Srinivas

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 10 Secularism Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 10th Lesson Secularism Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the types of Secularism?
Answer:
Types of Secularism:

1. Subjective Secularism
2. Objective Secularism

Question 2.
What do you mean by theocracy?
Answer:

• ‘Theo’ means ‘God’ and ‘cracy’ means ‘rule’ in practice. So, theocracy means rule by God.
• It implies rule by priests. It is originated from the theory that all legitimate powers emanate from God.

Question 3.
Define a Secular State.
Answer:
D.E. Smith defined secular state as one which guarantees individual and corporate freedom of religion, which deals with the individuals as a citizen irrespective of his religion. Further a Secular State, according to him, does not patronize constitutionally a particular religion nor does it seek either to promote or interfere with it”.

Question 4.
Mention any two factors that led to the growth of Secularism.
Answer:
Factors that led to the spread of Secularism.

1. People’s negative attitude towards superstitions.
2. Spread of rational thinking.
3. Spread of democratic values and institutions.
4. Advancement in science and technology.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of an atheistic state?
Answer:
An atheistic state is a country where religion is discouraged and out – iawed. In modern period state atheism is based on Karl Marx’s axiom “Religion is the opium of people”. So atheistic state promotes anti-clericalism. It completely bans the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.
Ex: China, North Korea.

Question 6.
Mention the dimensions of secularism.
Answer:
The two dimensions of secularism:

1. Inter-religious secularism
2. Intra- religious secularism

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four differences between secular state and theocratic state.
Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the features of secular state.
Answer:
Features of Secular State:
1. No place for religion: Secular state does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not makes laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status: Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc.

3. No state religion: Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people.

Question 3.
Write any four points regarding the importance of secular state.
Answer:
The concept of Secular state became more important in recent years.

Factors like democratic spirit, science and technology, rational thinking, led to the growing importance of secular state.

1. Secular state strengthens non – religious forces in various spheres.
2. It drives away the social evils and superstitions from the minds of the people.
3. It promotes scientific temper and supports the intellectual progress of the people.
4. It gives priority to reason over faith, logic over magic and fact over fiction.
5. It ensures the protection of religions minorities.
6. It respects and accomodates each individuals personal religions beliefs.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define secularism and write any six factors that led to the growth of secularism.
Answer:
The term ‘secular’ in Latin language means ‘this world’. It denotes the meaning ‘the opposite of religion’.

Definition of Secularism:
“Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”. — G.J. Holyoake

Factors that led to the growth of secularism:

1. People’s negative attitude towards superstitions
2. Spread of rational thinking
3. Spread of democratic values and institutions
4. Advancement in science and technology
5. Awareness about the evils of religion
6. Impact of social legislation
7. Need for secular approach
8. Social and Economic betterment of Individuals
9. Influence of secular political leadership
10. Importance to international peace and order.

Question 2.
Explain any four merits of Secularism.
Answer:
Secularism became a prominent philosophy in modern states in tackling various social, economic and political issues.

Merits of Secularism: The following are some of the important merits of secularism:

1. Equality: It treats the people belonging to all religious denominations as equal. It gives no recognition to the man-made inequalities and discriminations based on caste, colour, community, region, religion, language, race etc.

2. Religious Freedom: The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. The Constitution and various laws in a secular state will provide individuals with complete freedom to embrace, profess, practice and propagate any religion as they like.

3. Law and Order: Secularism avoids communal clashes and religious bigotry and animosities in the society. This is due to the fact that secularism ultimately promotes religious harmony among the people.

4. Rule of Law: A State following secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denomination. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws.

5. Tolerance: Secularism preaches tolerance and kindness. It believes in universal brotherhood of man and fatherhood of God. It professes, propagates and practices the noble principles of charity, kindness, love, magnanimity, non-violence etc.

6. National Integration: Secularism serves as the best means for fostering national unity and integrity feelings among the people. It is also considered as the best device for achieving unity in diversity. It brings unity among the people of various religious beliefs and practices.

7. Protection to the minorities: Secularism treats all alike. It makes no discrimination between the people of majority and other sections of society. It teaches the people about the significance of religious tolerance towards minority sections.

