at a red flag. (very angry)

Commonly used similes and their meanings :
1. as cool as a cucumber : to be calm and relaxed, especially in a difficult situation.
2. as bold as brass : very brave and confident.
3. as smooth as glass : very smooth.
4. as soft as velvet : very soft
5. as fiery as a volcano : easily becoming angry
6. as black as coal : very black
7. as clear as crystal : very easy to understand / see.
8. as slippery as an eel : very slippery.
9. as rough as sandpaper : very rough
10. as crooked as a witch’s hat : very dishonest.

Metaphor :
A metaphor is a figure of speech that uses an image, a story or a tangible example to express a quality or qualities possessed by a person or thing, or to represent a less tangible thing.
Eg: The school is a prison for him.

It obviously doesn’t mean that the school is literally a prison, for that is ludicrous. It is immediately comprehensible, however, that the school shares certain characteristics with prison. It is probable that the person referred to as ‘him’ feels locked up in school, as prisoners feel in prison.

Metaphors used in every day English :
(a) Life is a journey.
(This implies that in life there are always going to be ups and downs challenges, moments of success, moments of failures etc… just like a journey).

(b) He was boiling mad.
(He was very, very angry)

(c) You have given me something to chew on.
(You have given me something to think about)

(d) The assignment was a breeze.
(Assignment was very easy)

(e) Thoughts are a storm, unexpected.
(In the same way in which storms are unpredictable, so are thoughts).

Some other examples:

1. He was a lion in the battle.
2. Life is not a bed of roses.
3. All the world is a stage.
4. It’s going to be clear skies from now on.
5. Her voice is music to his ears.
6. She is a peacock.
7. He is a shining star.
8. Ramya is a chicken.
9. The sun is a golden ball.
10. Mr. Prabhu is a walking dictionary.

Writing:

Question 1.
Discuss in groups and write an essay on the ‘Violation of child rights in Indian Society’ based on your experiences / reading.
The following points may help you.

• What are the child rights ?
• How are they violated ?
• Reasons for violation
• Measures to be taken to prevent child rights violation
• Conclusion

Remember the following points.

• Collect ideas on the given theme.
• Sequence the ideas.
• Maintain coherence and cohesion.
• Use appropriate linkers.
• Give your point of view.

What are child rights?
A right is an agreement or contract established between the person who hold a right and the persons or institutions which then have obligations and responsibilities in relation to the realization of that right. Child rights are specialized human rights that apply to all human beings below the age of 18.

According to the UNCRC, child rights are minimum entitlements and freedoms that should be afforded to all persons below the age of 18 regardless of race, colour, gender, language, religion, opinions, origins, wealths, birth status or ability and therefore apply to all people everywhere.

Following are few rights :
(a) The right to education.
(b) The right to expression.
(c) The right to information.
(d) The right to nutrition.
(e) The right to health and care.
(f) The right to protection from abuse
(g) The right against exploitation.
(h) The right to protection from negligence.
(i) The right to development.
(j) The right to recreation.
(k) The right to name and nationality.
(l) The right to survival.

How are child rights violated ?
Answer:
There are a number of ways in which the rights of children may be violated by inappropriate exposure and media stereotyping. Many children are made to work. They are facing gender discrimination. Many of the children don’t have nutritious food. Many children are separated from their parents by way of trafficking. They are sexually abused.

The girl children along with boys are sexually harassed. Physical abuse of children is generally seen. Within the family, children are forcibly engaged in domestic servitude and used as first choice to assist parents on the field by the small farm families. Outside the family, they are engaged as indented servitude in workshops, hotels, small industries, footpath vending, fire-works, carpet weaving etc.

Reasons for Violation:
There is not any single fact which causes child abuse.
The main reasons for violation are :
(a) poverty
(b) lack of education.
(c) violence between family members.
(d) lack of the support from the extended family.
(e) loneliness and social isolation.
(f) unemployment.
(g) inadequate housing.
(h) superstitions.
(i) gender discrimination
(j) depression
(k) lack of knowledge
(l) mental or physical ill health.

Measures to be taken to prevent child rights violation :
(a) Praise and encourage the children.
(b) Remove poverty.
(c) Increase the rate of literacy.
(d) Learn more about child abuse and child abuse prevention.
(e) Child marriages should be banned.
(f) Give priority to the best interest of the child when making decisions in relation to children.
(g) Provide children with a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and social development.
(h) Combat the illicit transfer of children, sale or traffic of children.
(i) Provide special care for children separated from their families, taking the child’s cultural background into account.
(j) Take steps to promote the physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of child victims of armed conflicts and abuse.

Conclusion:
The government should strengthen the relevant legislative framework. Adequate financial and other resources should be allocated to the promotion and protection of the rights and well¬being of children. Parents and voluntary organizations should try hard to prevent the cases of violation occurred in their homes as well as in their surroundings.

Study skills:

Study the following information given in the table and do the task given below it

Overview of the Forms/Sites of Untouchability Practices in Rural India, by Degree of Prevalence in a Study done in 4000 Villages.

More than 50% of villages	45 – 50% of villages
Denied entry into non – Dalit houses	Denied cremation and burial grounds
Prohibitions against food sharing	Denied access to water facilities
Denied entry into places of worship	Ban on marriage processions
Ill – treatment of women by other women	Not allowed to sell milk to cooperatives
	Denied barber services
	Denied laundary services
	Ill – treatment of women by non SC men

 

30 – 40% of villages	25 – 30% of villages
Schools – separate eating	Separate seating in Panchayats
Payment of wages; no contract	Separate seating in schools
Denied entry in to village shops	Not employed in house building
Denied work as agricultural labour	Denied entry into police stations
Cannot Sell things in local markets	Denied entry into PDS shops
Denied visits by health workers	Forced to stand before upper- caste men
Separate seating in hotels
Separate utensils in hotels
Discriminatory treatment in police stations

 

20 – 25 % of villages	15 – 20% of villages
Paid lower wage rates for same work	Cannot wear new/bright clothes
Ban on festival processions on roads	Denied access to public roads/passage
Segregated seating in schools	Denied entry in to Primary Health Centres
Denied entry into private health clinics	Discriminatory relationship by non – SC teachers towards to SC students
Separate drinking water in the schools	Discriminatory relationship by non – SC teachers towards SC teachers

 

10 – 15% of villages	Less than 10% of villages
Denied entry in to Panchayat offices	Denied access/entry to public transport
Schools: SC teacher and non – SC student	Cannot use cycles on public roads
Separate lines at polling booth	Denied entry/seating in cinema halls
Discriminatory treatment in Primary Health Centres	Compulsion to seek blessing in marriage

Source: Ghanshyam Shah, Harsh Mander, Sukhadeo Thoras, Satish Deshpande and Amita Baviskar, Untouchability in Rural India. A survey conducted in 565 Villages of 11 states, Sage Publications, 2006.

Now using the information given above, analyse the following forms of untouchability in Rural India. Then prepare a brief report stating how Dalits are discriminated against.
1. List the places where Dalits are denied entry.
2. Where are Dalits separated from other castes ?
3. What are the prohibitions and bans imposed on Dalits ?
Answer:
From the data on Untouchability in Rural India a survey has been conducted in 565 villages, 11 states by Sage Publications, it is evident that Dalits do suffer in free India. In about more than 50% of the villages which are brought under the survey, Dalits are not allowed into non-Dalit houses.

They are not allowed into temples, and they are ill treated by others. In about 40-50% of the villages, they are denied both creamation and burrial grounds. They are not allowed in public places, marriage processions etc and are denied access to water and services like barber, laundry. In about 30-40% of villages, they have separate place to sit at schools, hotels etc, and have separate plates as well.

They are denied to work as labourers, and have no labour contracts. They are even illtreated even by government officials like health workers and policeman. In about 25-30% of villages, they have separate seating at Schools and Panchayats. They are denied their entries at police stations, PDS shops etc. In addition to these, in another 20-25% of villages, they are banned during festivals and denied entry at private health centres.

It is strange to find that they are not allowed to wear new/bright dress at about 15-20% of villages. In about another 5% of villages they even have a separate queue during elections. It is observed that many of the public facilities, public places etc are denied for them. Even if they are allowed, they have separate places. Women are highly illtreated in the society.

Listening:

Listen to your teacher telling you a story of a girl called Maya and say whether the following statements are True or False.

My name is Maya. I was born 14 years ago in a poor peasant family. There were already many children, so when I was born no one was happy.
When I was still very little, I learned to help my mother and elder sisters with the domestic chores. I swept floors, washed clothes, and carried water and fire-wood. Some of my friends played outside, but I could not join them.

I was very happy when I was allowed to go to school. I made new friends there. I learned to read and write. But when I reached the fourth grade, my parents stopped my education. My father said there was no money to pay the fees. Also, I was needed at home to help my mother and the others.

If I were a boy, my parents would have let me complete school. My elder brother finished school and now works in an office in the capital. Two of my younger brothers go to school. May be they, too, will finish.

I know I shall have to spend long hours working either at home or in the field. And then I’ll be married. I have seen my mother working from early dawn to late at night. My life will not be much different.
If I were given the choice of being born again, I would prefer to be a boy.

Question 1.
When Maya was born, all were happy.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
When Maya grew, she began to help her mother.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Maya could not join her friends as she had a lot of work.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Maya completed her graduation.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
If Maya were a boy, her parents would let her complete school education.
Ans:
True

Question 6.
Maya thinks that her life will be much different from her mother.
Answer:
False

Oral Activity:

Imagine that on the occasion of ‘Children’s Day’ your school is organizing a speech competition on the topic ‘Education of girls for women’s empowerment’.

Draft a speech and deliver it in the class.
The following points may help you in preparing the speech.

• Importance of girl’s education
• gender bias and other problems in girls’ education
• How to end bias towards girls

Remember the following points while delivering the speech :

• Maintain appropriate posture
• Modulate your voice using stress, pause and information.
• Use appropriate gestures and facial expressions.
• Maintain eye-contact with the audience.

Answer:
Good morning everybody. I wish you all a happy Children’s Day.

As it is well known, we celebrate this day to celebrate the birthday of Chacha Nehru. And I would like to tell you about the importance of women empowerment. The thing that is required for that is education for girl child. It is said that educating a girl /woman is equal to educating a house for they play such a vital role in the household. At present the girl children of the nation are not so seriously considering the aspect of education.

Nor are the parents or the society thinking. Instead they consider it as a burden or unwanted expenditure. This bias need to be brought to an end. They too should be provided with the right of equal opportunity for education, as is in the case of boys. If needed the government should bring some new schemes and incentives, so that the girl children do come to school. It is to be well remembered that where a woman is respected, there prosperity thinks twice to enter.

Thank you one and all.

Jamaican Fragment Summary in English

A.L. Hendricks, a Jamaican, is explaining a strange incident that had happened in his life. On his way to office everyday, he had to walk half a mile to get the tramcar. One day, on his usual way to his office, he saw two boys in front of a house. Both of them were dressed the same but one was black and other was white. He felt that they were playing, but wonders whether it could be called a game.

Because the white boy was the master and the black was obeying his orders, as if he was the slave. Hendricks was shocked and felt much pain for the thought that right from the youngest age the children were taught practically about the discrimination on the colour of the skin. All the day, he couldn’t concentrate on anything as what he had seen in the morning had such an effect on him.

On the next day when he came through the same way, he saw the boys, again, playing the same game. But he was surprised to see that the boys had changed their roles. Now the black boy was the master and the white boy was the slave. It was then he realised that the boys were playing a game. Even he recalled from his memories, how he used to enjoy the game, when he was a child.

He then saw a white man looking at the boys. He felt that the white man would be surprised to see the game and would be in the same confusion, as he was, the previous day. So, he went to the man and tried to say him that the boys were playing a game and they did really enjoy the game as they did not have any such kind of ill thoughts of discrimination in their mind, as that of the adults.

The white man was a bit surprised at what the author said. Then he said, with a smile, that he knew the game of the boys very well, as the boys were brothers, his sons. To the surprised author, he showed the black lady who had come there to call the boys and told him that she was his wife and the mother of the boys.

About the Author:
Arthur Lemiere Hendriks (1922-1992) was a Jamaican poet, writer, and broadcasting director (known as Micky Hendriks in his broadcasting career). He was born in 1922 in Kingston, Jamaica, to a Jamaican father and a French mother. He was particularly well known for his contributions to the Christian Science Monitor, The Daily Gleaner, and BIM. He also contributed as a columnist and literary critic to the Daily Gleaner. He died in 1992 at the age of 69.

Glossary:

pleasant (adj) = happy, enjoyable ;
be flanked by (v) = to have something on one or both sides ;
modest (adj) = without egoism ;
sturdy (adj) = strong and healthy ;
hazel (adj) = reddish / greenish brown ;
elaborate (adj) = expand, explain ;
imperiously (adv) = haughtily ;
shuffled (v) = walked by dragging (one’s feet) slowly along ;
lawn (n) = a strech of open grass covered land in front of the house;
impose (v) = to make someone obey something ;
bidding (n) = ordering ;
at one’s beck and call (idiom) = be ready to do what someone asks;
divine (v) = find out something by guessing ;
imperiously (adv) = haugtily ;
obviously (adv) = without any doubt ;
indefinable (adj) = not able to be described ;
infancy (n) = childhood ;
stride (v) = to walk with long steps ;
astonishment (n) = surprise ;
abjectly (adv) = completely without pride ;
impute (v) = claim that someone has done something unjustly ;
puzzle (v) = confuse ;
coarse (adj) = rough
tramcar (n) = street car
submit (v) = to accept someone’s authority.
sense (v) = become aware
deficiency (n) = a fault
astonishment (n) = very great surprise
eventually (adv) = finally
outburst (n) = a sudden strong emotion

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 12 Carbon and its Compounds will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 12 Carbon and its Compounds

Question 1.
The number of covalent bonds that a carbon atom can form is ( )
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 1
Answer:
(B) 4

Question 2.
In excited state a carbon atom gets Its one of the ‘2s’ electrons to ( )
(A) 2P_x
(B) 2P_y
(C) 2P_z
(D) 3s
Answer:
(C) 2P_z

Question 3.
The bond angle in methane molecule ( )
(A) 109°28′
(B) 104°31′
(C) 107°48′
(D) 120°
Answer:
(A) 109°28′

Question 4.
The carbon compound having sp2 hybridizatIon ( )
(A) CH₄
(B) C₂H₄
(C) C₂H₂
(D) C₄H₁₀
Answer:
(B) C₂H₄

Question 5.
Amorphous allotrope of carbon is: ( )
(A) graphite
(B) diamond
(C) sugar charcoal
(D) fullerene
Answer:
(C) sugar charcoal

Question 6.
The hardest allotrope of carbon: ( )
(A) graphite
(B) lamp black
(C) diamond
(D) fullerene
Answer:
(C) diamond

Question 7.
The number of covalent bonds in pentane s ………………………. . ( )
(A) 5
(B) 12
(C) 16
(D) 17
Answer:
(D) 17

Question 8.
The pair of elements which exhibit property of catenation Is ( )
(A) carbon & sulphur
(B) chlorine & carbon
(C) carbon & phosphorus
(D) sulphur & phosphonic
Answer:
(C) carbon & phosphorus

Question 9.
The molecular formula of an organic compound Is C₂H₆. This compound belongs to the following homologous series. ( )
(A) alkenes
(B) alkynes
(C) alkalies
(D) amines
Answer:
(C) alkalies

Question 10.
The products obtained in complete combustion of hydrocarbons is ( )
(A) CO+H₂O
(B) CO₂+H₂
(C) CO₂+H₂O
(D) CO+H₂
Answer:
(C) CO₂+H₂O

Question 11.
The compound that reacts with chlorine in presence of sunlight to form chloroform is ( )
(A) CH₃Cl
(B) CH₂Cl
(C) CH₂Cl₂
(D) CCl₄
Answer:
(C) CH₂Cl₂

Question 12.
The word root used for saturated hydrocarbons is ……………………. . ( )
(A) yn
(B) -one
(C) al
(D) an
Answer:
(D) an

Question 13.
The secondary suffix used to denote functional group ketone is ( )
(A) -one
(B) -ol
(C) al
(D) olc acid
Answer:
(A) -one

Question 14.
The formula of esters – ( )
(A) -CHO
(B) -COOR
(C) -C=O
(D) -COOH
Answer:
(B) -COOR

Question 15.
The name of the compound with formula CH₂ = CH- -CH-CH₃ is ()
(A) pentanol
(B) heptanol
(C) dichloroethane
(D) trichloromethane
Answer:
(A) pentienol

Question 16.
Most of the aromatic compounds burn with ( )
(A) blue colour flame
(B) red colour flame
(C) sooty flame
(D) non-luminous flame
Answer:
(C) sooty flame

Question 17.
Open chain hydro-carbons are also called –
(A) aromatic hydrocarbons
(B) aliphatic hydrocarbons
(C) alkenes
(D) alkynes
Answer:
(B) aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 18.
The general formula of Alkenes is ( )
(A) C_nH_2n+2
(B) C_nH_2n
(C) C_nH_2n-2
(D) C_nH_{2n- 1}
Answer:
(B) C_nH_2n

Question 19.
Hydrocarbnc containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms are called ( )
(A) Alkenes
(B) Alkanes
(C) Aikynes
(D) Aldehydes
Answer:
(C) Aikynes

Question 20.
The general molecular formula of a carboxylic add is ………………….. . ( )
(A) R-COOH
(B) R-OH
(C) -COOR
(D) -NH₂
Answer:
(A) R-COOH

Question 21.
If one hydrogen atom is replaced from NH₃ by an alkyl group we get – ( )
(A) secondary amines
(B) tertiary amines
(C) primary amines
(D) hexo amines
Answer:
(C) primary amines

Question 22.
The isomer of n-butane is ( )
(A) dichiobutane
(B) isobutane
(C) tertiary butane
(D) primary butane
Answer:
(B) isobutane

Question 23.
Carbon compounds having same molecular formula but different properties are known as: ( )
(A) allotropes
(B) Isomers
(C) homologues
(D) salt family
Answer:
(B) Isomers

Question 24.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with multiple bonds undergo ( )
(A) catalytic reactions
(B) reversible reactions
(C) double displacement reactions
(D) addition reactions
Answer:
(D) addition reactions

Question 25.
The common name of ethanol is …………………………….. . ( )
(A) methyl alcohol
(B) methyl acetate
(C) ethyl alcohol
(D) ethyl salicilate
Answer:
(C) ethyl alcohol