8. All-round Progress: The greatest merit of secularism relates to the achievement of all-round progress of the people. This is possible due to the prevalence of rule of law, religious tolerance, neutral attitude of the government etc.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who propounded the theory of Theocratic guardianship where the government itself would be secular?
1. Ayatollah Khomeini
2. GH. Holyoake
3. Josephus
4. D.E. Smith
Answer:
1. Ayatollah Khomeini

Question 2.
Which Constitutional Amendment Act of India made a provision for the word ‘Secular in the Preamble’ ?
1. 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act
2. 44th Constitutional Amendment Act
3. 61st Constitutional Amendment Act
4. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
Answer:
1. 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act

Question 3.
Identify the features of a secular state.
1. No place for religion
2. Equal status
3. No state religion
4. All of the above
Answer:
4. All of the above

Question 4.
Identify the wrong statement regarding ‘Theocratic state’.
1. It is based primarily on religious elements.
2. There will be a particular religion which is declared as the official religion.
3. Rule of law prevails in a theocratic state.
4. Religious priests and spiritual heads will be given special significance.
Answer:
3. Rule of law prevails in a theocratic state.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Technically ‘Theocracy’ means ___________.
Answer:
Rule by God

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Secular’ in Latin?
Answer:
This world

Question 2.
Who first used the term ‘Secular’ in modern times?
Answer:
G.J.Holyaoake

Question 3.
The term ‘Theocracy’ was first used by whom?
Answer:
Josephus.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 9 Democracy Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 9th Lesson Democracy Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any one definition of democracy.
Answer:
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. -Abraham Lincoln
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.-J.R.Seeley

Question 2.
What do you know about Direct Democracy?
Answer:
Direct Democracy: It is a democracy in which people directly participate in the administrative affairs of the Government. They assume all powers of legislation. They formulate laws in meetings attended by the people. People participate directly in the affairs of the state. Direct democracy is suitable to small states inhabited by a few thousand people.

Question 3.
What is the origin of the term Democracy?
Answer:

• The term ‘Democracy’ has originated from two Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘kratos’.
• They mean people and power. This democracy means ‘power vested in the people’.

Question 4.
Mention the different devices used in direct democracy.
Answer:
The four devices used in direct democracy:

1. Referendum
2. Initiative
3. Recall
4. Plebiscite

Question 5.
What are the features of Democracy?
Answer:
Features of Democracy:

1. Popular government.
2. Popular control
3. Individual’s dignity
4. Elections
5. Public accountability

Question 6.
What is meant by Recall?
Answer:
Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back any elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or properly. It prevails in some states of the United States like Arizona, Montana, Louisiana, Kansas, California, Nevada, Oregon etc.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any four essential features of democracy.
Answer:
Essential features of Democracy:
1. Popular government: Democracy is basically a government by the people. In democracy people act as the rulers and the ruled. While voters assume ultimate sovereign authority, their representatives are considered as immediate masters over the rulers in government.

2. Popular control: In democracy, citizens will have control over political affairs. Citizens regulate the affairs of government by expressing their opinion on various policies and programmes. They support the wise, honest and welfare-oriented programmes.

3. Individual dignity: In democracy individual dignity is honoured by the government. Even the ordinary persons living in distant and remote places are given various opportunities to express their opinions.

4. Elections: Democracy and elections are closely related. Democracy gives scope for holding elections at regular intervals as per constitutional norms. Adult citizens participate in elections for choosing the members of various representative bodies.

Question 2.
Describe the various types of Democracy.
Answer:
Types of Democracy:

1. Direct or Pure Democracy.
2. Indirect or Representative Democracy.

1. Direct or Pure Democracy: Direct or pure democracy existed in ancient Greek and Roman city states. In ancient India, this system prevailed during the Buddhist period. Not it has become a thing of the past. In this system, people directly participate in the administrative affairs of the Government. They assume all powers of legislation. They formulate laws in the meetings attended by the people. People participate directly in the affairs of the state. Direct democracy is suitable to small states.

2. Indirect or Representative Democracy: Modern states are generally huge in size and population. Hence, direct democracy is inconceivable in these states. People living in these states govern indirectly through their elected representatives. The representatives, elected for a determinate period, are responsible to the people. Hence, representatives govern the people as their trustees. They respond to public opinion.

Indirect or Representative democracy is again classified into two types namely:

1. Presidential
2. Parliamentary

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two merits and two demerits of Democracy.
Answer:
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. -Abraham Lincoln
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.-J.R.Seeley

Democracy received over whelming popularity in the contemporary world. Almost all the leading states have opted for democracy.

Merits of Democracy:
1. Efficient Government: Prof. Garner described democracy is an efficient and effective government. The Government in democracy carries ail its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies. It encourages self-government and self-discipline among the people.