Question 26.
The common sources of ethnol : ( )
(A) wheat
(B) barley
(C) corn
(D) all of A, B and C
Answer:
(D) all of A, B and C

Question 27.
The important Impurity added to ethanol to make it undrinkable is ( )
(A) methanol
(B) formaldehyde
(C) acetone
(D) benzene
Answer:
(A) methanol

Question 28.
Cough syrups contain as important solvent : ( )
(A) formaldehyde
(B) acetone
(C) ethanol
(D) methanol
Answer:
(C) ethanol

Question 29.
Ethanoic add is also known as – ( )
(A) formic acid
(B) acetic acid
(C) oxalic acid
(D) citric acid
Answer:
(B) acetic acid

Question 30.
Ethanoic add reacts with sodium carbonate and releases ( )
(A) H₂
(B) CO₂
(C) SO₂
(D) NO₂
Answer:
(B) CO₂

Question 31.
The negative value of logarithm of dissociation constant is denoted as: ( )
(A) pH
(B) pk_a
(C) pl_n
(D) nl^x
Answer:
(B) pk_a

Question 32.
The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of con. H₂SO₄ to form sweet smelHng substance is called …………….. . ( )
(A) fermentation
(B) saponification
(C) distillation
(D) esterification
Answer:
(D) esterification

Question 33.
The ester used to remove nail polish is ……………………. . ( )
(A) ethyl acetate
(B) methyl acetate
(C) tribromo acetate
(D) benzol acetate
Answer:
(B) methyl acetate

Question 34.
Esters of higher fatty acids and trihydroxy alcohol are known as ( )
(A) glycerol
(B) glycol
(C) glucose
(D) gasoline
Answer:
(A) glycerol

Question 35.
A solution in which the sôlute particles dispersed in the solvent are less than 1 nm in diameter is called ( )
(A) colloidal solution
(B) saturated solution
(C) true solution
(D) buffer solution
Answer:
(C) true solution

Question 36.
A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in water is called ……………………….. . ( )
(A) foam
(B) fog
(C) suspension
(D) micelle
Answer:
(D) micelle

Question 37.
These carbon compounds make oil and dirt present on the cloth come out into water- ( )
(A) perfumes
(B) soaps
(C) detergents
(D) both B&C
Answer:
(D) both B&C

Question 38.
The polar end of soap molecule is ……………………. in nature : ( )
(A) hydrophilic
(B) hydrophobic
(C) hydrogenic
(D) greasy
Answer:
(A) hydrophilic

Question 39.
Saturated hydrocarbons undergo : ( )
(A) addition reactions
(B) substitution reactions
(C) reversible reactions
(D) double displacement reactions
Answer:
(B) substitution reactions

Question 40.
Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different structural formulae are called- ( )
(A) catalysts
(B) homologues
(C) isotopes
(D) Isomers
Answer:
(D) Isomers

Question 41.
The number of sigma bonds in ethane (C₂H₆) molecule ( )
(A) 3
(8) 5
(C) 7
(D) 6
Answer:
(C) 7

Question 42.
The IUPAC name of CH₂=CH group is ( )
(A) vinyl
(B) ethyl
(C) ethenyl
(D) ethynyl
Answer:
(C) ethenyl

Question 43.
n-butane and iso-butane are a pair of ( )
(A) isomers
(B) allotropes
(C) homologues
(D) Isotopes
Answer:
(A) isomers

Question 44.
Dimethyl ether is the isomer of ( )
(A) methyl alcohol
(B) ethyl alcohol
(C) diethyl ether
(D) ethanol
Answer:
(B) ethyl alcohol

Question 45.
One or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes can be replaced by halogens, nitro group and sulphonic acid group. Such reactions are known as – ( )
(A) substitution reactions
(B) addition reactions
(C) decomposition reactions
(D) catalytic reactions
Answer:
(A) substitution reactions

Question 46.
Which of the following reacts with water to give ethane? ( )
(A) C₂H₅OH
(B) C₂H₅-O- C₂H₅
(C) CH₃OH
(D) C₂H₅MgBr
Answer:
(D) C₂H₅MgBr

Question 47.
The final product In the chlorination of methane is ( )
(A) CCl₄
(B) CHCl₃
(C) CH₂Cl₂
(D) CH₃Cl
Answer:
(A) CCl₄

Question 48.
Which of the following hydrocarbon is a liquid at room temperature? ( )
(A) ethane
(B) butane
(C) hexane
(D) methane
Answer:
(C) hexane

Question 49.
Which of the following ¡s a planar molecule? ( )
(A) CH₃-CH₃
(B) CH₂=CH₂
(C) CH C-CH₃
(D) cyclohexane
Answer:
(B) CH₂=CH₂

Question 50.
Propyne and propene can be distinguished by – ( )
(A) Conc.H₂SO₄
(B) Sodium metal
(C) AgNO₃ in Ammonia
(D) dli KMnO₄
Answer:
(C) AgNO₃ in Ammonia

Question 51.
C-C bond length in diamond ( )
(A) 1.4A°
(B) 1.42A°
(C) 1.54A°
(D) 1.3A°
Answer:
(C) 1.54A°

Question 52.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons among the following : ( )
(A) propane
(B) ethene
(C) ethane
(D) butane
Answer:
(B) ethene

Question 53.
For artificial ripening of fruits, the hydrocarbon used is – ( )
(A) acetylene
(B) methane
(C) butane
(D) ethane
Answer:
(A) acetylene

Question 54.
The allotrope of carbon which has tetrahedral structure ( )
(A) graphite
(B) coke
(C) animal charcoal
(D) Diamond
Answer:
(D) Diamond

Question 55.
Soap is obtained by the hydrolysis of oil in the presence of a base. This process is called ( )
(A) fermentation
(B) esterification
(C) saponification
(D) fractionation
Answer:
(C) saponification

Question 56.
Gas used is welding is – ( )
(A) ethylene
(B) ethane
(C) benzene
(D) ethyne
Answer:
(D) ethyne

Question 57.
The arrangement of carbon atoms In graphite is – ( )
(A) tetrahedral
(B) hexagonal rings
(C) octagonal rings
(D) nanogonal rings
Answer:
(B) hexagonal rings

Question 58.
Name of the compound having molecular formula C₆H₁₂ ( )
(A) hexane
(B) hexyne
(C) hexene
(D) butane
Answer:
(C) hexene

Question 59.
Ethanol-containing pyridine is called – ( )
(A) absolute alcohol
(B) rectified spirit
(C) beer
(D) denatured spirit
Answer:
(D) denatured spirit

Question 60.
Allotrope of carbon among the following : ( )
(A) propane
(B) coke
(C) soap
(D) ethene
Answer:
(B) coke

Question 61.
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes. This is due to ( )
(A) double bond
(B) single bond
(C) hydrogen bond
(D) triple bond
Answer:
(A) double bond

Question 62.
Soaps are – ( )
(A) fatty alcohols
(B) triesters
(C) salts of fatty acids
(D) fatty alcohol sulphates
Answer:
(C) salts of fatty acids

Question 63.
The valency of carbon in carbon compounds: ( )
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
Answer:
(C) 4

Question 64.
Denatured spirit contains: ( )
(A) methyl alcohol
(B) acetic acid
(C) acetol aldehyde
(D) tartaric acid
Answer:
(A) methyl alcohol

Question 65.
Graphite is used as lubricant because of its ( )
(A) metallic lustre
(B) soapy touch
(C)low density
(D) conductivity
Answer:
(B) soapy touch

Question 66.
The functional group of alcohol is ( )
(A) -COOH
(B) -COOR
(C) CHO
(D) -OH
Answer:
(D) -OH

Question 67.
The product obtained when ethylene reacts with hydrogen is ( )
(A) C₂H₆
(B) C₂H₄OH
(C) C₂H₈
(D) C₂H₂
Answer:
(A) C₂H₆

Question 68.
An example of aromatic hydrocarbon is ………………………. . ( )
(A) acetylene
(B) propane
(C) benzene
(D) acetone
Answer:
(C) benzene

Question 69.
A series of compounds In which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen In a carbon compound is called – ( )
(A) octagonal series
(B) homologous series
(C) halogen series
(D) active element series
Answer:
(B) homologous series

Question 70.
The succeeding member of the homologous series that follows C₄H₈ is ( )
(A) C₅H₁₂
(B) C₅H₈
(C) C₅H₁₀
(D) C₆H₁₂
Answer:
(C) C₅H₁₀

Question 71.
Unsaturated carbon compounds usually give ( )
(A) yellow flame
(B) blue flame
(C) orange flame
(D) green flame
Answer:
(A) yellow flame

Question 72.
Animal fats are harmful to health because they contain – ( )
(A) saturated hydrocarbons
(B) unsaturated alcohols
(C) unsaturated fatty acids
(D) saturated fatty acids
Answer:
(D) saturated fatty acids

Question 73.
Alcohols react with sodium metal and liberate: ( )
(A) hydrogen
(B) carbon dioxide
(C) oxygen
(D) chlorine
Answer:
(A) hydrogen

Question 74.
The sweet-smelling substances formed when carboxylic acid reacts with alcohols ( )
(A) soaps
(B) tinctures
(C) esters
(D) fuels
Answer:
(C) esters

Question 75.
These are usually utilised to make shampoos ( )
(A) esters
(B) phenols
(C) aspirin
(D) shampoos
Answer:
(D) shampoos

Question 76.
Acetylene can be prepared by the action of water on ………………… . ( )
(A) Mg₃N₂
(B) Al₄C₃
(C) CaC₂
(D) CaH₂
Answer:
(B) Al₄C₃

Question 77.
The reagent that can be used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes is ……………….. .
(A) Chlorine
(B) Hydrogen
(C) Flurolne
(D) Bromine
Answer:
(D) Bromine

Question 78.
An Important reaction that ethylene can undergo: ( )
(A) displacement
(B) addition
(C) substitution
(D) reversible
Answer:
(C) substitution

Question 79.
If all the hydrogen atoms In methane are displaced by chlorine, the compound formed is ( )
(A) chloroform
(B) carbon tetrachloride
(C) methylene chloride
(D) methyl chloride
Answer:
(B) carbon tetrachloride

Question 80.
Another name for Alkanes is ( )
(A) olefins
(B) polythenes
(C) paraffins
(D) acetylenes
Answer:
(C) paraffins

Question 81.
The number of hydrogen atoms present in butane. ( )
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D) 10
Answer:
(D) 10

Question 82.
When an amide is heated after adding a base, the gas liberated Is ( )
(A) HCl
(B) NO₂
(C) NH₃
(D) SO₂
Answer:
(C) NH₃

Question 83.
The maximum valency of carbon is ………………………. . ( )
(A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 5
Answer:
(A) 4

Question 84.
The property of carbon atoms by means of which they form covalent bonds between themselves and form long chains are closed rings Is …………………….. . ( )
(A) Isomerism
(B) saponification
(C) fermentation
(D) catenation
Answer:
(D) catenation

Question 85.
The number of isomers having molecular formula C₄H₁₀ is ( )
(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 6
(D) 3
Answer:
(B) 2

Question 86.
The molecular formula of Formal dehyde is ……………………… . ( )
(A) CH₃CHO
(b) CH₃COOH
(C) CH₃OH
(D) HCHO
Answer:
(D) HCHO

Question 87.
A solid fuel among the following ( )
(A) butane
(B) gobar gas
(C) coke
(D) diesel
Answer:
(C) coke

Question 88.
The hydrocarbon formed by hydrolysis of alumInium carbide is ( )
(A) methane
(B) acetylene
(C) ethane
(D) pentane
Answer:
(A) methane

Question 89.
benzene Is formed by passing the following compound through hot pipe: ( )
(A) C₂H₂
(B) CH₄
(C) C₂H₄
(D) C₄H₁₀
Answer:
(A) C₂H₂

Question 90.
The hydrocarbon used In preparation of plastics : ( )
(A) alkanes
(B) alkenes
(C) alkynes
(D) esters
Answer:
(B) alkenes

Question 91.
IUPAC name of img ( )
(A) Chlorobutane
(B) 2 – Chlorobutane
(C) 2, 3 – chloroquine
(D) 2, 3-dichlorobutane
Answer:
(D) 2, 3-dichlorobutane

Question 92.
If 2 ml of acetic add was added slowly in drops to 5 ml of water then we will notice ( )
(A) The acid forms a separate layer on the top of water.
(B) Water forms a separate layer on the top of the acid.
(C) Formation of a clear and homogenous solution.
(D) Formation of a pink and clear solution.
Answer:
(C) Formation of a clear and homogenous solution.

Question 93.
When acetic acid reacts with ethyl alcohol, we add conc. H₂SO₄, it acts as …………………… and the processes Called ( )
(A) oxidizing agent, saponification
(B) dehydrating agent, esterification
(C) reducing agent, esterification
(D) Acid & esterification
Answer:
(B) dehydrating agent, esterification

Question 94.
Oxidant undergoes reaction. ( )
(A) oxidation
(B) reduction
(C) combustion
(D) hydration
Answer:
(A) oxidation

Question 95.
The number of hybrid orbitals formed in sp⁴ hybridization ( )
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
Answer:
(D) 5

Question 96.
The number or sigma and pi bonds present In ethyne is ( )
(A)2,3
(B)5,1
(C)1,5
(D)3,2
Answer:
(D)3,2

Question 97.
2 ml of ethanoic acid was taken in each of the three test tubes A, B and C and 2 ml, 4 ml and 8 ml water was added to them, respectively. A clear solution is obtained in: ( )
(A) Test tube A only
(B) Test tubes A & B only
(C) Test tubes B and C only
(D) All the test tubes
Answer:
(D) All the test tubes

Question 98.
A few drops of ethano4c acid were added to solid sodium carbonate, The possible results of the actions are ( )
(A) A hissing sound was evolved
(B) Brown fumes evolved
(C) Brisk effervescence occurred
(D) A pungent-smelling gas evolved
Answer:
(C) Brisk effervescence occurred

Question 99.
Which of the following is not an allotrophic Form of carbon? ( )
(A) Fluorine
(B) Fuilerence
(C) Diamond
(D) Graphite
Answer:
(A) Fluorine

Question 100.
2C₂H₆+7O₂ 4CO₂+6H₂O+energy. This is …………………… type of reaction. ( )
(A) reduction
(B) oxidation
(C) combustion
(D) addition
Answer:
(C) combustion

Question 101.
Bad conductor of electricity is ( )
(A) Graphite
(B) Graphen
(C) Diamond
(D) Nanotube
Answer:
(C) Diamond

Question 102.
IUPAC name of ( )
(A) 1-Hydroxy-heptane-6-one
(B) 7-Hydroxy-heptane-2-one
(C) 6-Hydroxy-hexane-2 – one
(D) 1-Hydroxy-hexane-5-one
Answer:
(B) 7-Hydroxy-heptane-2-one

Question 103.
Which of the following is a good conductor of heat and electricity? ( )
(A) Anthracite
(B) Charcoal
(C) Diamond
(D) Graphite
Answer:
(D) Graphite

Question 104.
Chief component of cooking as is ( )
(A) butane
(B) methane
(C) ethane
(D) octane
Answer:
(A) butane

Question 105.
A dilute solution of ethanoic acid in water is called ( )
(A) Tincture of iodine
(B) Fehlings solution
(C) vinegar
(D) Tollens reagent
Answer:
(C) vinegar

Question 106.
Ethanol on oxidation gives ( )
(A) Ethane
(B) Formalin
(C) Ethanoic acid
(D) Methane
Answer:
(C) Ethanoic acid

Question 107.
n-butane and isobutane are ………………….. . ( )
(A) alkenes
(B) alkynes
(C) isomers
(D) polymers
Answer:
(C) isomers

Question 108.
What property of carbon allows It to form a large number of carbon compounds? ( )
(A) Tetra valency
(B) catenation
(C) electronegativity
(D) electropositivity
Answer:
(C) electronegativity

Question 109.
Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only are called ……………. .( )
(A) alkanes
(B) alkenes
(C) alkynes
(D) hydrocarbons
Answer:
(D) hydrocarbons

Question 110.
Open chain saturated hydrocarbons are called ……………. . ( )
(A) paraffins
(B) alkenes
(C) alkynes
(D) alkyl groups
Answer:
(A) paraffins

Question 111.
Diamond and graphite are ……………. . ( )
(A) Isomers
(B) allotropes
(C) homologous
(D) metals
Answer:
(B) allotropes

Question 112.
C₆₀ has arranged by ……………. pentagons and – hexagons. ( )
(A) 20, 12
(B) 12, 20
(C) 21, 20
(D) 12, 01
Answer:
(B) 12, 20

Question 113.
Carbon compounds containing double and triple bonds are called ……………. . ( )
(A) saturated hydrocarbons
(B) unsaturated hydrocarbons
(C) semi saturated hydrocarbons
(D) hydrocarbons
Answer:
(B) unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 114.
A very dilute solution of ethanoic acid is ……………. . ( )
(A) ethyne
(B) ethane
(C) vinegar
(D) ethene
Answer:
(C) vinegar

Question 115.
When sodium metal Is dropped in ethanol ……………. gas will be released. ( )
(A) hydrogen
(B) sodium vapour
(C) ethane
(D) ethylene
Answer:
(A) hydrogen

Question 116.
Number of single covalent bonds in ammonia are ……………. .( )
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 1
Answer:
(B) 3

Question 117.
Type of reactions shown by alkanes is ………………………. . ()
(A) addition
(B) thermal
(C) substitution
(D) chain
Answer:
(C) substitution

Question 118.
The distance between two graphite layers is ………………………. . ()
(A) 3Å
(B) 4Å
(C) 3.6Å
(D) 3.35Å
Answer:
(D) 3.35Å

Question 119.
‘Carboxytic acid’ functional group is ………………………. . ()
(A) -OH
(B) -OCH
(C) -COOH
(D) -C=O
Answer:
(C) -COOH

Question 120.
General formula of saturated hydrocarbon is ………………………. . ()
(A) C_nH₂n
(B) C_nH_2n+2
(C) C_nH_2n-2
(D) C_nH₂n
Answer:
(B) C_nH_2n+2

Question 121.
Alkane hydrolysis of ester-producing soaps is called ………………………. . ()
(A) carbonation
(B) esterlilcatlon
(C) calcination
(D) saponification
Answer:
(D) saponification

Question 122.
In soap molecule, the end with is called ………………………. .
(A) hydrophilic end
(B) hydrophobic end
(C) micelle
(D) dirt
Answer:
(A) hydrophilic end

Question 123.
IUPAC name of glycerol is ………………………….. . ( )
(A) propane
(B) propanol
(C) propane -1, 2, 3 – diol
(D) propane -1, 2, 3 – troll
Answer:
(C) propane -1, 2, 3 – diol

Question 124.
The carboxylic acid used to preserve pickles is ()
(A) Methanoic acid
(B) Propanoic acid
(C) Ethanoic acid
(D) Butanoic acid
Answer:
(C) Ethanoic acid

Question 125.
The first two members of the alkene senes is ……………… .
(A) methane, ethene
(B) methane, ethane
(C) ethene, propene
(D) ethyne, propyne
Answer:
(C) ethene, propene

Question 126.
……………………………. is also known as marsh gas. ( )
(A) Methane
(B) Ethane
(C) Propane
(D) Butane
Answer:
(A) Methane

Question 127.
Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous ( )
(A) hydrocarbons
(B) esters
(C) acids
(D) bases
Answer:
(A) hydrocarbons

Question 128.
………………………… reacts with sodium metal to produce hydrogen gas. ( )
(A) Alcohol
(B) Acid
(C) Ester
(D) Ketone
Answer:
(A) Alcohol

Question 129.
Synthetic detergent is called ……………………….. detergent
(A) washing detergent
(B) surf
(C) soapless
(D) odourless
Answer:
(C) soapless

Question 130.
…………………………… is better than soap for washing clothes in hard water. ( )
(A) Detergent
(B) Synthetic detergent
(C) Surf
(D) Soap water
Answer:
(B) Synthetic detergent

Question 131.
The form of carbon which is known as black lead is …………………… . ( )
(A) coal
(B) charcoal
(C) graphite
(D) graphene
Answer:
(C) graphite

Question 132.
Carbon compounds have usually low melting points and boiling points because they are …………………… in nature. ( )
(A) covalent
(B) ionic
(C) chemical
(D) gases
Answer:
(A) covalent

Question 133.
Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called ……………….. . ( )
(A) hydroxy
(B) carboxy
(C) carbohydrates
(D) hydrocarbons
Answer:
(D) hydro carbons

Question 134.
Ethene and ethyne are examples of ……………… hydrocarbons. ( )
(A) saturated
(B) unsaturated
(C) semi saturated
(D) supersaturated
Answer:
(B) unsaturated

Question 135.
Ethyne has ………………………… carbon-hydrogen single bonds. ( )
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 2
(D) 1
Answer:
(C) 2

Question 136.
The IUPAC name of acetylene is …………………….. . ( )
(A) ethane
(B) ethene
(C) ethyne
(D) ethyl
Answer:
(C) ethyne

Question 137.
The next homologue of C₂H₅OH is ( )
(A) C₃H₇OH
(B) C₃H₆OH
(C) C₄H₇OH
(D) CH₆OH
Answer:
(A) C₃H₇OH

Question 138.
The sodium salt of a long chain fatty acids is called …………………. . ( )
(A) sodium salt
(B) acidic fat
(C) detergent
(D) soap
Answer:
(D) soap

Question 139.
Hexane ………………….. . ( )
(A) C₆H₆
(B) C₆H₁₂
(C) C₆H₁₄
(D) C₆H₁₀
Answer:
(C) C₆H₁₄

Question 140.
Butene …………………….. . ( )
(A) C₄H₆
(B) C₄H₁₀
(C) C₆H₈
(D) C₄H₄
Answer:
(A) C₄H₆

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 7C Unity in Diversity in India Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 7C Unity in Diversity in India

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by the expression ‘Unity in diversity’?
Answer:
India is a country of many ethnic groups myriad languages, a veritable babel of tongues and numerous modes of apparel. Though there are several religions, sects and beliefs, there are certain common links and uniting bonds that people have sought to develop in order to achieve the desirable goal of ‘Unity in Diversity’. People of different races, cultures, religions and regions live together in our country with the feeling of oneness.

Question 2.
Which aspect is Smith commenting on?
Answer:
Smith is commenting on the distinguished features of India that makes it significant and extraordinary. But the feeling of unity is quite common for every Indian in terms of human, social and intellectual development.

Question 3.
Pick out the factors that contribute to ‘Unity in Diversity’?
Answer:

1. A certain underlying uniformity of life.
2. Historically existing political consciousness.
3. The cultural heritage we have.
4. Willingness to accept the good.
5. Importance given for spiritual wisdom.
6. Ideals like love, universal brotherhood, fear of God, piety and unselfishness, control of passions and peace of mind.

Question 4.
Why did the writer use the statement, “It is a mere collection of separate people”?
Answer:
The statement “It is a mere collection of separate people” means that the geographical region has a lot many group of people who follow different languages, religious beliefs, cultural practices, food habits etc.

Question 5.
“Hindi is now understood and recognised as the national language of India. Do you agree with the statement or disagree with the author? Give reasons.
Answer:
Yes, Hindi is considered as the lingua franca of India. From north to south of India, from east to west, Hindi is understood and recognised as the national language of India. Hindi, like English, is understood in almost every part of the country and stands as a symbol of unity and brotherhood in the present civilization.

Vocabulary:

I. Read the following words/phrases and find the words/ phrases from the text which convey the same meaning.
Question 1.
myriad __________
Answer:
myraid : many, composite, several, numerous.

Question 2.
synthesis __________
Answer:
synthesi : uniting bonds, aggregate, whole, uniformity, assimilate

Question 3.
diversity __________
Answer:
diversity : composite, disunity, varied, separate, contrast

Question 4.
dialects __________
Answer:
dialects : language, tribal language

Question 5.
saints __________
Answer:
saints : yogis, maharishis, spiritual leaders

II. Read the phrases and find the suitable words equivalent to them from the text.
a) a part of country __________
Answer:
a part of country : land

b) try to do __________
Answer:
try to do : seek to develop

c) develop quickly __________
Answer:
develop quickly : flourish

d) behave in a particular way __________
Answer:
behave in a particular way : emulate

e) a very sad event __________
Answer:
a very sad event : tragedy

I. Fill in the table with the most appropriate dance form related to each state and the occasion on which it is performed.

Answer:

Name of the State	Dance form
1. Telangana	Perini Dance
2. Andhra Pradesh	Kuchipudi, Kolattam
3. Punjab	Bhangra, Giddha
4. Karnataka	Yakshagana, Bayalata
5. Kerala	Kathakali, Mohiniyattam
6. Oriss	Odissi, Ghumana
7. Tamil Nadu	Bharatanatyam, Kummi

Develop a write upon any one of the dance forms of India.
Remember to focus on the following points.
1. The area it belongs to.
2. When is it performed?
3. Description of the dance.
Answer:

A write up on Bharatnatyam :

Bharatnatyam is one of the most popular classical Indian dances. Bharatnatyam Dance – Bha-Bhavam (means expression), Ra-Ragam (means music), Ta – Talam (means beat or rhythm) and Natyam (means dance) inTamil. Bharatnatyam is more popular in South Indian States of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Today, it is recognized as the national dance of India. Bharatnatyam is named after Bharat Muni, author of the bible of classical Indian dance called ‘Natya Shastra’. This dance form is a communion of expression, melody and rhythm.

Bharatnatyam is accompanied by the classical Carnatic music. It has emerged as an offering to gods in temples in South India. The dance is famous for its delicacy and perfection of movements which makes it vibrant and influential. In the ancient times, Bharatnatyam was performed by Devadasis in the temples of Tamil Nadu known as ‘dasiattam’.

‘Tanjore Quartet’, Chinniah, Sivanandam, Ponniah and Vadivelu codified its Mudras on earth. The various forms of the dance, like Alarippu, Jathiswaram, Sabdham, Varnam and Tilana were also introduced by them. The philosophy behind this dance form is to search the human soul and unite with the Supreme Being. This dance form enhances its beauty with the use of literary masterpieces of saints and sages.

Comtemporary classical Indian dance is performed by both males and females. Bharatnatyam dance forms are also used to present various themes such as unity of religions, nationalism, purity of environment, greatness of a king etc. While the dance itself is absolutely appealing and enigmatic, what makes it all the more compelling is the traditional dress and a touch of make up.

There are three main elements of Bharatnatyam namely Nritta, Natya and Mritya. Music for Bharatnatyam is based on Carnatic classical music. Veena, flute, mridangam and violin are the instruments used for music, some of the popular Bharatnatyam performers are Shobhana, Padmini, Bala Saraswathi, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Kamala Laxman, Padma Subrahmaniam and Chithra Visweswaran.

Project Work:

Collect the data from different families in your area about the festivals they celebrate. You may use the following table to collect the information.

Answer:

II. Discuss in groups how the data in the Table given above supports the concept of unity In diversity. You may also discuss if there are some other ways that too may help strengthen this unity.
Ans:
The above table totally supports the concept of ‘Unity in Diversity’. Though the families mentioned in the table are related to different religions, they celebrate all the festivals with much interest. Though Ranga Rao’s family is a Hindu family, the members of that family celebrate the festivals Christmas and Id. Though Alfred is a Christian, his family celebrates Diwali, Holi and Id as well.

The next family is of Md. Basha, a Muslim. Still his family celebrates the festivals such as Diwali and Christmas. All these incidents show us the religious harmony among the Indians. Following the different traditions and cultures which diverse societies in India have developed, there lies a sense of unity which keeps the people of India bonded together. This fundamental unity can be observed among all the Indians and races. People of different religions, castes, regions live together and have deep respect for each other in our country.

India is probably the only country in the world where people belonging to different religions, castes and creeds, speaking different languages, having different cultures, different modes of living, different clothing, worshipping different gods live together in harmony with the feeling of oneness. This is nothing but ‘Unity in Diversity’.

Some ways that help strengthen the ‘Unity’:

1. Love your fellow as yourself.
2. You must know that every human being is worthy of profound respect.
3. Look for ways to help others.
4. You must focus on the positive.
5. Share your wisdom.
6. No discrimination should exist.
7. Develop the feeling of oneness.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick(✓) in the appropriate box.

Answer:

Unity in Diversity in India Summary in English

India is a nation which has a lot of divesities, in several aspects like ethnic groups, caste, region, religion, language etc. Still, all are connected with some unique bonds. This is a much surprising fact, for the observers. Only through a thorough and deep interpretation, one can understand or get a clear view of it all, as a whole. This is because of the fact that these manifold diversions provide India with a source of strength and wealth.

History says that the element of unity among all these differences is not new. There has been a political consciousness that whole India is a unit, even for centuries. This was all as a result of inflows of varied cultures. Dravidians were in India even before the Aryans. Hinduism has gladly accepted and blended these cultural differences and variations, throughout the nation. Still, there are diverse aspects in our culture.

Language is another area with one hundred and fifty dialects and twenty two officially accepted languages. But, as English is for the world, Hindi is for India. The cultural diversities with music, fine arts, dance, drama, theatre and sculptures form a valuable treasure. The scriptures, temples etc. are treasure houses of spiritual wisdom. The Western world has been eagerly looking forward to India, to acquire this wisdom.

Classical music of India which is built on the concept of ragas and talas is another area with about 250 Ragas, which are common in both North and South of India, has some ragas specific for some peculiar time as well. Experts like Pandit Ravi Sankar here popularised the classical music to the West. Indian dances have not only a lot of variety, but colourful and emotional richness.

Where as the success of West is basically on materialistic achievements and superficial prosperity, India has given importance to the concept of humanism, integrity and spiritual virtue.

Glossory:

ethnic (adj) = connected with/belonging to a nation, race or people that shares a cultural tradition.;
myraid (adj) = an extremely large number of;
babel (n) = the sound of many voices talking at a time;
amidst (prep) = in the middle of;
superficial (adj) = external or outward;
astonish (v) = to cause surprise;
aggregate (n) = something formed by adding together many things;
interpretation (n) = an explanation / opinion;
penetrate (v) = go into / through;
manifold (adj) = many and several different types;
discern (v) = to know/recognize or understand;
civilisation (n) = human society with well developed social organisation;
assimilate (v) = to become a part of something;
convention (n) = the way in which most people do;
heir (n) = some one who has the right to have the authority in succession;
heritage (n) = features belonging to the culture of a particular society;
blend (v) = to mixe two or more substances together;
dialects (n) = the form of a language that in spoken in one area;
inheritor (n) = A person who has been given something by someone when he is on authority;
sages (n) = wise people;

spiritual (adj) = relating to deep religious feeling;
charity (n) = a system of donating things to the poor or needy;
contemplation (n) = the act of thinking deeply about;
seers (n) = = people who claim that they can see what is going to happen in the future;
piety (n) = showing a deep respect for (eg:-for god/religion) ;
penance (n) = Voluntray self punishment for wrong doings;
aesthetic (adj) = Relating to enjoyment;
emulate (v) = To try to do something as well as somebody else because you admire these;
veritable (adj) = real, true
babel (n) = the sound of many voices talking at a time
apparel (n) = mode of dress
diversities (n) = differences
eminent (adj) = important
bewildered (v) = confused
synthesis (n) = combination
cape comorin (n) = Kanya Kumari
flourished (v) = existed in abundance
creed (n) = a system of religious belief
lingua franca (n) = a medium of communication between people of different languages.
bridged (v) = connected
virtuosity (n) = talent
accompaniment = supplement
dazed (v) = astonished
quest (n) = desire
isolated (adj) = lonely

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 7B A Plea For India (Poem) Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 7B A Plea For India (Poem)

We, Indians, are proud to be a strong nation,
our roots, we declare, cannot be shaken.
Then why these fights,
which leave us in poor plight?
Irrespective of our region,
forget the castes,
which makes us lose our charm.

Let’s ignore the selfish call of each region,
and listen for once to the call of the nation.
Why do we spend our time bickering
when so many tasks need finishing?
Don’t we have better things to do
than indulge in creating problems anew?

Is all this violence needed
with the people being cheated?
Who will return this only son
Whom she loves a ton?
Who will bring back his brother
whose ashes he is still to gather?

Where has all the love gone
which resided in the heart of all?
There is no reason to be proud,
and be on high cloud.
We have to go a long way,
we have to think seriously,
else we end up miserably.
Then let our minds throw out the rot,
and devote our time to pious thoughts.
Let us control the riots,
which leave us with no choice,
but to hang our heads in shame,
and say we have miserably failed.
We have the power to win,
so why not end this din?
Let us unite,
and fight against those who incite.
Let us not be misled.

Comprehension:

Question 1.
What do fights put us in ?
Answer:
The fights put us in severe sufferings. They make us feel shame of ourselves. The nation end up with lesser developments.

Question 2.
Why does the poet use ‘proud to be a strong nation’, and ‘hang heads in shame’, at the same time ?
Answer:
Our nation has Strong roots which are believed to be unshaken. At the same time we have a lot of conficts and riots, based on region, caste etc, which questions the unity of the nation. So the poet says that though we feel proud of our nation, we feel ashamed as well.

Question 3.
Who are cheats? Who are being cheated?
Answer:
Those who create the differences in the minds of the people and lead them to violence are cheats. They disturb the foundations of the country’s unity. The innocent people are being cheated.

Question 4.
What are the tasks to be finished, according to the poet?
Answer:
According to the poet, there are many tasks to be finished. We should work for a strong united nation. We should go forward and finish the tasks with dedication. We have to throw out the rot from our minds and develop pious thoughts. We should control riots, give the power to win and fight against the persons who incite us.

Question 5.
What is the central idea of the poem ?
Answer:
The poet aims at creating an awareness among the people, about the various evil elements which obstruct the unity and integrity of the nation. We should work hard to build a strong united nation with piety and dedication.

A Plea For India (Poem) Summary in English

The poet says that we, Indians are proud to be a strong nation, declaring our roots are never be shaken. But these plights, caused by fight make us lose our charm irrespective of
He suggests us to ignore the selfish call of region but to listen to the call of the nation. He reminds us that so many tasks need finishing and asks then why do we spend our time bickering. He exhorts to indulge in doing better things instead of creating problems ?

Now he recollects the misery of the victims of the violence who lost her only son, brother and crosses where has the Indian love gone – which resides in the hearts of all.
He says that there is no reason to be proud behaving in this way. He states that we should think seriously and warn us or else we have to end up miserably.

He advises us to throw out the rot and be pious. We should control the riots lest we should hang our heads in shame. We should have the power to win and end this din.
We should be united and fight against those who incite the violence which results in death. He asserts that if we are dedicated, our country will be united forever.

Glossary:

plight (n) = a difficult or sad situation;
selfish (adj) = caring only oneself;
bicker (v) = argue about things that are not important;
indulge (v) = to allow yourself to have or do something that you like;
violence (n) = rough and immoderate actions;
proud (adj) = feeling pleasure or satisfaction over something regarded as ‘ highly honourable;
pious (adj) = showing a deep respect for God and religion; ,
miserable (adj) = unhappy and unpleasant;
rot (n) = bad things
riots (n) = noisy, violent and uncontrolled public disorder;
din (n) = a loud / unpleasant noise that lasts for a long time;
incite (v) = encourage someone to be violent by making angry ;
roots (n) = basic source or origin of something
charm(n) = the power of quality of attracting others
ignore (v) = pay no attention to
on high cloud (idiom) = having strong feelings of happiness or satisfaction
end up (phr.v) = come to an end

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 7A My Childhood Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 7A My Childhood

Nation and Diversity:

Look at the picture and answer the questions that follow :

Question 1.
What does the picture signify ?
Answer:
The picture signifies religious harmony and the unity in diversity. In this picture, we see some Hindus and Muslims playing cricket together. We witness such kind of scenes everywhere in India. People in India have been living with the feelings of fraternity and integrity for ages. They forget their religions and cultural differences and live together peacefully.

Question 2.
Do you experience the theme reflected in the picture in your real life ? If not, what may be the possible reason for this ?
Answer:
I do experience the theme of religious harmony, as reflected in the picture. In our school, we all play and study together.

Oral Discourse:

Question.
Talk on – “Unity in diversity is the spirit of our nation.”
Answer:
Geographically, it is a land of contracts in numerous ways. It provides almost every type of climate, from extreme heat to extreme cold all the year round. The hilly regions in the North and elsewhere are as cold as some of the coldest parts of Europe. Certain areas in South are the hottest in the world. In Mumbai and Malwa, the climate is temperate though West Bengal is more humid.

India is a plural society. It is repository of multiplicity of cultures. Indian civilization, stretching over five thousand years, provides the most distinctive feature in the coexistence of unity in diversity.