2. Upholds individual liberties: Democracy is the only government which upholds individual liberties. It guarantees the rights of individuals by providing several constitutional safeguards. J.S.Mill stated that democracy assures its people certain civil rights like freedom of speech, expression, press and association.

3. Assures equality: Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. In the political sphere, it bestows several political rights like right to vote, right to contest as candidates in elections, right to hold public office etc. In economic sphere, it ensures several economic rights such as right to property, right to work, right to recreation, right to leisure etc.

4. Educates the masses: Elections to various representative bodies at different times and the corresponding campaigns make the citizens educated. These make the people enlightened in casting their votes.

Demerits of Democracy: The following are the demerits of democracy.

1. Rule by ignorants: Aristotle considered democracy as a perverted form of government. He viewed that it is a sort of mob rule. Plato, his teacher called it, a rule of ignorants. In this system, wise and honest persons are isolated thereby giving importance to ignorant and foolish persons.

2. Favours the rich: Most of the modern democracies are capitalist-oriented. The Governments in this system favour the propertied classes. Elections can become a farce. Voters, who are treated as God in democracy, are wooed by the contesting candidates on the pretext of caste, colour, community, creed and region etc.,

3. Majority Rule – A Myth: At one time during 1980s, democracy was treated as a rule by majority. But things have changed swiftly owing to the dramatic events that swept the domestic and global scenarial. Education, literacy, enlightenment, press, radio, news channels, face book, twitter and other social media revolutionised several states in the political sphere. Common Minimum Programme.
Ex: United Front (UF), National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Progressive Alliance (UPA)

4. Representative Principle – Doubtful: Democracy is based upon the principle of territorial representation. This presupposes every legislator to represent the views of everybody in his constituency.

Question 2.
Explain the devices used in direct democracy.
Answer:
Direct democratic devices prevailed and practiced in some ancient Greek city-states. At present they are not found. However, some states like Switzerland and the United States have adopted these devices.

Four devices used in direct democracy:

1. Referendum: The term ‘referendum’ literally means “refer to”. Referendum is a device hereby the opinion of the people is ascertained through a direct reference to the people. According to R.C. Brooks, “Referendum is a device whereby the electorate may veto an Act which a legislative body has already passed.”

Types of referendum:

• Compulsory or Obligatory referendum
• Optional or Facultative referendum

2. Initiative: The advocates of direct legislation were not satisfied with mere referendum.

So, they pleaded for Initiative for enabling the people to propose legislation.

For instance, in Switzerland, 50,000 citizens may sign a petition hinting out a measure which they desire to be enacted. Subsequently, the proposal will be submitted to the opinion of the people. If it is approved by the majority citizens, it becomes a duly enacted law.

Types of initiative:

• formulated
• unformulated.

3. Recall: Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back an elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or properly. It prevails in some states of the United States.

4. Plebiscite: The term Plebiscite has French origin. It is derived from two Latin words namely ‘plebis’ and scitum’ which means people (plebis) and decree (scitum). It is a democratic method used for ascertaining the opinion of the people on an important public policy. It is not concerned with regular law-making activity.

Question 3.
Describe any four conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
Essential conditions for the success of democracy:

1. Sound System of Education
2. Enlightened Citizenship
3. Independent and Impartial Press
4. Strong Opposition
5. Decentralization of Powers
6. Absence of Economic Disparities
7. Social Equality
8. Faith in Democracy
9. Agreement on Fundamental Issues
10. Sagacious Leadership

1. Sound system of Education: The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance, innocence and uneducation prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect for individuals.

2. Enlightened Citizenship: Enlightened citizenship are an asset to the democratic state. They can exercise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their responsibilities.

3. Independent Press: An independent press is a perquisite of democracy. It enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government. It strives to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4. Strong Opposition: The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses.

5. Decentralization of Powers: Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grassroots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions.

6. Absence of economic disparities: Democracy cannot function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who considered democracy as a sort of ‘Mob rule?
1. Aristotle
2. Plato
3. A.V. Dicey
4. J.R. Seeley
Answer:
1. Aristotle

Question 2.
Who defined democracy as “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”?
1. Plato
2. Lord Bryce
3. Abraham Lincoln
4. J.S. Mill
Answer:
3. Abraham Lincoln

Question 3.
Which organ of the government acts as the ‘Watchdog of the people’s freedom’ ?
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary
4. Media
Answer:
3. Judiciary

Question 4.
Identify the condition that is not essential for the success of democracy.
1. Sound system of education
2. Enlightened citizenship
3. Independent press
4. Lack of ethical values
Answer:
4. Lack of ethical values