India is said to be a synthesis of diverse social and cultural elements. A grand synthesis of cultures, religions and language of the people belonging to different castes and communities has upheld its unity and cohesiveness despite foreign invasions, and the Mughal and British rule.

National unity and integrity have been maintained even though sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of equalitarian social relations. It is this synthesis which has made India a unique mosaic of cultures. India is, in fact, a panorama of its own types without a parallel in other continents. Foreign invasions, immigration from other parts of the world and the existence of diverse languages, cultures and religions have made India’s culture tolerant, on the one hand, and a unique continuing and living culture with its specificity and historicity on the other.

Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity are the major religions Besides twenty two Constitutionally recognized languages, there are several hundred dialects There is diversity not only in regard to racial compositions, religious and linguistic distinctions but also in patterns of living, life styles, occupational pursuits, inheritance and succession of law and practices and rites related to birth, marriage, death etc.
The idea of unity of India is inherent in all its historical and socio-cultural facts as well as in its cultural heritage. India has one Constitution providing guarantees for people belonging to diverse religious, cultures and languages. It covers people belonging to all socio-economic strata.

India possesses varieties of social, economic, geographical conditions. In India there is unity in apparent diversities of race, religion, language, custom etc. The distinctive feature of India in its unity and diversity is also reflected in the social ethos.

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What were the disadvantages faced by Kalam in his childhood ?
Answer:
Abdul Kalam was born in a middle class family. His home town was the island town of Rameswaram. His parents were neither much educated nor wealthy.

Question 2.
“…………………. that forced Samsuddin to look for helping hand” What does ‘that’ refers to ?
Answer:
Kalam’s cousin Samsuddin was the distributer of the daily ‘Dinamani’ in Rameswaram. During the Second World War, the halt for the train at Rameswaram station was suspended. The News Paper bundles had to be used to come in the train thrown from the train, at the station. So, Samsuddin wanted someone’s help to catch the bundles. Here, ‘that’ refers to the necessity of a person to help Samsuddin catch the bundles of newspapers.

Question 3.
“I filled the slot”. What does the sentence mean ?
Answer:
The sentence means that Kalam helped his cousin Samsuddin in catching the news paper bundles thrown from the moving train, at the Rameswaram Railway station. During the second World War the emergency was declared. The first casualty came in the form of the suspension of the train halt at Rameswaram station. The newspapers were to be bundled and thrown out from the moving train on the Rameswaram Road between Rameswaram and Dhanuskodi. Samsuddin, the cousin of Kalam needed a helping hand to catch the bundles of newspapers. Then Kalam came forward to do that job.

Question 4.
If one wants to bring a change in the social system, what qualities should one possess?
Answer:
If one wants to bring a change in the social system, one should possess the qualities such as courage, patience, determination, equanimity, grit, perseverance etc. One should be optimistic and should dare to face the problems which could arise.

Question 5.
Events from the Ramayana and from the life of the Prophet were the bedtime stories my mother and grandmother would tell the children in our family.
Choose the most appropriate meaning for the underlined word from the options given below.
a) stories told by the bed side
b) stories told on the bed
c) stories told before getting sleep
Answer:
c) stories told before getting sleep

Question 6.
“Your Children are not your children ” What does it mean ? Do you agree with the statement or disagree ? Give reasons.
Answer:
The expression, “Your children are not your children” means that the children develop their own ideas as they are growing. These words were spoken by Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen in the context of his wife’s hesitation to send Kalam to Ramanathapuram. I totally agree with the statement as the children themselves develop their own thoughts naturally. The children have to be separated from their parents at some stage in life. They have to be let free so that they can realize their thoughts and set their goals.

Question 7.
As children, none of us ever felt any difference amongst ourselves because of our religious differences and upbringing. Choose the most appropriate meaning for the underlined word from the optious given below.
a) education
b) cared and trained
c) food and shelter
Answer:
b) cared and trained

Question 8.
Read the text and attribute the characteristics given in the box to the following women, conservative, sociable, kind, secular, generous, simple, tolerant, adamant, orthodox
a) Subramania Iyer’s wife
b) Ashiamma
Answer:
(a) Subramania Iyer’s wife – conservative, adament, orthodox

• conservative – She could not invite Kalam to her house.
• adamant – She refused to serve meal to Kalam.
• orthodox – She remained in the kitchen when Kalam was served meal by Subramania Iyer.

(b) Ashiamma – sociable, kind, secular, generous, simple, tolerant.

• sociable – She was friendly with all the people who visited her house.
• kind – She was kind with all the guests and family members.
• secular – Irrespective of the religious differences, Ashiamma fed all the people who came to her house.
• generous – She gave a secured emotional and material comforts to her children.
• simple – Ashiamma was a good partner to her husband and led a simple and happy life with him.
• tolerant – She was tolerant towards the visitors and her children.

Question 9.
Identify the features of the text “My childhood”
a) What type of a text is it ?
b) Reflections on the text
c) Anecdotes in the text.
Answer:
(a) The text is an autobiography.
(b) It mirrors the realities of life i.e., the divisions in the society and the reactions of various people to it and the pain it causes to the innocent ones. It shows that love, affection and kindness are above the false religious pride.
(c) (i) The situation in which Kalam earned money by selling tamarind seeds and catching
paper bundles from the running train.
(ii) Kalam’s friendship with Brahmin boys.
(iii) The ill-treatment of the new teacher towards Kalam and the warning given by Lakshmana Sastry to the new teacher not to show any discrimination that would spoil the minds of innocent children.
(iv) The hospitality of Sivasubramania Iyer.

Vocabulary:

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words often confused given in brackets.

Question 1.
Samsuddin helped me earn my first __________ (wages / income).
Answer:
wages

Question 2.
He received a proportion of his __________ (wages / income) from selling tamarind seeds.
Answer:
income

Question 3.
He is __________ (innocent / ignorant) about technology.
Answer:
ignorant

Question 4.
However he was found __________ (innocent / ignorant) of any crime.
Answer:
innocent

Question 5.
He lost all the wealth he had __________ (inherited /acquired) from his father because he __________ (inherited / acquired) bad habits.
Answer:
inherited, acquired

Question 6.
People from different backgrounds could __________ (mix /mingle) easily. __________ (mixed /mingled) group people do not come to an agreement.
Answer:
mingle, mixed

Question 7.
People in Rameswaram were very __________ (rigid / adamant) in terms of segregation of different social groups . Subramania Iyer __________ (rigidly / adamantly) opposed it.
Answer:
rigid, adamantly

Question 8.
The car collided with a __________ (stationary / stationery) vehicle when we went to buy some __________ (stationary / stationery) from the book stall.
Answer:
stationary, stationery

Question 9.
She was __________ (envelop /enveloped) in a huge white towel.
Answer:
enveloped

Question 10.
We sent an airmail __________ (envelop / envelope) abroad.
Answer:
envelope

Question 11.
The floor was __________ (laid / lied) with a newspaper.
Answer:
laid

Question 12.
He __________ (laid / lied) many times.
Answer:
lied

II. Tick (✓) the appropriate meaning of the underlined word in each sentence below.

Question 1.
Kalam’s father possessed great innate wisdom and a true generosity of sprit.
(a) hospitality
(b) nobility
(c) kindness
Answer:
(b) nobility

Question 2.
A sudden demand for tamarind seeds erupted in the market.
(a) started
(b) came up
(c) appeared suddenly
Answer:
(b) came up

Question 3.
Our family arranged boats for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site, situated in the middle of the pond.
(a) place
(b) ceremony
(c) feast
Answer:
(a) place

Question 4.
The new teacher could not stomach a Hindu priest’s son sitting with a Muslim boy.
(a) imagine
(b) permit
(c) tolerate
Answer:
(c) tolerate

Question 5.
He looked utterly downcast as I shifted to my seat in the last row.
(a) lonely
(b) sad
(c) disappointed
Answer:
(b) sad

Question 6.
Sastry bluntly asked the teacher to either apologise or quit the school.
(a) immediately
(b) angrily
(c) plainly
Answer:
(b) angrily

Question 7.
The small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different soical groups.
(a) strict
(b) firm
(c) strong
Answer:
(a) strict

Question 8.
Sivasubramania Iyer was not perturbed, nor did he get angry with his wife.
(a) disturbed
(b) disappointed
(c) pleased
Answer:
(a) disturbed

Question 9.
India’s freedom was imminent.
(a) expected
(b) necessary
(c) certain
Answer:
(c) certain

Grammar:

I. Read the following paragraph and note the underlined words.

. . .On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different social groups. However, my science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer, though an orthodox Brahmin with a very conservative wife, was something of a rebel. He did his best to break social barriers so that people from varying backgrounds could mingle easily.

Notice the underlined words or phrases in the above paragraph. They are called linkers or discourse markers. Noticing and understanding discourse markers help learners to understand the logical structure of what they read and listen to, the order of events and the attitude of the speaker or writer and what they refer to.

Think of the following:

1. What makes the writer use the linker ‘on the whole’ in the above paragraph ? Give reasons.
2. What purpose does the linker ‘however’ serve in the paragraph?
3. What does the wirter emphasize by using the linker ‘though’?
4. Why did the writer use the linkers?

Answer:

1. The writer used the linker’on the whole’ in order to summarise the previous incidents. When Kalam was separated from his close friend and orderd to sit in the last row by the new teacher, Lakshmana Sastry, the priest of the temple told the teacher that he should not spread the poison of social inequality and religious intolerance in the minds of innocent children. He bluntly asked the teacher to either apologize or quit the school and the island.
2. ‘However’ serves as a linker indicating the result of an action. The science teacher was a broadminded Brahmin while his wife was conventional and adamant of the beliefs.
3. The linker ‘though’ was used to indicate the inheritance of family culture in Iyer on par with his ideas of breaking social barriers inspite of different backgrounds.
4. The writer used the linkers to show the relationship between ideas. He used them to maintain the unity of the text and make it an effective one. The linkers were used to maintain logical sequence of the text.

Some useful information about “Linkers”.

Linkers are words that combine senteces and show the relationship between ideas. Linkers are used to tell the reasons and results, contrasts, comparisons, purposes, consequences, additions, exemplifications, successions, results, orders, conclusions, explanations, sequences etc.

Function	Linkers
(i) contrast	inspite of, despite, although, though, however, nevertheless, still, yet, even so, on the contrary, in contrast, on one hand, on the other hand, whereas, anyhow, rather than, otherwise, while, all the same.
(ii) reasons and cause	because, as, since, seeing that, because of, on account of, owing to, due to, in order to, so as to, to.
(iii) purpose	in order to, so as to, in oder that, so that.
(iv) consequence	as a consequence, consequently, as a result, therefore, as a result of, so
(v) addition	moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, what’s more, as well as, for example, for instance, such as, apart from, except for
(vi) exemplification	for example, for instance, such as
(vii) adding information	for example, for instance, such as, moreover, further more, besides, in addtion to, apart from except for, what’s more, on the top of that, on one hand, on the other hand.
(viii) succession	first of all, firstly, to begin with, first, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, after that, the next stage, finally, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, lastly, last but, not least.
(ix) result	as a result of, therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason, that’s why, becasue of
(x) order	at first sight, first, first of all, in the first place, to start with, in the second place, second, secondly, third, thirdly, finally,in conclusion, lastly, eventually.
(xi) expressing facts	actually, as a matter of fact, infact, really.
(xii) expressing a personal opinion	as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, I agree, I disagree, in my opinion, in my view, I think that, it is true that, personally, to be honest, to tell the truth.
(xiii) explanation	that is, in other words, in short, above all, all in all, at least basically, especially, essentially, in general, in particular, on the whole, more or less, to a certain extent.
(xiv) exemplification	such as, for instance, for example, and so on
(xv) summarizing	in brief, all in all, in conclusion, in short, to sum up, on the whole.
(xvi) sequencing	next, suddenly, while, then, meanwhile, in the mean time, in the end, first of all, finally all of a sudden, after that etc.

(A) Here is a list of linkers, which is not exhaustive. Some of them can be used synonymously. Refer to a dictionary and group them in the following table according to the function they perform in a sentence or discourse.

Answer:

Function	Linkers
1. Indicating additon	besides, furthermore, moreover.
2. Contrasts	on the other hand, on the contrary, yet, still nevertheless, all the same, however.
3. Result	as a result, thus, therefore, hence, so, consequently.
Indicating sequence in time	later, suddenly, at the same time, meanwhile, subsequently.
5. Indicating a parallel (similarity)	equally, in the same way, likewise, similarly.
6. Ordering points	firstly, to sum up, thirdly, secondly.

B. Fill in the blanks appropriate choices given in brackets.

Question 1.
I don’t want to go to a restaurant; __________ (besides / as a result), we can’t afford it.
Answer:
besides

Question 2.
A career in IT field is lucrative; __________ (similarly / at the same time), it is stressful and it can even be harmful to one’s health.
Answer:
at the same time

Question 3.
I understand your problems; __________ (although / however), I can’t help you.
Answer:
however

Question 4.
Transportation has developed a lot in India; __________ (likewise / whereas), the trade too has improved.
Answer:
likewise

Question 5.
Some of the students scored low ranks in the exams; __________ (so that/ consequently), the teacher arranged remedial classes.
Answer:
consequently

C. Complete the following paragraph by choosing the appropriate linking word.

Answer:

Linking words help us in many ways in writing. For example, they help us in presenting our ideas in a meaningful way. Secondly, they help us to introduce and develop the main idea of the paragraph. Thirdly, they help us to illustrate and add supporting details. Next, they help us in moving from one idea to another by binding one sentence with another. Finally, they help us to understand the ideas presented in the paragraph. However, using too many linking words ruins the structure and coherence of the paragraph.

D. Join the following sentences using the linkers given in brackets.

Question 1.
There were freezing temperatures. They trekked for hours. (in spite of)
Answer:
Inspite of the freezing temperatures, they trekked for hours.

Question 2.
It’s an interesting city. We’re going to visit it again. (such …. that)
Answer:
It is such an interesting city that we are going to visit it again.

Question 3.
We booked a holiday. We had very little money. (although)
Answer:
Although we had very little money, we booked a holiday.

Question 4.
The tour guide was informative. We didn’t need to read our guidebook, (so … that)
Answer:
The tour guide was so informative that we didn’t need to read our guidebook.

Question 5.
He didn’t like water. He booked a cruise. (In spite of the fact that)
Answer:
Inspite of the fact that he didn’t like water, he booked a cruise.

Question 6.
Preachers preach many good things. Many of them do not practise what they preach, though/eventhough.
Answer:
Preachers preach many good things, however many of them do not practise what they preach, though/eventhough

Question 7.
Jainulabdeen had no formal education and no wealth, (neither…nor)
Answer:
Jainulabdeen had neither formal education nor wealth.

Question 8.
The continental dimensions of the country account for the variations and diversities. There are several religious sects and beliefs, (besides)
Answer:
Besides there being several religious sects and beliefs, the continental dimensions of the country account for the variations and diversities.

II. Passive Voice without agent:

Observe the following sentences taken from the text.

I was born.
Emergency was declared.
I was asked to go and sit on the back bench

You might have learnt in your previous classes about active and passive voice constructions. Though the above sentences are in the passive the agent is not mentioned.

The agents are not mentioned in the following situations.

• When the agent is obvious
• When the agent is not known
• When it is not desirable to reveal the identity of the agent.

Pick out from the text some more passive constructions without agents and give reasons why the agent is not mentioned.

Answer:

1. All necessities were provided for (Agent is obvious)
2. The Newspapers now had to be bundled and thrown out from the moving train (Agent is unknown)
3. I was asked to go and sit on the back bench. (Agent is obvious)
4. Soon India was forced to join the Allied Forces. (Agent is not known)
5. Every child is born. (Agent is obvious)
6. Sivasubramaniya Iyer was not perturbed. (Agent is not known)
7. The house was built in the middle of the nineteenth century. (Agent in not known).

Some useful Notes on Passive Voice :
Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward. Here the subject is a ‘doer’. In the passive voice, the subject of ‘the sentence is not a doer’. It is shown with by + doer or is not shown in the sentence. Passive voice is used when the focus is on action but not on the subject. It is not important who does the action here.

Active voice :
It describes a sentence where the subject (doer) performs the action stated by the verb.
Eg : (1) Raju sells bangles.
(2) Rama kills Ravana
(3) They make kites.

Passive Voice :
It describes a sentence where the subject (receiver or sufferer) is acted upon by the verb.
Eg : (1) Bangles are sold by Raju.
(2) Ravana is killed by Rama.
(3) Kites are made by them.

Rules we follow when we change the sentence from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice :
(i) Only a transitive verb (the verb with an object after it) has active and passive forms. Intransitive verbs don’t have passive forms. So we can’t change a sentence with an intransitive verb in to passive voice.
(ii) When we change the voice, the subject becomes the object and the object becomes the subject.

(iii) The subject (agent) of the active verb is made a ‘by + object’ in the possive sentence.
Eg: The CM inaugurated the exhibition (AV)
The exhibition was inaugurated by the CM. (PV)

Tense	Active verb	Passive verb (be + V3)
Present simple	write, writes	is/are written
present continuous	is/are/am + writing	is/are/am + being + written
present perfect	has/have + written	has/have + been + written
Present perfect continuous	has/have + been + writing	No passive voice
Past simple	wrote	was/were written
Past continuous	was/were + writing	was/were + being + written
Past perfect	had + written	had + been + written

(iv) The passive voice is mainly expressed by using ‘be’ verb along with a past participle of the main verb. The following table provides passive forms of the verb ‘write’.

Tense	Active verb	Passive verb (be + V3)
Past perfect continuous	had + been + writing	No Passive voice
Future simple	will / shall + write	will/shall + be + written
Future continous	will/shall + be + writing	No passive voice
Future perfect	will/shall + have + written	will/shall + have + been + written
Future perfect continous	will/shall + be + writing	No passive voice
Modal auxiliaries	can/may/could/might/should/would/must/write	can/may/could/might/should/would/must + be + written

(v) Changes of Pronouns :

Active voice	Passive voice
I	me
we	us
he	him
she	her
they	them

(vi) There is no passive form for the following tenses.
(a) present perfect continuous tense
(b) past perfect continous tense
(c) Future continuous tense
(d) Future perfect continuous tense
(e) Sentence contains Intransitive verb

EXAMPLES:

1. Simple Present Tense :

1. He sings a song. (AV)
A song is sung buy him. (PV)
2. They speak English. (AV)
English is spoken by them. (PV)
3. He loves me. (AV)
I am loved by him. (PV)

2. Present Continuous Tense :

1. I am writing a letter. (AV)
A letter is being written by me. (PV)
2. He is painting walls. (AV)
Walls are being painted by him. (PV)
3. She is helping them. (AV)
They are being helped by her. (PV)

3. Present Perfect Tense:

1. She has written a story. (AV)
A story has been written by her. (PV)
2. He has drawn pictures. (AV)
Pictures have been drawn by him. (PV)

4. Simple Past Tense:

1. She killed a snake. (AV)
A snake was killed by her. (PV)
2. He wrote poems. (AV)
Poems were written by him. (PV)

5. Past continuous Tense:

1. He was driving a car. (AV)
A car was being driven by him. (PV)
2. She was making kites. (AV)
Kites were being made by her. (PV)

6. Past Perfect Tense:

1. She had completed the task. (AV)
The task had been completed by her. (PV)

7. Simple Future Tense:

1. She will buy a car. (AV)
A car will be bought by her. (PV)

8. Future Perfect Tense :

1. You will have completed the course. (AV)
The course will have been completed by you. (PV)

(vii) . Demonstrative verbs have two objects (direct and indirect objects) after them. In that case, both objects can be moved to the subject position. So we can form two passive sentences from a sentence with a distransitive verb : in one sentence the direct object moves to the subject position and in the other indirect object moves to the subject position.

1.

We were taught English by Mr. Srinivas. (PV) (or)
English was taught to us by Mr. Srinivas. (PV)

2.
Nice presents were given to them. (By us). (PV) (or)
They were given nice presents. (By us) (PV)

(viii) Passive form for an imperative sentence.
Eg: Post the letter.
Let the letter be posted.

It is usually thought that the second sentence (beginning with ‘let’) is the passive form of the first one (an imperative sentence). In fact even the second sentence is an imperative sentence. The first sentence has only one main verb : Post. But the second sentence has two main verbs (‘let’ and ‘be’) and so it has two clauses – one imperative (let) and the other non finite clause (the letter be posted). A possible active sentence for the second sentence is : Let him post the letter.

(ix) Questions in Passive form :
Eg : (1) Are you writing a letter ? (AV)
Is a letter being written by you ? (PV)
(2) Have you played cricket ? (AV)
Has cricket been played by you ? (PV)
(3) Does she speak Telugu ? (AV)
Is Telugu spoken by her ? (PV)
(4) Who wrote the letter ? (AV)
By whom was the letter written ? (PV)
(5) Did you write the story ? (AV)
Was the story written by you ? (PV)

Passive Voice without agent:
(a) When the agent is unknown or unimportant, it is not used in the passive voice.
Eg: (1) Ram’s car has been stolen. (Unknown agent)
(2) She was advised to apply for a visa in advance. (Unimportant agent)

(b) When the subject of the active sentence is you, one, we, people etc. we use the passive voice with a generalised agent.
Eg: Internet is used for many different things.
(AV → we/people use Internet for many different things)

(c) When the agent is obvious, we don’t use the agent.
Eg: The thief has been arrested.
(AV → The police has arrested the thief)

(d) If we want to avoid naming the specific person responsible for the action, we don’t + use the agent.
Eg: It is decided to postpone the exams.

(e) If the emphasis is on the action and not on the pople who perform it, the agent is usually omitted.
Eg: The work has been completed with in a few days only.

Some more examples:
1. The purse was stolen. (Unknown agent)
2. Our army has been defeated. (Obvious agent)
3. Letters are delivered twice a week. (Obvious agent)
4. The rules should be obeyed. (Generalised agent)
5. He was dismissed from service. (Obvious agent)

III. Edit the following paragraph. It has some errors in the following areas like punctuation, spelling, tense, prepositions, articles.
he told me as if thinking aloud abul i know you have to go away to grow did the seagull not fly toward the son alone without a nest he quotes khalil gibran to my hesitant mother your children are not your children they are sons and daughters of lifes longing to itself they come to you but not from you may give them love but not your thoughts for they have there own thoughts
Answer:
He told me ‘as if thinking’ aloud, “Abul! I know you have to go away to grow. Does the seagull not fly across the sun, alone and without a nest?”. He quoted Khalil Gibran to my hesitant mother, “Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of life’s longing for itself. They come through you but not from you. You may give them your love but not your thoughts. For they have their own thoughts.”

Writing:

I. Diary entry
Imagine that you were one of the students who witnessed the humiliation done to Kalam in the classroom. Reflect on the incident and write your emotions in your diary.
Answer:
…………… day, …………date ……………year.
Time : 8:00 pm

As usual, it was a fine day to start with but for the lone incident, which had shook the whole class. The new teacher had asked Abdul, our Muslim friend, to go back and sit there. As usual he was sitting along with Ramanathe Sastry, a brahmin boy, his best friend. But the teacher, who seems to be an orthodox brahmin, couldn’t bear it. Both the boys were crying. Almost so was I. It was a shock. We couldn’t even accept him as a teacher. No, a teacher shouldn’t have done so. It was really very cruel.

Ramesh.

II. In the lesson, Kalam gave a brief description of his heritage.

Kalam says, “I don’t recall the exact number of people she (his mother) fed every day, but I am quite certain that far more outsiders ate with us than all the members of our family put together

This shows the heritage of hospitality and kindness.

Kalam says, “events from the Ramayana and from the life of the Prophet were the bedtime stories my mother and grandmother would tell the children in our family”.
This shows the heritage of secular spirit.

Read the entire text and identify aspects related to the heritage of Kalam and his village.
Answer:
1. I had three close friends in my childhood – Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Siva-
prakasan.
– This shows the heritage of universal brotherhood.

2. As children, none of us ever felt any difference amongst ourselves because of our religious differences and upbringing.
– This shows the heritage of unity in diversity.

3. During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, our family used to arrange boats with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site.
– This shows the heritage of communal equality.

4. Ramanadha Sastry looked utterly downcast as I shifted to my seat in the last row according to the instructions of new teacher.
– This shows the heritage of communal brotherhood.

5. Not only did the teacher regret his behaviour but the strong sense of convicton Lakshmana Sastry conveyed ultimately reformed this young teacher.
– This indicates the heritage of social equality and communal tolerance.

6. Sivasubramania Iyer did his best to break social barriers so that people from varying
backgrounds could mingle easily.
– This shows the heritage of social and economic equality and unity in diversity.

III. Here is a letter that Moses writes to his friend Ravi from the United States of America. Imagine yourself as Ravi and give a reply.
Answer:
Reply Letter,

10 – 12, Nidamanure,
Vijayawada Road,
India,
506 001

Dt: 27th January, 2015.

Hi, Moses Bridge,

It’s really great to hear from you that you plan to visit our country and the time to that you have selected for that also is the apt one – October, November.

Of course, we have a lot of festivals, whose roots running deep into our mythology, celebrated through out the year. But the month of October starts with a special celebration, Dussehara. It is immediately followed by Diwali, the festival of lights. Both these are celebrated with great pomp and glory. These two festivals are celebrated to comemmorate the success of goodness over evil, the ultimate success.

Dussehara is more religious in nature. The formal gathering, visit to temple, prayer, feast, and all. But Diwali, known as the festival of lights, is all about the entertainment with all the houses and walls decorated with lights and all are busy with a lot of crackers. I am sure, it could give you an unforgettable experience, forever. I hope that you will come to know more about the Indian rich cultural heritage, the people and their habits, their way of dressing, food they like, music and dance they like etc. during your visit to India.

Anyway, I’m not to go through all as the words couldn’t make it up all. Better be here to experience it all, the best! Expecting the confirmation of Dates of your visit, all the earliest.

Convey my regards to all,

Yours lovingly,
K.Ravi.

To

Moses Bridge,
St. Johns Enclave.
5 – 7/9, St. Pauls Avenue,
Washington D.C,
USA.

Listening:

A Speech by A.P.J Abdul Kalam

Dear friends,
“I have three visions for India. In 3000 years of our history, people from all over the world have come and invaded us, captured our lands, conquered our minds. From Alexander onwards, the Greeks, the Turks, the Moguls, the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Dutch, all of them came and looted us, took over what was ours. Yet we have not done this to any other nation. We have not conquered anyone. We have not grabbed their land, their culture, their history and tried to enforce our way of life on them. Why? Because we respect the freedom of others.

The is why my first vision is that of freedom. I believe that India got its first vision of this in 1857, when we started the war of independence. It is this freedom that we must protect and nurture and build on. If we are not free, no one will respect us. My second vision for India is development, for fifty years we have been a developing nation. It is time we saw ourselves as a developed nation. We are among top 5 nations of the world in terms of GDP. We have 10 percent growth rate in most areas. Our poverty levels are falling. Our achievements are being globally recognized today. Yet we lack the self confidence to see ourselves as a developed nation, self-reliant and self-assured. Isn’t this incorrect?.

I have a third vision. India must stand up to the world because I believe that unless India stands up to the world, no one will respect us. Only strength respects strength. We must be strong not only as a military power but also as an economic power. Both must go hand-in-hand. My good fortune was to have worked with three great minds. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai of the Dept, of Space, Prof. Satish Dhawan, who succeeded him and Dr. Brahm Prakash, father of nuclear material. I was lucky to have worked with all the three of them closely and consider this was the great opportunity of my life….

Why is the media here so negative? Why are we in India so embarrassed to recognize our own strengths, our achievements? We are such a great nation. We have so many amazing success stories but we refuse to acknowledge them. Why? We are the first in milk production. We are number one in Remote sensing satellites. We are the second largest producer of wheat and rice. Look at Dr. Sudharshan, he has transferred the tribal village into a self- sustaining, self driving unit. There are millions of such achievements but our media is only obsessed with failures and disasters…

Listen to an extract from speech by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at IIIT Hyderabad on 27th September 2011, carefully and answer the following questions.

I. Now answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who were the three great minds with whom the speaker worked ?
Answer:
Dr. Vikram Sara Bhai, Prof. Sathish Dhavan, Dr. Brahm Prakash were the three great minds with whom the speaker worked.

Question 2.
What dreams did Kalam talk about?
Answer:
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam talks about dreams with freedom and development, which could make India a developed nation.

Question 3.
India realised its first vision of freedom in 1857 (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
We must be strong not only as A __________ but also as an __________.
Answer:
military power, economic power

Question 5.
Who is the father of nuclear material?
Answer:
Dr. Brahm Prakash is the father of nuclear material.

Oral Activity:

I. Role play
Read the episode of ill-treatment meted out to Kalam In paragraphs 6 and 7. Understand the character involved in the episode. Take the roles of the new teacher, Kalam, Ramanandha Shastry, Jainulabdeen and Laksmana Sastry. Picturize the episode In your mind and create appropriate dialogues and role play it.

Puplis : Good morning, sir!
New teacher : Very good morning, pupils. Sit down.
Puplis : Thank you sir!
New teacher : Now, introduce yourselves.
Kalam : I am APJ Kalam, sir,
Ramanatha Sastry : My name is Ramanatha Sastry, sir.
New teacher : Kalam, you have a cap on your head. Ithink you are a Muslim boy, but why do you sit beside that Brahmin boy, Ramanatha Sastry.
Kalam : Ramanatha Sastry is my close friend, sir, we daily sit here together in this front row, sir.
New teacher : No, no. You must follow social ranking. You should not sit beside a Brahmin as you are a Muslim. Go and sit on the back bench.
Ramanatha Sastry : Sir, sir, sir, … Please; don’t ask Kalam to sit in the last row. He is my best friend. Don’t separate us, sir.
(Kalam goes and sits in the last row. Both Kalam and Ramanatha Sastry are very sorrowful. They go home and tell their parents about the incident)
Lakashmana Sastry : Why are you so sad, my son?
Ramanatha Sastry : A new teacher has come to our school. When he has come to our V class, he has separated my best friend Kalam from me telling that it is the social ranking, dad.
Lakshmana Sastry : Is it? Don’t take it to your heart. I will come to your school and talk to your teacher.
Ramanatha Sastry : O.K. dad.
(The next day Lakshmana Sastry goes to the school).
Lakshmana Sastry : Good morning sir, are you the new teacher?
New teacher : Yes, I am.
Lakshmana Sastry : I am the father of Ramanatha Sastry.
New teacher : What can I do for you, sir?
Lakshmana Sastry : Yester day, you made Kalam sit in the last row. May I know why you did this?
New teacher : Kalam ¡s a Muslim boy; according to social hierarchy …
Lakshmana Sastry : Don’t think like that. You should not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance in the minds of innocent childf€n. We, the villagers, don’t like these things at all. You should either apologize or quit the school immediately.
New teacher : I am sorry sir. I won’t repeat it under any circumstances. Forgive me.
Lakshmana Sastry : It’s allright. I hope you won’t do such mistakes in future.

II) Group discussion
Conduct a group discussion on how ‘National festivals’ promote natonal integrity.
You may use the following points for discussion.
a) kind of festival
b) nature of celebration
c) secular aspect of celebration

Points to remember:
i Each group will have a moderator to monitor / regulate the discussion.
i Each member of a group should take his / her turn and speak clearly, briefly and pinpointedly and use polite language.
i While speaking make an eye contact with others. i Give time to the others and listen to them.
i If a member wants to say or add a point, he/she has to raise his/her hand and politely seek permission of the moderator.
i The moderator has to connect the ideas expressed by the members and finally sum up.

Member of Group 1:
Answer:
I am very glad to start today’s group discussion about how ‘National festivals’ promote national integrity. I would go for ‘Independence Day’.

Member of Group 2:
‘Independence Day’ acts as an important unifying force. It is celebrated by all Indians and in all parts of the country, regardless of language, religion or culture.

Member of Group 3 :
Our country is secular one. This means that each citizen of our country has the right to practise his or her religion. The government can’t show preference to one religion at the expense of another.

Member of Group 4:
National integration is the awareness of a common identity amongst the citizens of a country. Though we belong to different castes, religions and regions and speak different languages, we recognize the fact that we are all one – Are are Indians.

Member of Group 1:
National integrity is very important in building up of a strong and prosperous nation.

Member of Group 3:
On the occasioin of ‘Independence Day’, we recall the sacrifices made by our freedom fighters which we remember forever. When we recall their heroic deeds, the feeling of oneness occupies all our thoughts.

Member of Group 1:
‘Independence Day’ rewinds us of our common nationality. People belong to different races, communities, castes and regions gather at one place and celebrate the national festival with great enthusiasm.

National integration indicates the feeling of common identity amongst the people of country even after being from different races, cultures, religions or regions in order to build a strong and developed nation. It promotes the unity in diversity and feeling of oneness amongst people to a great level. It brings a type of racial and cultural similarity among people of different community. Along with other factors, National Festivals act as an important unifying force. Independence Day is the festival that is celebrated by all Indians and in all parts of the country, regardless of language, religion or culture. It is celebrated all over India with great pomp and enthusiasm.

Study Skills:

The following graph shows the female-male sex ratio in rural and urban areas comparing with the national average. Read the following graph and write a paragraph comparing the female-male sex ratio in rural and urban areas in India comparing with the national average. Comment on the reasons and its consequences.

Answer:
Sex ratio is a term used to define number of females per 1000 males. It is a great source to find the equality of males and females in a society at a given period of time. According to the graph given above, it is revealed that the population ratio in India is 943 femals per 1000 males in 2011. When we have a look at rural area, the population ratio is 949 females per 1000 males in 2011. In urban area, the population ratio is 929 femals per 1000 males in 2011. Indian sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. The number of women in rural area, for every thousand males has decreased gradually from 1901 to 1991.

In the same way, sex ratio in India has decreased gradually from 1901 to 1991. In the above two cases, the sex ratio has gradually increased from 1991 to 2011. When we observe urban area, it is known that the sex ratio declined regularly from 1901 to 1941 and then raised up to 1951 and again decreased till 1961. Then it was all increase up to 2011.

The major cause of the decrease of the female birth ratio in India is considered to be the violent treatements meted out to the girl child at the time of the birth. The main cause of the decline of the sex ratio in India is due to the biased attitude which is meted out to the women. The main cause of this gender bias is inadequate education. Lack of education and poverty in rural area as leads to gender bias.

My Childhood Summary in English

In this lesson, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam recalls some of his boyhood days and incidents. He was born in a middle class family in the island town of Rameswaram. His father was Jainulabdeen and mother Ashiamma. His childhood was a calm and peaceful one.

During the Second World War, (1939-1945) he used to collect tamarind seeds which had much demand and sold them. He helped his cousin Samsuddin to catch the bundles of The Dinamani daily, which were thrown from the train, at the Rameswaram Railway station. Thus he carried his memorable first wages.

Like his three brothers and sister, he had inherited the qualities like honesty, self-discipline etc from his father and goodness and kindness from his mother. His close friends were Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. They never had any religious difference felt among them.

The stories from Ramayana and the life of Prophet were well told to the children. During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, his family used to arrange boats with special platform, for carrying the idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site in the middle of the pond, called Rama Tirtha.

When he was studying in fifth class in Rameswaram Elementary School, a new teacher couldn’t tolerate a muslim boy sitting beside a Brahmin boy. He asked Kalam to go back and sit. Being hurt, both the boys complained the same to their parents. Laksmana Sastry, father of Ramanadha Sastry, summoned the teacher and boldly made him to render his apology for spreading the poision of communal intolerance.

Sivasubrammania Iyer, the science teacher, though he was an orthodox Brahmin, he was against class/religious oased social discrimination. He wanted Kalam to develop himself that he would be on par with highly educated people of the big cities. Once he invited Kalam for meals. But his wife was not willing to serve him the food. Iyer himself served Kalam the food. Kalam was again invited to have dinner at Iyer’s house. Kalam hesitated but Iyer insisted saying that one should face such situation if one wants to change the situations. But this time Iyer’s wife served him the food.

After the Second World War, India’s freedom was imminent and Gandhiji had declared that Indians would build their own India. Kalam asked his father the permission for higher studies in Ramanathapuram, which was granted. When his mother was hesitant, his father quoted Khalil Gibran to her convincing that nobody’s children were their own children. They were the sons and daughters of Life’s longing for itself. They come through their parents but not from them. They may give them their love, but not their thoughts as the children have their own thoughts.

About the Author:

Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, was born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu. He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO’s launch vehicle programme, particularly the PSLV configuration and for the development and operationalisation of AGNI and PRITHVI missiles and for building indigenous capability in critical technologies through networking of multiple institutions.