Question 5.
Who stated that democracy is an efficient and effective government?
1. A.V. Dicey
2. J.W. Garner
3. J.S. Mill
4. John Locke
Answer:
2. J.W. Garner

Question 6.
Among the following countries, identify the best example of a Presidential government.
1. India
2. England
3. Australia
4. USA
Answer:
4. USA

Question 7.
Who stated, “Referendum is a device whereby the electorate may veto an Act which a legislative body has already passed.”?
1. R.C. Brooks
2. Lord Bryce
3. Maclver
4. A.V. Dicey
Answer:
1. R.C. Brooks

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term ‘referendum’ literally means ‘______________’.
Answer:
Refer to

Question 2.
‘Recall’ is an important device of direct democracy. It means ______________’.
Answer:
call back

Question 3.
‘Plebiscite’ means ______________’.
Answer:
People decreee/ People’s decisions

Question 4.
The term ‘Democracy’ has originated from the two Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘kratos’ means people and Kratos means ______________’.
Answer:
Power/ Government

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What type of democracy prevailed during the Buddhist period in ancient India?
Answer:
Direct democracy.

Question 2.
Who is the teacher of Aristotle?
Answer:
Plato

Question 3.
Who believed that democracy is a ‘Rule of ignorant’?
Answer:
Plato

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 8 Citizenship Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 8th Lesson Citizenship Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is an alien?
Answer:
Alien is a person who is not a citizen of a particular country, but resides in it. Aliens are entitled to certain rightly and obligatons as per the agreements of government state in which they reside.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship remains significant when the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution are available to all the citizens. Further, Citizenship ensures the citizens many political rights. Citizens could exercise their vote in elections to the various representative bodies. They could also contest for membership of legislative bodies.

Question 3.
What are the types of citizenship?
Answer:
Three types of citizenship:

1. Single Citizenship.
2. Dual Citizenship
3. Global or Universal Citizenship.

Question 4.
Mention two ways to overcome the hindrances to good citizenship.
Answer:
Remedies to overcome the hindrances to good citizenship:

1. Solving people’s grievances
2. Education and awareness

Question 5.
List the methods of acquiring Indian citizenship as mentioned in the citizenship Act-1955.
Answer:
The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five methods of acquiring citizenship

1. By birth
2. By descent
3. By registration
4. By naturalisation
5. By incorporation of territory.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention the methods of acquiring natural citizenship.
Answer:
Natural Citizenship: Natural citizenship is the one which is acquired by the persons without specific application or request to the authorities.

Two methods of acquiring citizenship:
I. Natural citizenship:
An individual can get this type of citizenship based on the following principles

1. Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth)
2. Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship)
3. Mixed principle.

II. Naturalised citizenship:
An alien will become a citizen in a state after fulfilling the following conditions.

1. Residence
2. Choice
3. Application
4. Fixed Assets
5. Service (Public or Private)
6. Marriage

Question 2.
Distinguish between Citizen and Alien.
Answer:
Differences between Citizen and Alien:

Question 3.
Explain any four conditions under which citizenship can be lost.
Answer:
Citizens lose their citizenship under the following conditions:

1. Renunciation: A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state when the one becomes the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization.

2. Marriage: Generally, woman loses her citizenship when she marries alien. However, some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance, in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries alien.

3. Accepting foreign service: A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4. Obliging foreign decorations or Titles: When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles without the consent of the native state it may lead to the forfeiture of his / her citizenship.

5. Prolonged Absence: Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will lose their citizenship.

6. Treason: Involvement of citizen in serious crime and subsequent evidence of his action will lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state activities, will lose their citizenship by a special notification.

Question 4.
Describe any four hindrances to good citizenship.
Answer:
The main hindrances to good citizenship are as follows:

1. Laziness: Citizens in many states do not prefer to work hard. They remain narrow minded. They show little interest in working for the progress of the nation.

2. Ignorance and Illiteracy: Ignorant and illiterate citizens may not understand their rights and responsibilities properly. They may not have an enlightened interest in public affairs in the absence of education.

3. Poverty: Poverty is the root cause of all evils. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where vast inequalities of wealth exist. Poverty leads to apathy and indifference in public life.

4. Ill health: III health is another hindrance to the good citizenship. Because unhealthy citizens cannot carry on their services to the good of the state and society.

5. Narrow Political Interests: Political parties, which are essential in democracy, play a crucial role in promoting the ideals of good citizenship. But many members of these parties, it is alleged, work for the party interests and not for the society or the nation. Leaders of various parties generally keep their attention on capturing power.

6. Selfishness: Selfishness and good citizenship cannot go together. Selfish citizens confine their thoughts and actions to their own private benefits. They spare no time and energy for the wellbeing of others including their motherland.

Question 5.
What are the constitutional provisions related to citizenship in lndia?
Answer:
The Constitution of India deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under part II.

According to the constitution, the following four categories of persons become the citizens of India at its commencement i.e., on January 26, 1950:

Constitutional provisions related to Citizenship:

1. Article 5 – Persons domiciled in India.
2. Article 6 – persons migrated from Pakistan
3. Article 7 – persons migrated to Pakistan but later returned
4. Article 8 – persons of Indian origin residing outside India.

The other constitutional provisions with respect to the citizenship:

1. Article 9 – No person shall be a citizen of India, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign state.
2. Article 10 – Every person who is a citizen of India shall continue to be such citizen, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
3. Article 11 – Parliament shall have the power to legislate with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Citizenship and explain the methods to acquire natural citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship denotes status of a person recognized under the customs or law of the State. Persons who possess citizenship are known as citizens.

“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgment to the public good”. – Prof. Laski

Methods of acquiring citizenship:
There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are

1. Natural citizenship
2. Naturalised citizenship

Natural citizenship:

Natural citizenship is the one which is acquired by persons without specific application or request to the authorities. An individual can get this type of citizenship based on the following principles

• Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth)
• Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship)
• Mixed principle.

i. Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth): Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship based on the principle of land or place of birth. According to this principle, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship.

ii. Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship): This type of citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship based on kinship or blood relationship. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires citizenship of his parents’ state irrespective of its place of birth.

iii. Mixed principle: Under this principle, citizenship is granted by following either of the two principles of jus sanguinis and jus soli. Many states adopted both these principles.
For example, Britain, France, and United States.

Question 2.
Explain the conditions to acquire naturalized citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship denotes status of a person recognized under the custom or law of the State. Persons who possess citizenship are known as citizens.

“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgment to the public good”. – Prof. Laski

Methods of acquiring citizenship:
There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are

1. Natural citizenship
2. Naturalised citizenship

Naturalised citizenship: Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalisation.

According to this method, an alien will become a citizen in a state after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state.

Some of them are summed up as follows.

1. Residence: An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period can become itscitizen. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance, it is 5 years in Britain and 10 years in France.

2. Choice: The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state of their parents or the state they are born in according to their option and choice.

3. Application: An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits, it grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions.

4. Fixed Assets: An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5. Service (Public or Private): An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He may also be given citizenship if he renders meritorious service in another state.

6. Marriage: An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries, when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of the state of either the husband or wife is acquired.

Question 3.
Describe any four qualities of a good Citizen.
Answer:
According to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence and self-control. On the whole, good citizen will have the following qualities.

Qualities of a Good Citizen:

1. Good Character.
2. Sound health
3. Intelligence and education
4. Self control
5. Public spirit
6. Self-sacrifice
7. Honest exercise of franchise
8. Sincere performance of obligations.

1. Good Character: Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.

2. Sound Health: A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.

3. Intelligence and education: Proper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad.

4. Self control: A good citizen will have moderate temperament. He will have self-control in his public activities. Self-control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life.

5. Public Spirit: A good citizen should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should have active participation in social activities. He should have public spirit.

6. Self-sacrifice: A good citizen must possess self-sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest to the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to society, government and state.

7. Honest exercise of franchise: Honest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self-interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.

8. Sincere performance of obligations: A good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends co-operation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 7 Justice Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 7th Lesson Justice Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice.
Answer:

• “Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” -Plato
• “Justice means a combination and condition of political values”.-Ernest Barker “
• Justice means speaking the truth and playing one’s debts”.- Cephalus .

Question 2.
What is Distributive Justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on merit basis. Aristotle stated that justice is a sort of proportion. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions.

Question 3.
What is Aristotle’s idea of Corrective Justice?
Answer:
Corrective Justice comprises restoring each person the lost rights due to the infringement of his rights by others. Aristotle viewed this justice as essentially negative. It is concerned with voluntary commercial transactions like hire, sale, and furnishing of property.