In his literary pursuit four of Dr. Kalam’s books – “Wings of Fire”, “India 2020 – A Vision for the New Millennium”, “My Journey” and “Ignited Minds – Unleashing the power within India” have become household names in India and among the Indian nationals abroad. Dr. Kalam received honorary doctorates from 30 universities and institutions. He was awarded the coveted civilian awards – Padma Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the highest civilian award Bharat Ratna (1997). Dr. Kalam became the 11th President of India on 25th July 2002.

Glossary:

erstwhile (adj) = former; .
innate (adj) = existing in one from birth ;
generosity (n) = noble mindedness;
undistinguished (adj) = not very interesting, successful or attractive ;
ancestral (adj) = belongs to forefathers ;
austere (adj) = severely simple and plain ;
isolated (adj) = separated from others ;
Allied Forces (n) = The combined forces of Great Britain, France, Soviet Union and the United States of America, in the second World war.;
casualty (n) = A misfortune as a result of an event;
slot (n) = a niche, a gap ;
surge (n) = sudden increase ;
inherit (v) = to recieve by succession ;
Orthodox (adj) = following closely the traditional beliefs and practices of a religion;
downcast (adj) = dejected/depressed ;
summon (v) = to order somebody to come to you ;
intolerance (n) = inability of tolerate (to allow/exist) ;
bluntly (adv) = honestly and directly in a rough way ;
regret (v) = to feel sorrow about for a fault ;
conviction (n) = the act of finding somebody guilty of crime ;
segregation (n) = the policy/ act of separating people ;
conservative (adj) = Opposed to great / sudden social change ;
rituals (n) = a series of actions, specially as a part of religious ceremony ;
perturb (v) = to make worried / anxious ;
confront (v) = to deal with a problem / situation ;
imminent (adj) = unavoidable;

optimism (n) = a feeling that good thing will happen ;
hesitant (adj) = holding back doubtful ;
formal (adj) = strict, proper;
possessed (v) = owned
ideal (adj) = perfect, suitable
spirit (n) = character, strength
rather (adv) = slightly
limestone (n) = a type of white stone
inessential (adj) = not necessary
secure (adj) = safe
materially (adj) = related to money and possessions
princely (adj) = not very large
erupted (v) = raised suddenly
suspension (n) = temporary halt
priest (n) = a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies
idol (n) = a statue that is worshipped as a god.
lasting (adj) = durable, to have an effect for a long time
rigid (adj) = firm
rebel (n) = a person who does not obey but fights against established authority. –
barriers (n) = hurdle, obstruction
varying (adj) = different
mingle (v) = mix, combine
on par with = equal to
horrified (v) = greatly feared
dine (v) = eat
pure (adj) = sacred
unprecedented (adj) = never known before
seagull (n) = a bird which lives at seacoast (a web footed sea bird)
longing (n) = an eager desire

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 11 Principles of Metallurgy will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 11 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 1.
In the polling, of the process taking place is ………………………. . ( )
(A) oxidation
(B) calcination
(C) reduction
(D) metal-metal displacement
Answer:
(A) oxidation

Question 2.
The smelting process involves. ( )
(A) reduction of the ore
(B) blast furnace
(C) the metal or metal sulphide in the molten state
(D) all of these
Answer:
(D) all of these

Question 3.
In the blast furnace after smelting we get – ( )
(A) wrought Iron
(B) cast iron
(C) pig iron
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) pig iron

Question 4.
Calcination is useful for the ore ( )
(A) Fe₂O₃
(B) CuFeS₂
(C) ZnCO₃
(D) ZnS
Answer:
(C) ZnCO₃

Question 5.
The formula of magnetite is ( )
(A) Fe₃O₄
(B) Fe₂O₃
(C) FeCO₃
(D) Al₂O₃
Answer:
(A) Fe₃O₄

Question 6.
The sulphate ore among the following ( )
(A) bauxite
(B) pyrolusite
(C) Argentite
(D) horn silver
Answer:
(C) Argentite

Question 7.
The place where the ore Is kept in the furnace for heating purpose is ( )
(A) hearth
(B) chimney
(C) firebox
(D) body
Answer:
(A) hearth

Question 8.
Far smelting the most suitable furnace is …………………………. . ( )
(A) open-hearth
(B) muffle
(C) blast
(D) all
Answer:
(C) blast

Question 9.
If the ore contains impurities possessing wetting difference, the most suitable dressing method is ( )
(A) liquation
(B) washing with water
(C) hand picking
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(D) froth floatation

Question 10.
If there Is difference In colour, size etc. of ore particles, then the suitable dressing method is ……………………….. . ( )
(A) hand picking
(B) liquation
(C) washing with water
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(A) hand picking

Question 11.
Malachite Is ……………………… ore of copper. ( )
(A) chloride
(B) carbonate
(C) oxide
(D) silicate
Answer:
(A) chloride

Question 12.
The slag formed during extraction of iron in blast furnace Is …………………… . ( )
(A) CaSO₄
(B) CaSiO₃
(C) CaSO₄ 1/2H₂O
(D) CuSO₄.5H₂O
Answer:
(B) CaSiO₃

Question 13.
The most pure form of iron Is …………………….. . ( )
(A) pig iron
(B) steel
(C) wrought iron
(D) cast iron
Answer:
(C) wrought iron

Question 14.
Coating of zinc on Iron artides to prevent rusting is called …………………….. . ( )
(A) plating
(B) galvanizing
(C) annealing
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) galvanizing

Question 15.
The alloy of iron used to make utensils is ( )
(A) nichrome
(B) Alnico
(C) duralumin
(D) stainlessted
Answer:
(D) stainlessted

Question 16.
Litharge is ………………….. ore of lead. ( )
(A) oxide
(B) chloride
(C) sulphide
(D) carbonate
Answer:
(A) oxide

Question 17.
The alloy used as heating element In electrical appliances is ( )
(A) tungsten
(B) alnico
(C) nichmme
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) nichmme

Question 18.
The alloy of iron used In making railway tracks is ( )
(A) seel
(B) nichrome
(C) cobalt
(D) alnico
Answer:
(A) seel

Question 19.
Gangue + flux → ………………………… . ( )
(A) alloy
(B) slag
(C) anode mud
(D) residue
Answer:
(B) slag

Question 20.
An example of a highly reactive metal. ( )
(A) Ag
(B) Pb
(C) Cu
(D) Na
Answer:
(D) Na

Question 21.
An example of a low-reacting metal. ( )
(A) Ca
(B) K
(C) Au
(D) Fe
Answer:
(C) Au

Question 22.
The process of extraction of metals from their ores is called ( )
(A) Isomerism
(B) metallurgy
(C) stoichiometry
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(B) metallurgy

Question 23.
Group I A elements In the periodic table are called ( )
(A) alkali metals
(B) alkaline earth metals
(C) rare earth metals
(D) metalloids
Answer:
(A) alkali metals

Question 24.
The number of molecules of water of crystallization present in Epsom salt.( )
(A) 10
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 2
Answer:
(C) 7

Question 25.
The percentage of Aluminium oxide present in Bauxite Is ( )
(A) 30%-40%
(B) 50%-70%
(C) 75%-90%
(D) 10%-20%
Answer:
(B) 50%-70%

Question 26.
The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth’s crust are called. ( )
(A) allotropes
(B) double compounds
(C) minerals
(D) manures
Answer:
(C) minerals

Question 27.
Rock salt is …………………………. . ( )
(A) NaOH
(B) Na₂CO₃
(C) NaNO₃
(D) NaCl
Answer:
(D) NaCl

Question 28.
The ore of manganese ( )
(A) pyrolusite
(B) galena
(C) pitchblende
(D) bauxite
Answer:
(A) pyrolusite

Question 29.
The oxide ore of thorium Is ( )
(A) Monozite
(B) Litarge
(C) Haematite
(D) Pitchblende
Answer:
(A) Monozite

Question 30.
Steel is an alloy of ( )
(A) Fe + Cu
(B) Fe + Al
(C) Fe + C
(D) Fe+Ni+Cr+Mn
Answer:
(C) Fe + C

Question 31.
A compound which is not an ore of Iron Is ( )
(A) Magnesite
(B) Haematite
(C) Limonite
(D) Magnetite
Answer:
(A) Magnesite

Question 32.
The slag formed In the extraction of iron In blast furnace is ( )
(A) SiO₂
(B) CH₃COONa
(C) CaSiO₃
(D) Na₂SiO₃
Answer:
(C) CaSiO₃

Question 33.
The sulphide ore of iron is ……………………… . ( )
(A) Magnetite
(B) Iron pyrites
(C) Pyrolusite
(D) Haematite
Answer:
(B) Iron pyrites

Question 34.
The process in which the ore is mixed with flux and fuel and strongly heated is ……………. . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) smelting
(C) roasting
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(B) smelting

Question 35.
The place inside the blast furnace where the ore is kept for heating purposes. ( )
(A) chimney
(B) firebox
(C) cup-cone arrangement
(D) hearth
Answer:
(D) hearth

Question 36.
The name of the furnace employed to extract iron from its ore. ( )
(A) reverberatory furnace
(B) retort furnace
(C) open-hearth furnace
(D) blast furnace
Answer:
(D) blast furnace

Question 37.
The furnaces in which there is no direct contact between the hearth and fire box are ……………… . ( )
(A) blast furnaces
(B) open-hearth furnaces
(C) retort furnace
(D) reverberatory furnaces
Answer:
(C) retort furnace

Question 38.
During smelting, haematite Is ( )
(A) oxidised
(B) promoted
(C) reduced
(D) precipitated
Answer:
(C) reduced

Question 39.
A pyrochemical process in which the ore Is heated in the presence of air or oxygen below its melting point. ( )
(A) roasting
(B) smelting
(C) calcination
(D) distillation
Answer:
(A) roasting

Question 40.
A mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically and conveniently is called …………………… . ( )
(A) Crystal
(B) allotrope
(C) ore
(D) residue
Answer:
(C) ore

Question 41.
A process in which the ore is strongly heated in the absence of air or oxygen is ………………. . ( )
(A) roasting
(B) calcination
(C) smelting
(D) evaporating
Answer:
(B) calcination

Question 42.
This is not a ore of iron ( )
(A) limonite
(B) magnetite
(C) siderite
(D) magnesite
Answer:
(D) magnesite

Question 43.
The smelting process involves ( )
(A) the metal or metal sulphide in the molten state.
(B) reduction of the ore
(C) the blast furnace
(D) all of these
Answer:
(D) all of these

Question 44.
Calcination is useful for the ore. ( )
(A) Fe₂O₃
(B) ZnS
(C) CuFeS₂
(D) ZnCO₃
Answer:
(D) ZnCO₃

Question 45.
In the polling, the process taking place is ( )
(A) oxidation
(B) reduction
(C) calcination
(D) metal displacement
Answer:
(B) reduction

Question 46.
Cinnabar among the following is …………………… . ( )
(A) HgS
(B) HgO
(C) Hg(CO₃)₂
(D) HgS₂
Answer:
(A) HgS

Question 47.
In the blast furnace after smelting we get – ( )
(A) wrought iron
(B) chrome steel
(C) pig iron
(D) stainless steel
Answer:
(C) pig iron

Question 48.
The oxide ore of Aluminium is ( )
(A) magnesite
(B) carnalite
(C) bauxite
(D) dolomite
Answer:
(C) bauxite

Question 49.
Examples of corrosion are : ( )
(A) rusting of iron
(B) tarnishing of silver
(C) green coating on copper vessels
(D) all the above
Answer:
(D) all the above

Question 50.
The process of separation of low boiling metals such as Zn, Hg from high boiling metals during purification is called. ( )
(A) distillation
(B) poling
(C) magnetic separation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(A) distillation

Question 51.
During extraction of Na from brine, the anode used in the electrolytic cell is …………….. . ( )
(A) steel
(B) nickel
(C) graphite
(D) copper
Answer:
(C) graphite

Question 52.
During extraction of sodium metal from NaCI solution, the cathode is made up of ………… . ( )
(A) nickel
(B) aluminium
(C) graphite
(D) steel
Answer:
(D) steel

Question 53.
During purification of crude metal, the molten metal is stirred with logs of green wooden ……………………… . ( )
(A) poling
(B) liquation
(C) electrolysis
(D) distillation
Answer:
(A) poling

Question 54.
The impure copper obtained from ore during extraction of copper is called ( )
(A) Bronze
(B) phosphor bronze
(C) brass
(D) blister copper
Answer:
(D) blister copper

Question 55.
If the ore particles and the impurities differ in colour, size and shape etc., the process of concentration of ore adopted is ……………………. . ( )
(A) washing
(B) hand picking
(C) froth floatation
(D) magnetic separation
Answer:
(B) hand picking

Question 56.
The method adopted to purify low melting metals by heating and making them flow on a slopy surface is called. ( )
(A) liquidation
(B) poling
(C) distillation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(A) liquatlon

Question 57.
The process used to concentrate the ores which have no wetting property is – ( )
(A) washing
(B) hand picking
(C) froth floatation
(D) magnetic separation
Answer:
(A) washing

Question 58.
Galeria is an ore of ………………………. . ( )
(A) Zn
(B) Pb
(C) Hg
(D) Al
Answer:
(B) Pb

Question 59.
The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is ……………………. . ( )
(A) Oxygen
(B) Aluminium
(C) Zinc
(D) Iron
Answer:
(A) Oxygen

Question 60.
The reducing agent in thermite process is ……………………. . ( )
(A) Al
(B) Mg
(C) Fe
(D) Si
Answer:
(A) Al

Question 61.
Which of the following metals can replace copper from a solution of copper sulphate ( )
(A) Silver
(B) gold
(C) zinc
(D) platinum
Answer:
(C) zinc

Question 62.
Which one of the following elements occurs in free state ( )
(A) phosphorus
(B) sulphur
(C) silicon
(D) gold
Answer:
(D) gold

Question 63.
The reactivity of metals Al, Ag and Cu increase in the order of ( )
(A)Al>Cu>Ag
(B)Ag>Cu>Al
(C)Ag>Al>Cu
(D)Cu>Ag>Al
Answer:
(A)Al>Cu>Ag

Question 64.
Which of the following methods Is suitable for preventing an iron article from rusting ( )
(A) applying grease
(B) applying paint
(C) coating of zinc
(D) all the above
Answer:
(B) applying paint

Question 65.
The formula of carnallite is ………………………… . ( )
(A) KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O
(B) MgCO₃
(C) MgSO₄.7H₂O
(D) CaCO₃.MgCO₃
Answer:
(A) KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O

Question 66.
………………………. group are called chalcogens. ( )
(A) 13th
(B) 14th
(C) 15th
(D) 16th
Answer:
(D) 16th

Question 67.
During electrolysis of sodium chloride ………………………… gas liberates at the anode. ( )
(A) Hydrogen
(B) Chlorine
(C) Oxygen
(D) Nitrogen
Answer:
(B) Chlorine

Question 68.
Low boiling metals are purified by ……………………… method. ( )
(A) poling
(B) liquation
(C) distillation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(C) distillation

Question 69.
Rusting of iron is due to …………………….. . ( )
(A) formation of iron oxide
(B) formation of silver sulphide
(C) formation of iron sulphide
(D) formation of iron chloride
Answer:
(A) formation of iron oxide

Question 70.
The substance added to remove the Impurity is ………………………… . ( )
(A) Gangue
(B) Flux
(C) Fuel
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Flux

Question 71.
The part of furnace where we keep fuel for burning is …………………….. . ( )
(A) hearth
(B) chimney
(C) firebox
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) firebox

Question 72.
In ……………………….. furnaces, there Is no direct contact between the hearth and firebox. ( )
(A) Blast
(B) Retort
(C) Reverberatory
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Retort

Question 73.
The gas released in calcination is ……………………… . ( )
(A) O
(B) NO₂
(C) SO₂
(D) CO₂
Answer:
(D) CO₂

Question 74.
The method suitable to enrich the sulphide ores is …………………… . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) distillation
(C) roasting
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(C) roasting

Question 75.
The method suitable for purification of low boiling metals is ……………………. . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) distillation
(C) roasting
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(B) distillation

Question 76.
Aluminium Is profitable to extract from ……………………. . ( )
(A) hematite
(B) lime stone
(C) cinnabar
(D) bauxite
Answer:
(D) bauxite

Question 77.
Copper do not displace ………………….. from dilute acids. ( )
(A) H₂
(B) O₂
(C) SO₄
(D) H⁺
Answer:
(A) H₂

Question 78.
To extract the metal, the metallic oxide should be ( )
(A) oxidized
(B) burned
(C) electrolysed
(D) reduced
Answer:
(D) reduced

Question 79.
Thermite process involves the reaction of metal oxides with …………………. . ( )
(A) aluminium
(B) copper
(C) oxygen
(D) heat
Answer:
(A) aluminium

Question 80.
Suitable impurities are added to the ore to decrease Its ……………………… . ( )
(A) boiling point
(B) freezing point
(C) melting point
(D) conductivity
Answer:
(C) melting point

Question 81.
The process of obtaining the pure metal from the impure metal Is called …………………. the metal. ( )
(A) extraction
(B) calcination
(C) refining
(D) purification
Answer:
(C) refining

Question 82.
Tarnishing of silver Is due to formation of ………………………. . ( )
(A) Silver oxide
(B) silver hydride
(C) silver sulphide
(D) silver nitrate
Answer:
(C) silver sulphide

Question 83.
Development of green coating on copper is due to ………………….. . ( )
(A) copper oxide
(B) copper sulphate
(C) cupric oxide
(D) copper carbonate
Answer:
(D) copper carbonate

Question 84.
Auto reduction possible with ……………………… ores. ( )
(A) carbide
(B) oxide
(C) sulphide
(D) chloride
Answer:
(C) sulphide

Question 85.
…………………… Is used to carry out pyrochemical process. ( )
(A) furnace
(B) heater
(C) magnetic wheels
(D) winnowing machines
Answer:
(A) furnace

Question 86.
…………………………… furnace has both furnace and hearth separated. ( )
(A) blast
(B) reverberatory
(C) open-hearth
(D) none
Answer:
(B) reverberatory

Question 87.
……………… furnace contains a big chamber for both fuel and ore. ( )
(A) blast
(B) reverberatory
(C) open-hearth
(D) roasting
Answer:
(A) blast

Question 88.
………………. reaction Is used In Joining railings of railway tracks. ( )
(A) Pyrochemical
(B) Smelting
(C) Calcination
(D) Thermite
Answer:
(D) Thermite

Question 89.
The metals which do not burn oxidise even on surface are …………………. . ( )
(A) Silver
(B) gold
(C) platinum
(D) all
Answer:
(D) all

Question 90.
Blister copper is purified by …………………… method. ( )
(A) distillation
(B) liquation
(C) poling
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(C) poling

Question 91.
The ore of calcium metal among the following is …………………… . ( )
(A) Bauxite
(B) Limestone
(C) Rock salt
(D) Haematite
Answer:
(B) Limestone

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 6C A Tale of Three Villages Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 6C A Tale of Three Villages

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions briefly.

Koko Village, Nigeria

Question 1.
Why were the large empty drums placed outside Mr. Nana’s house?
Answer:
Some chemical factories of Italy unloaded metal drums of poisonous chemical near a stream that the villagers get their drinking water from. There were such large empty metal drums outside Mr. Nana’s house. These drums might have failen down and rolled or been rolled by playful children.

Question 2.
What harm can the pyramid of identical drums cause to the villagers?
Answer:
The slimy contents of various colours are leaking out from the drums and flowing down on to the African earth and into the stream which is a source of drinking water to the villagers. They may cause health hazards.

Question 3.
Why was the Chief smiling as the lorries drove away?
Answer:
The chief was given a brown bag by those who came there. Probably it would have been the bribe for him, to allow them to place the drums there. The cheif might have colluded with an Italian businessman to allow him to dispose the toxic wastage drums there.

Question 4.
Was Thomas Agonyo correct in his findings? Justify your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, Thomas Agonyo was correct in his findings. The drums were filled with poisonous chemicals, which had caused the death of many people in the village.

Question 5.
Why didn’t the people move from their place?
Answer:
The people in the village didn’t move from the place because they have no other choice.

Question 6.
There is a repetition of sentences with ‘some’ in the passage. Read the passage again and write down the sentences and the function of ‘some’ in each one of them. Do you find any other repetitions in the passage? If yes, mention it.
Answer:
Some of them are badly corroded, their slimy contents of various colours – grey, dark green, bright orange, etc. – leaking out, down, bn to the baked African earth and into the stream. Some have fallen down and rolled – or been rolled by playful children – into the bush. Some are smoking In the midday heat. Some are swelling, as if their contents are bursting to get out. Some have already burst.

In the above passage, the word ‘some’ is used to describe the positions of the metal drums in the village.

Other repetitions:

1. “They came on a Wednesday”, said Sunday, “Many, many big lorries “
2. They took all day unloading them.
3. They gave the Chief a brown paper bag -I saw him smiling as the lorries drove away.

Other such repetitions:

1. We have asked the government to take the drums away, but they do nothing….
2. We have written to Italy, but they do nothing.
3. We have no money to buy land.
4. We have no choice.
5. We have to stay here.

II. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Nana’s house is _________
a) picturesque, colourful and noisy.
b) with mud walls and a rusting corrugated iron roof.
Answer:
b) with mud walls and a rusting corrugated iron roof.

Question 2.
_________ is visible on the empty metal drums.
a) bright red paint flaking away
b) skull and crossbones symbol
Answer:
b) skull and crossbones symbol

Question 3.
The important conclusion Thomas Agonyo gave is that _________.
a) the drums had come from Italy.
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals
Answer:
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals

III. Write the adjectives or adjective phrases that describe the happy and gloomy situations in the village.

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Question 1.
The people in this village were affected by chemical factories. Where, in your opinion, should the factories be built? Why ?
Answer:
The location of factories that are dealing wjth dangerous chemicals need to be located in the outskirts. Outskirts being not much populated areas, people won’t be much affected by the effect of the chemicals, and the companies also will find enough space to build the treatment plants, so that the.pollution could be well controlled.

Question 2.
If it is necessary to build factories near the villages, what precautions should be taken to keep the villagers safe?
Answer:
It should be made clear that the unit does not affect the normal life of the people, in anyway.
The farms and the land area in the region should not be damaged.
Proper waste recycling / management system should be established and maintained properly.
Proper health and medical facilities, along with that of pure drinking water, should be provided. Special ask ponds must be there for the discharged chemicals.

Question 3.
The narrator said at the end, “There is so much they didn’t tell you, I thought”- what was that so much that was not told, according to you?
Answer:
Vijayasama sighed and reported to the narrator that the leather industry management didn’t tell them that the chemicals would be dumped in open fields and into their rivers. They didn’t tell them that their women would have to walk ten kilometers for drinking water every day and they would get ulcer and sores on their bodies.

But the narrator thinks that they don’t know some more hidden hazards till now. They don’t know there won’t be any life in Ponnimanthuri village on one day. They will either be died or been forcibly evacuated. By keeping this view the narrator said like that at the end.

Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR)

Question 1.
What measures should the government have taken when the nuclear reactor was installed beside the village?
Answer:
The government should make it sure that the safety measures regarding the plant is fool proof.

Question 2.
_________ is visible on the empty metal drums.
a) bright red paint flaking away
b) skull and crossbones symbol
Answer:
b) skull and crossbones symbol

Question 3.
The important conclusion Thomas Agonyo gave is that _________.
a) the drums had come from Italy.
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals
Answer:
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals

III. Write the adjectives or adjective phrases that describe the happy and gloomy situations in the village.
Answer:

HAPPY	GLOOMY
Picturesque, Colourful, stream, playful, smiling, brightest	Skull and cross bone symbols, corroded, leaking out,fallen down, smoking,swelling, bursting, poisonous, frowning,troubled, death, sick, troubled, pain…

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Question 1.
The people in this village were affected by chemical factories. Where, in your opinion, should the factories be built? Why ?
Answer:
The location of factories that are dealing wjth dangerous chemicals need to be located in the outskirts. Outskirts being not much populated areas, people won’t be much affected by the effect of the chemicals, and the companies also will find enough space to build the treatment plants, so that the pollution could be well controlled.

Question 2.
If it is necessary to build factories near the villages, what precautions should be taken to keep the villagers safe?
Answer:
It should be made clear that the unit does not affect the normal life of the people, in anyway.
The farms and the land area in the region should not be damaged.
Proper waste recycling / management system should be established and maintained properly.

Proper health and medical facilities, along with that of pure drinking water, should be provided. Special ask ponds must be there for the discharged chemicals.

Question 3.
The narrator said at the end, “There is so much they didn’t tell you, I thought”- what was that so much that was not told, according to you?
Answer:
Vijayasama sighed and reported to the narrator that the leather industry management didn’t tell them that the chemicals would be dumped in open fields and into their rivers. They didn’t tell them that their women would have to walk ten kilometers for drinking water every day and they would get ulcer and sores on their bodies.

But the narrator thinks that they don’t know some more hidden hazards till now. They don’t know there won’t be any life in Ponnimanthuri village on one day. They will either be died or been forcibly evacuated. By keeping this view the narrator said like that at the end.

Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR):

Question 1.
What measures should the government have taken when the nuclear reactor was installed beside the village?
Answer:
The government should make it sure that the safety measures regarding the plant is fool proof.
They need to keep a safety line area kind of thing so that the people won’t get settle very close to the reactor.
The people in the villages nearby should be made aware of the different warnings and enough training and drilling should be given for them.
Rehabilitation, medical assistance etc should be arranged in a reachable area, in case of emergencies.

Question 2.
What havoc can radioactive dust cause?
Answer:
Radioactive dust causes vomits and hair fall. People grow thin and sores appear all over the body. Within days deaths occur on a large scale. The fields will become barren. There will be no birds or animals. The affected towns or villages will never be suitable places to live. The people who never die will have to move to other places.

Question 3.
Pick out the words/expressions/images that describe the tragedy caused by the radioactive dust.
Answer:
A week later the children began to vomit. Their hair fell out. They couldn’t eat. They grew so thin, and sores appeared all over their little bodies. Two weeks after that, all three died – all three on the same day.” She broke down now and cried quietly, as she had done so many times before.

It was a ghost town. No one lived there anymore. They had either died or forcibly evacuated. The fields were barren. Nothing grew. Nothing ever would again. There was no bird song. No rabbit peered at me. No cow endlessly chewed. No horse neighed.

Question 4.
What is the common theme that runs through the assorted narratives presented under the title ‘A Tale of Three Villages’? Substantiate your answer with evidences from the three Texts?
Answer:
The common theme that runs through the three texts provided are how a section of people bear the effects of pollution, which was not caused by them, but has to suffer. The industries/ Developed Regions etc often find someone unprivileged or under privileged to suffer for them.

The Koko Village in Nigeria is facing the problems caused by the dangerous chemicals in the barrels dumped by Italy.

Ponnimanthuri Village bears the wound of the environmental issues caused by the leather factories that got developed in the region.

Chernobyl, in Ukraine was an accident, which caused huge leakage of Atomic elements from the Nuclear Reactor.

Comprehension:

Koko Village, Nigeria:

Quantifiers as the name implies are a type of determiners which denote imprecise quantity. They differ from numbers or numerals which indicate precise quantity.

Example:
I’ve got some apples in my basket and some water in my bottle.
I haven’t got any apples in my basket, nor any water in my bottle.
Generally quantifiers are used before nouns.
Some, any, all, no, no one, both, each, every, several are some of the quantifiers. “Some” is usually thought of as the positive counterpart to “any” in many circumstances. “Any” can be used before countable and uncountable nouns usually in questions and negative sentences.

Example:

• Are you bringing any friends with you?
• I am bringing some friends with me.

Quantifiers come before nouns. Some of the quantifiers you find in the text are:

some, any, no. You also find numerals. Pick out the nouns along with quantifiers and numerals and write them down and analyze the meaning they convey.
Answer:

1. Any other African village → like the other African villages
2. Some of them → a few drums in the heap of drums.
3. Some of them are badly corroded → a few drums got rusted
4. Some have fallen down and rolled – or been rolled by playful children → a few drums are rolled down from the enormous pyramid of drums.
5. Some are smoking in the midday heat → a few drums among the heap of drums are smoking due to chemical reaction.
6. Some are swelling, as if their contents are bursting to get out → a few drums are bulged and ready to burst.
7. Some have already burst → a few drums are already burst.

Fill in the blanks appropriately with the following quantifiers:

no, any, all, some, each, several and every.

Question 1.
_________ ordinary person is bothered about climatic changes. If we talk of _________ changes, people look at us as if we don’t have _________ work. In fact, it is such a grave problem that _________ person has to think about. _________ scientists feel alarmed because the ozone layer is depleting. In addition, _________ people believe that the global warming is creating climatic problems. But _________ single individual shows concern for it.
Answer:
No, any, any, each, every, All, several, no, any

Question 2.
_________ meteorologists predict that the world will get warm between 2 to 4 degrees Celsius by the year 2030. The scientists believe that _________ year _________ polar ice will melt and cause rainfall, increase in the sea level and also temperature will be affected. _________ people disagree with the theory that the human activity is having an effect on the world’s climate. _________ scientists need to monitor the Earth’s atmosphere and human being needs to care for the air, water and plant life that influence world’s weather.
Answer:
some, every, some Several, All, each and every.

3. People who disagree with the theory that there is a direct relationship between the human activity and climate believe that the world climate has gone through _________ changes since the earth and its atmosphere first formed. So for _________ argument there is a counter argument. _________ individual differs with the other in _________ way or the other.
Answer:
several, any, Every, some

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Write the following sentences in reported speech:

Question 1.
“I can remember the time.” she said wistfully, “when all the fields around this village were green and the harvests good.”
Answer:
She wistfully said that she could remember the time when all the fields around that village had been green and harvests good.

Question 2.
“They said that factories need leather to make shoes, handbags and clothes. They
said our men folk would get jobs. They said we would all become rich.”
Answer:
It was reported that they had said that the factories needed leather to make shoes, handbags and clothes, their menfolk would get jobs and they would all become rich.

Writing:

Out of the three villages you have read about, choose one village of your choice (you may also choose a completely different one). You are a T.V. reporter. You need to go to one of the villages and from there you have to report orally to the news channel what all you find there. How would you report?

Write the script – the dialogue between you and the T.V newsreader.
Answer:
The beginning is given below:
T.V. News Reporter : Our correspondent reports from Koko village – What is the situation there? How do you find the village? What are the people around saying?
Answer: :
T.V. News Reporter : Our correspondent repotrs from Koko village – What is the situation there? How do you find the village? What are the people around saying?
Raju : The situation here is a bit serious. The villagers are all gathered here.
T.V. News Reporter : Could you please tell why they are gathered there?.
Raju : Of course. They are all called here by a student, from the University in Lagos. He has called all of them here.
T.V. News Reporter : For what are they gathered there?
Raju : It is said that some Italian company had dumped very serious poisonous waste here in the village. But they are uneducated and they never knew the consequence and are suffering now.
T.V. News Reporter : Is the issue so serious?
Raju : Yes it is. Already the lives of some thirteen people are lost. The
children are sick too.
T.V. News Reporter : Then how did they get the thing imported there?
Raju : It is learnt that the village leader then was bribed and got the dumping done.
T.V. News Reporter : Ok, what do they demand now?
Raju : They want nothing less than removal of the waste drums from there.
T.V. News Reporter : Are they to create any kind of problems.
Raju : No, the proceedings are going on. They hope that the government shall realise their trouble and do act accordingly.
T.V. News Reporter : Ok, thank you, Mr. XYZ, we will be right back.
Raju : People hope the government take necessary steps and remove the drums from there. Over to the studio with cameraman Bhaskaran.

Project Work:

Talk to your grandparents about life fifty years ago. Talk to them as to how the plants, animals and water bodies were cared for or not cared. Seek the views of the elders and fill in the table.

Answer:

I. Based on the information you have gathered in the last column of the table, discuss in groups how best the youngsters can help save/ protect the environment. List the specific recommendations.
Answer:

1. We need to plant and take care of more trees.
2. We need to take a resolution that we shall live an eco-fnendly life.
3. We shall work together to reduce pollution.
4. We need to develop alternate sources of energies.
5. We need to reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels.
6. We need to urge the industrial units to be more ecofriendly.
7. We should conserve vegetation.
8. Deforestation should be discouraged and afforestation shuld be encouraged.
9. Pollution levels should be brought down.
10. Ecological balance should be maintained.
11. Global warming should be checked.
12. Dumping industrial or solid wastes into water should be prohibited.
13. Laws should be powerful aiming at the conservation of wild life both in animals and birds.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

A Tale Of Three Villages Summary in English

1. Koko Village, Nigeria
Koko Village in Nigeria is a highly polluted area. The village is like any other African village-picturesque, colourful and noisy. The village was converted as a dumpyard by the European nation – Italy. Some years back, some lorries came and dumped a large number of poisonous wastes in huge metal drums. As the poor people in the region never knew what they were, they were made to suffer the effect of all. Some months later, Thomas Agonyo, a bright student from the village, who had gone to a University in Lagos, came back and called a meeting of the villagers. In that meeting he revealed that the drums have poisonous chemicals. They realised that the chemical waste had already taken the lives of about thirteen people in the village in the past five years.

2. Ponnimanthuri Village, India
Vijayasamma, a native of Ponnimanthuri village recalls that her village was very beautiful before the establishment of the factories in her area. The fields around the village were green and they produced good crops. When she looks at the factories established in the tanneries, where animal skins are processed into leather, she becomes very angry. She looks at the black tanneries and the thick black smoke that emerges from the huge chimneys of the factories.

She says that they were told that the factories were for making leather bags, shoes, clothes etc. The poor villagers were trapped with the onset of jobs. But they didn’t reveal the amount of poisonous chemicals that these factories were going to release into the atmosphere of the village, and its after effects. Now, the farms became useless, as the chemical wastes were dumped there, and the women need to walk up to 10 kilometers. As a result of the pollution they have ulcers and skin diseases. But she, with much sad, says that they won’t buy any leather shoes or handbags.

3. Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR)
Vorobyov village is located near the Chernobyl Nuclear plant and the given event is related to the fatal incident that happened in that reactor, on 26th April, 1986. Natasha Revanko still remembers the date because of the reason that it was her mother’s birthday. They heard some explosions. They ran out to the garden to witness a cloud of white smoke rise from the reactor. Days passed, the children playing found fine white dust setting down, which they with played. Later came the announcements not to deal with them as they were highly radioactive. Also, there were instructions to wash the houses and yards. Even roads were washed.

Weeks passed, children started to vomit. They couldn’t eat, their hair fell out, they became thin and their skin developed sores. A week later, on the same day, they died. The narrator has nothing to do, but to walk through the ghost town, with barren farm lands, with many such mothers. Nothing grew there, no animals were found. Soon, Natasha helped him to get the bus marked Moscow. Before parting, she said that she would like to see the graves and the house before her death.

Glossary:

1. Koko Village, Migeria :
picturesque (adj) = pretty but old fashioned
rusting (adj) = becoming covered with rust
corrugated (adj) = shaped into a series of regular waves
flaking (v) skull and cross = breaking as thin small pieces
bones (n) = symbol to show that something is dangerous
corroded (adj) = rusted
corroded (v) = destroyed something by chemical action
slimy (adj) = covered with unpleasant thick liquid
baked (adj) = cooked without any extra fat or liquid
swelling (v) = the condition of being larger or rounder than normal
enormous (adj) = very large, wide
frowning (v) = bringing eyebrows together to show anger
clearing (n) = an open space in a forest.

2. Ponnimanthuri Villaae, India:

wistfully (adv) = thinking sadly about that we would love to have
harvests (n) = yields from crop
outstretched = spread out as far as possible
monsters (n) = large, frightening imaginary creatures
spluttered (v) = spoke quickly and with difficulty
fist (n) = a tightly closed hand
ominous (adj) = suggesting that something bad to happen in future
horizon (n) = the point where sky appears to meet sea or earth
shroud (n) = thick cover
menfolk (n) = men
tanning (n) = process of making animal skin into leather
chimney (n) = a structure to carry smoke or steam up away
ulcer (n) = a sore area inside the body
trailed off (phr. v.) = became gradually quieter and stopped

3. Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR):

explosion (n) = a sudden violent burst and sound of it
apron (n) = a piece of clothing that covers the front part of the clothes
radioactive dust (n) = the dust coming out of a radioactive reaction
slid(v) = moved smoothly over a wet surface
pinched (adj) = pale and thin because of worry or illness
pale (adj) = white because of illness
sores (n) = painful, red places on the body (wound)
broke down (phr.v.) = lost control of feelings and started crying
evacuated (v) = moved people to a safe place
barren (adj) = land not good enough for crops
peer (v) = look closely when we cannot see clearly

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 10 Electromagnetism will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 10 Electromagnetism

Question 1.
If nduced emf is ‘e’, ΔΦ is change in flux and Dt is time then, mathematical form of’e’is ……………………. . ( )
(A) ΔΦ/t²
(B) Δt/ ΔΦ
(C) ΔΦ × Δt
(D) ΔΦ/Δt
Answer:
(D) ΔΦ/Δt

Question 2.
‘The induced current will appear in such a direction that it opposes the changes in the flux in the coil” …………………. this is called : ( )
(A) Ampere’s swimming rule
(B) Maxwell’s cork screw rule
(C) Lenz’s law
(D) Faraday’s law of magnetic induction
Answer:
(C) Lenz’s law

Question 3.
Right hand rule helps us to find the …………………….. of magnetic force exerted by field on current carrying wire : ( )
(A) magnitude
(B) direction
(C) both A & B
(D) change of emf
Answer:
(B) direction

Question 4.
The magnetic force ‘F’ when direction of electric current is at an angle ‘θ’ to magnetic field Is given by, f = ( )
(A) ILB cos θ
(B) ILB tan θ
(C) ILB sin θ
(D) LLB cot θ
Answer:
(C) ILB sin θ

Question 5.
To increase the speed of an electric motor we have to : ( )
(A) reduce the number of turns of coil
(B) increase the number of turns of coil
(C) increase the current in the coil
(D) both B and C
Answer:
(D) both B and C

Question 6.
The induced current is maximum when the direction of motion of the coil is ……………….. to the magnetic field. ( )
(A) at angle 60°
(B) parallel
(C) at angle 45°
(D) at right angles
Answer:
(D) at right angles

Question 7.
A coil of circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called ( )
(A) rheostat
(B) solenoid
(C) transformer
(D) galvanometer
Answer:
(B) solenoid

Question 8.
Mathematical representation of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is ………………… . ( )
(A) Φ = dE/dt
(B) Φ = -dE/dt
(C) E = dΦ/dt
(D) E = -dΦ/dt
Answer:
(D) E = -dΦ/dt

Question 9.
In starting the engine of an automobile, the work done by the battery is 3000 J and 250 coulombs of charge flows through the motor. The RD. between the terminals of the motor is ……………………… . ( )
(A) 75 V
(B) 18V
(C) 7.5 V
(D) 12 V
Answer:
(D) 12 V

Question 10.
Two electric bulbs A and B are connected in parallel in a circuit produce power of 12 W and 24 W respectively. The ratio of their filament resistances is ………………………… . ( )
(A) 2:1
(B) 1:2
(C) 1:1
(D) 1:3
Answer:
(A) 2:1

Question 11.
Lenz’s law does not violate the principle of ( )
(A) conservation of energy
(B) conservation of charge
(C) conservation of mass
(D) conservation of momentum
Answer:
(A) conservation of energy

Question 12.
If ’A’ is the area through which a flux f passes normally, then the magnetic flux density B Is given by ( )
(A)B=Q/A²
(B) B=QA
(C) B=Q/A³
(D) B=Q/A
Answer:
(D) B=Q/A

Question 13.
The unit of consumption of electrical energy in houses is ‘unlt It means ……………. .( )
(A) kilo-watt-hour
(B) joule-hour
(C) kilo joule
(D) mega watt
Answer:
(A) kilo-watt-hour

Question 14.
The unit commonly used to measure work done ( )
(A) ampere
(B) watt
(C) joule
(D) calorie
Answer:
(C) joule

Question 15.
There are ten 60w. bulbs in a house. If all G cnem arc hghted for 5 hours a day, the expenditure in a month of 30 days at ₹4.00 per unit is ……………… . ( )
(A) ₹ 36
(B) ₹ 360
(C) ₹ 3.60
(D) ₹ 72
Answer:
(B) ₹ 360

Question 16.
A.C. changes direction after every ( )
(A) 1/10th second
(B) 1/100th second
(C) 1/1000th second
(D) 0.1th second
Answer:
(B) 1/100th second

Question 17.
A rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated In a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each: ( )
(A) 2 revolutions
(B) one revolution
(C) half revolution
(D) 1/4th revolution
Answer:
(C) half revolution

Question 18.
The neutral wire is usually covered with : ( )
(A) green insulation
(B) red insulation
(C) black insulation
(D) blue insulation
Answer:
(C) black insulation

Question 19.
A current which changes direction after equal intervals of time is abbreviated as ( )
(A) A.C.
(B) D.C.
(C) F.C.
(D) I.C.
Answer:
(A) A.C.

Question 20.
When the live wire and neutral wire come into direct contact, It may cause ( )
(A) over loading
(B) low current
(C) direct current
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) overloading

Question 21.
This works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction: ( )
(A) motor
(B) computer
(C) cell phone
(D) generator
Answer:
(D) generator

Question 22.
The process by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor Is called ………………………. . ( )
(A) magnetic field induction
(B) electromagnetic induction
(C) chemical effect
(D) joule’s effect
Answer:
(B) electromagnetic induction

Question 23.
The direction of current Induced in a conductor in right-hand thumb rule is given by ( )
(A) index finger
(B) thumb
(C) middle finger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(C) middle finger

Question 24.
Two metallic half rings form the ………………………….. of an electric motor. ( )
(A) commutator
(B) axis
(C) armature
(D) rheostat
Answer:
(A) commutator

Question 25.
A stationary magnetic field is provided in a generator by ( )
(A) permanent horse-shoe magnet
(B) solenoid
(C) electromagnet
(D) ring-shaped magnet
Answer:
(A) permanent horse-shoe magnet

Question 26.
The rate of electrical work done is called – ( )
(A) electric potential
(B) electric power
(C) mechanical equivalent
(D) electrochemical equivalent
Answer:
(B) electric power

Question 27.
In a non-uniform magnetic field the net field in upper part of rotating coil is ( )
(A) weak
(B) average
(C) low
(D) strong
Answer:
(D) strong

Question 28.
This depends on the orientation of plane in the field : ( )
(A) magnetic flux
(B) magnetic induction
(C) strength of emf
(D) pole strength
Answer:
(B) magnetic induction

Question 29.
If V₀ be the value of A.C. emf, then V_rms = ( )
(A) V₀/2
(B) \(\sqrt{2}\) V₀
(C) \(\frac{2}{v_0}\)
(D) \(\mathrm{v}_0 \sqrt{2}\)
Answer:
(D) \(\mathrm{v}_0 \sqrt{2}\)

Question 30.
Electric power – P = ( )
(A) IΔt/ ΔΦ
(B) i²Δt /ΔΦ
(C) IΔt/Δt
(D) IΔΦ/Δt
Answer:
(D) IΔΦ/Δt

Question 31.
A quantity that has both direction and magnitude is ( )
(A) speed
(B) temperature
(C) electric current
(D) magnetic field
Answer:
(D) magnetic field

Question 32.
The total equal and opposite forces acting on the metal cap of a cool drink bottle when we turn It constitute ( )
(A) concurrent forces
(B) couple
(C) coincident forces
(D) attracting forces
Answer:
(B) couple

Question 33.
In the formula F=qvB, the letter ‘q’ stands for ( )
(A) flux density
(B) repulsive force
(C) charge
(D) velocity of charge
Answer:
(C) charge

Question 34.
The direction of magnetic field due to coil points towards you when the current in the coil is in ………………………. . ( )
(A) positive direction
(B) south direction
(C) anti-clockwise direction
(D) clockwise direction
Answer:
(C) anti-clockwise direction

Question 35.
When a conductor of length 1’ moves perpendicular to field ‘B’ with a speed ‘V’, then potential difference developed between the ends of the conductor is ( )
(A) BV
(B) B/V
(C) B/V²
(D) B²/V
Answer:
(B) B/V

Question 36.
To increase the speed of an electric motor. ( )
(A) reduce the number of turns in the coil
(B) increase the number of turns In the coil
(C) increase the current
(D) Both B&C
Answer:
(D) Both B&C

Question 37.
An electric motor working on A.C. does not require : ( )
(A) brushes
(B) commutator
(C) shaft
(D) electromagnet
Answer:
(B) commutator

Question 38.
The field lines in a magnetic field appear to be: ( )
(A) closed ellipses
(B) closed loops
(C) open loops
(D) closed hyperbolas
Answer:
(B) closed loops

Question 39.
The flux through the plane is given by, f = ( )
(A) BA sinθ
(B) BA tanθ
(C) BA cosθ
(D) BA/sinθ
Answer:
(C) BA cosθ

Question 40.
Magnetic flux density B = ( )
(A) Magnetic flux / Effective area
(B) Effective area I Magnetic flux
(C) Strength of field / Length of magnet
(D) Magnetic moment / Effective area
Answer:
(A) Magnetic flux / Effective area

Question 41.
Current carrying wire produces ( )
(A) charge
(B) magnetic field
(C) lightning
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) magnetic field

Question 42.
The statement current is defined as rate of flow of electrons through any cross-section: – Is this ( )
(A) always true?
(B) always false?
(C) true in some cases
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) true in some cases

Question 43.
Volt – ampere = ( )
(A) Watt
(B) Newton
(C) Farad
(D) Henry
Answer:
(A) Watt

Question 44.
A rectangular coil of wire, a soft iron core together constituted the ………………….. of an electric motor. ( )
(A) shaft
(B) commutator
(C) armature
(D) brushes
Answer:
(C) armature

Question 45.
The change in the magnetic flux in the cause of ( )
(A) induced magnetic moment
(B) Induced emf
(C) increase in resistance
(D) production chemical energy
Answer:
(B) Induced emf

Question 46.
The resulting magnetic lines of force formed around a straight conductor carrying a current are ……………………….. . ( )
(A) intersecting circles
(B) non Intersecting circles
(C) circles touching each other
(D) concentric circles
Answer:
(D) concentric circles

Question 47.
One of the factors that Increase the speed of an electric motor ( )
(A) area of armature
(B) thickness of shaft
(C) material armature
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) area of armature

Question 48.
The law of electro magnetic induction was proposed by – ( )
(A) Lenz
(B) Fleming
(C) Ampere
(D) Faraday
Answer:
(D) Faraday

Question 49.
A magnet is pulled away from a conducting coil in a circuit. The direction of the induced emf. in the coil can be found from: ( )
(A) Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
(B) Joule’s law
(C) Lenz’s law
(D) Fleming’s left-hand rule
Answer:
(A) Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Question 50.
An electric motor that works on D.C. requires : ( )
(A) shaft
(B) iron core
(C) commutator
(D) all
Answer:
(D) all

Question 51.
Current enters Into an electric motor through : ( )
(A) Call
(B) Brush and a half ring
(C) shaft
(D) armature
Answer:
(B) Brush and a half ring

Question 52.
In Fleming’s right-hand rule the finger that shows the direction of induced current is ( )
(A) middle finger
(B) thumb
(C) fore linger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(A) middle finger

Question 53.
When the current in the coil is in clockwise direction, the direction of magnetic field In coil points …………………. from you. ( )
(A) away
(B) towards
(C) towards right hand
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) away

Question 54.
An appliance that works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction is ( )
(A) solar cooker
(B) LPG stove
(C) induction stove
(D) Wicks stove
Answer:
(C) induction stove

Question 55.
The magnetic effect of current was discovered by ( )
(A) Faraday
(B) Henry
(C) Oersted
(D) Maxwell
Answer:
(C) Oersted

Question 56.
Electromagnetic induction is involved in ( )
(A) charging a body with positive charge
(B) production of current by relative motion between magnet and the coil
(C) rotation of the coil of an electric motor
(D) generation of magnetic field due to a current
Answer:
(B) production of current by relative motion between magnet and the coil

Question 57.
The device based on the principle of electromagnetic induction is ( )
(A) electric generator
(B) electric motor
(C) voltmeter
(D) ammeter
Answer:
(A) electric generator

Question 58.
Current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. The device based on thfs principle is ( )
(A) electrical generator
(B) electric motor
(C) electric bell
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) electric motor

Question 59.
A current is flowing in a circular loop of wire In clockwise direction. The magnetic field at the centre of the loop is ( )
(A) directed downward
(B) zero
(C) inversely proportional to the radius of the loop
(D) directed upward
Answer:
(A) directed downward

Question 60.
The device used for producing electric current is called a ( )
(A) generator
(B) galvanometer
(C) ammeter
(D) motor
Answer:
(A) generator

Question 61.
The effective length of the magnet is ( )
(A) the complete length of the magnet
(B) the distance between the two poles of the magnet
(C) the half of the length of the magnet
(D) the square of the length of the magnet
Answer:
(B) the distance between the two poles of the magnet

Question 62.
The conductivity of a magnetic substance for the lines of force with respect to air is called the ( )
(A) Magnetic Induction
(B) Magnetic permeability
(C) Magnetic flux density
(D) Intensity of magnetization
Answer:
(B) Magnetic permeability

Question 63.
The magnetic flux is expressed in ( )
(A) Dynes
(B) Oersted
(C) Gauss
(D) Weber
Answer:
(D) Weber

Question 64.
The magnetic lines of force, Inside a current-carrying solenoid, are ( )
(A) along the axis and are parallel to each other
(B) perpendicular to the axis and equidistance from each other
(C) circular and they do not intersect each other
(D) circular at the ends but they are parallel to the axis inside the solenoid
Answer:
(A) along the axis and are parallel to each other

Question 65.
The vertical component of the earths magnetic field is ( )
(A) zero at the magnetic pole
(B) zero at the geographic pole
(C) same everywhere
(D) zero at the magnetic equator
Answer:
(D) zero at the magnetic equator

Question 66.
A current-carrying loop lying in a magnetic field behaves like a ( )
(A) a magnetic dipole
(B) magnetic pole
(C) magnetic material
(D) non-magnetic material
Answer:
(A) a magnetic dipole

Question 67.
Power factor is one for ( )
(A) pure inductor
(B) pure capacitor
(C) pure resistor
(D) either an inductor or a capacitor
Answer:
(C) pure resistor

Question 68.
The AC voltage across a resistance can be measured using ( )
(A) a potentiometer
(B) a hot-wire voltmeter
(C) a moving-coil galvanometer
(D) a moving-magnet galvanometer
Answer:
(B) a hot-wire voltmeter

Question 69.
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that ( )
(A) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent magnet
(B) DC generator will generate a higher voltage
(C) AC generator will generate a higher voltage
(D) AC generator has slip nngs while the DC generator has a commutator
Answer:
(D) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator

Question 70.
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit ( )
(A) reduces substantially
(B) does not change
(C) increase heavily
(D) vary continuously
Answer:
(C) increase heavily

Question 71.
The current n a generator armature is AC because ( )
(A) The magnetic field reverses at Intervals
(B) the current in the field coils is AC
(C) the rotation of the armature causes the field through it to reverse
(D) the commutator feeds current into ¡t in opposite directions every half cycle
Answer:
(C) the rotation of the armature causes the field through it to reverse

Question 72.
A DC generator is based on the principle of ( )
(A) magnetic effect of current
(B) heating effect of current
(C) energy dissipation
(D) electromagnetic conduction
Answer:
(D) electromagnetic conduction

Question 73.
For making strong electromagnet, the material of the core should be ( )
(A) brass
(B) laminated steel strips
(C) soft iron
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) soft iron

Question 74.
A soft iron bar is introduced Inside a current carrying solenoid. The magnetic field inside the solenoid ( )
(A) will increase
(B) will remain unaffected
(C) will become zero
(D) will decrease
Answer:
(A) will increase

Question 75.
A rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each. ( )
(A) one revolution
(B) one fourth revolution
(C) half revolution
(D) two revolutions
Answer:
(B) one fourth revolution

Question 76.
The frequency of direct current is ( )
(A) zero
(B) 50 Hz
(C) 60 Hz
(D) 100 Hz
Answer:
(A) zero

Question 77.
Who invented electric generator? ( )
(A) Oersted
(B) Coulomb
(C) Rutherford
(D) Michael Faraday
Answer:
(D) Michael Faraday

Question 78.
Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic field induction and ……………………….. . ( )
(A) magnetic moment
(B) area
(C) magnetic intensity
(D) resistance
Answer:
(B) area

Question 79.
A current-carrying wire of length L is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Then the force acting on the wire with current I is …………………….. . ( )
(A) F = Bi
(B) F = Bl
(C) B = iF
(D) F = Bil
Answer:
(D) F = Bil

Question 80.
The magnetic field inside a ………………… is uniform. ( )
(A) current carrying conductor
(B) solenoid
(C) coil
(D) magnet
Answer:
(D) magnet

Question 81.
An AC generator ¡s provided with ………………………. slip rings which rotate with the coil. ( )
(A) one
(B) three
(C) two
(D) four
Answer:
(C) two

Question 82.
The moving part of the electnc motor is called ………………………. . ( )
(A) magnets
(B) shaft
(C) armature
(D) carbon brushes
Answer:
(B) shaft

Question 83.
SI unit of magnetic field strength is ……………….. . ( )
(A) tesla
(B) weber
(C) amp/m²
(D) volt
Answer:
(A) tesla

Question 84.
The laws of induction were given by ( )
(A) Faraday
(B) Kirchoff
(C) Lenz
(D) Lorenz
Answer:
(C) Lenz

Question 85.
The energy resides ¡n a current carrying inductor In the form of …………………….. . ( )
(A) resistance
(B) heat
(C) magnetic field
(D) thermal energy
Answer:
(C) magnetic field

Question 86.
The direction of motion of a conductor, kept in a magnetic field is given by ………………… . ( )
(A) Kirchoffs rule
(B) Lenz’s law
(C) Flemimng’s left hand rule
(D) Flemming’s right hand rule
Answer:
(C) Flemimng’s left hand rule

Question 87.
Which of the following consists soft iron core ? ( )
(A) electric generator
(B) solenoid
(C) dynamo
(D) electnc motor
Answer:
(B) solenoid

Question 88.
The direction of induced emf as indicated by ( )
(A) Lenz’s law
(B) Fleming’s right hand rule
(C) both 1&2
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) both 1&2

Question 89.
The principle on which a generator works is ( )
(A) Fleming’s right hand rule
(B) Joule’s law
(C) Maxwell’s cork screw rule
(D) Ampere’s swimming rule
Answer:
(A) Fleming’s right hand rule

Question 90.
In fleming’s left hand rule, the finger that indicates the direction of motion of coil is ……………… . ( )
(A) middle finger
(B) thumb
(C) index finger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(B) thumb

Question 91.
The instrument used In our daily life to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy is …………………. . ( )
(A) Electric bulb
(B) Electric motor
(C) Generator
(D) Induction stove
Answer:
(B) Electric motor