Question 4.
How did stoics perceive justice?
Answer:

• Greek Stoics perceived nature to be a source of justice.
• Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs.
• In this, man should be free and Man should be treated equally.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the major concepts of Justice.
Answer:
Concepts of Justice:

1. Numerical concept.
2. Geometrical concept.

1. Numerical concept:
Numerical concept of justice regards that everyone has equal share. The ancient Greek city states adopted this concept in public matters. They did not consider special knowledge, qualifications etc. for holding public offices.

Jeremy Bentham advocated this concept in modern times, as “Everyone counts for one, nobody for more than one”.

2. Geometrical concept:
Geometrical concept is based on the notion of proportionate equality. It advocates equal share to equals and unequal share to unequals. It means that the distribution of power and patronage in public offices should be allocated in proportion to the worth or contribution of the individuals. Aristotle stated, “Jf flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute.

Question 2.
Define justice and mention various types of justice.
Answer:
Definition of Justice:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of Justice based on natural, social, political and legal spheres.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing-the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

2. Social justice: Social justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state.

4. Economic Justice: Economic justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc.

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state.

Question 3.
What conditions are necessary for the success of political justice?
Answer:
Political justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of citizens in the governance of the country.

Necessary conditions for the success of political justice:

1. Rule of law
2. Independent judiciary
3. Regular periodical elections to the representative bodies
4. Political parties
5. Freedom of press
6. Democratic rule

Question 4.
Explain any two sources of justice.
Answer:
Earnest Barker gives four sources of Justice:

1. Nature.
2. Ethics
3. Religion
4. Economic elements

1. Nature: The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of Justice. Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs. They viewed that nature embodies three things.

• Man should be free
• Man should be treated equally.
• Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason.

2. Ethics: Idealist thinkers like Plato, Emanuel Kant, Thomas Hilly Green, Earnest Barker and others propounded that justice originated from ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society over a period of time have, in turn, become the impersonal source of positive justice.

3. Religion: Religion is regarded as another source of Justice. This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice and any explain three types of Justice.
Answer:
Justice is a dynamic concept in the contemporary society.
The word ‘justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.

Definition of Justice:

“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of justice:
There are different types of Justice. They are

1. Natural justice
2. Social justice
3. Political justice
4. Economic justice
5. Legal justice.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

2. Social justice: Social justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-today administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent:

1. Rule of Law.
2. Independent Judiciary
3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
4. Political Parties
5. Freedom of press and assembly.
6. Democratic Rule

4. Economic Justice: Economic justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc. It does not allow exploitation of the weaker sections.

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state. It determines the legal contours of Justice. There will be no discrimination between individuals in the application of laws.

Question 2.
Define justice and write an essay on Social Justice.
Answer:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia ’, which means ‘to bind’.
Justice is a dynamic concept in contemporary society.

Definition of justice:
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Social Justice: Social Justice is generally equated with the notion of equality. Equality is an indisputable and inherent element of social justice. The term ‘social justice’ has wider meaning. ‘Social Justice’ connotes fairness, mutual obligation and responsibility in a society. It firmly believes that everyone is responsible to the others. Everyone must be provided adequate opportunities. Social justice, in brief, aims at achieving a just society by eliminating injustice. It prevails when people have the belief of sharing the things in the society. They must be entitled to equitable treatment, human rights and fair allocation of common resources.

In this context, modern political scientists like John Rawls and David Miller gave two prominent statements.

John Rawls advanced the theory of social Justice commonly known as “Justice or Fairness”.
To him, social justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities as well as taking care of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society.

David Miller pointed out that social justice is concerned with the distribution of good (advantages) and bad (disadvantages) in society. He further analysed more specifically how these things are distributed in society. According to him, social justice is concerned with the allocation of resources among people by social and political institutions. People, through social justice, receive many benefits in the fields of education, employment, wealth, health, welfare, transport etc.

Miller’s theory applies to both public and private spheres. His theory regards social justice as a social virtue that speaks of what a person possess and what he will owe to others in society.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who defined justice as ‘Justice means to help friends and harm enemies’?
1. Polemarchus
2. Cephalus
3. Plato
4. Ernest Bark
Answer:
1. Polemarchus

Question 2.
According to the Numerical concept of justice, who stated, ‘Everyone counts as one , no one counts for more than one’?
1. Aristotle
2. Plato
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. Cephalus
Answer:
3. Jeremy Bentham

Question 3.
Who regarded Distributive justice as the most powerful instrument against revolutions?
1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Ernest Barker
4. Polemarchus
Answer:
2. Aristotle

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
John Rawls advocated the ‘Theory of social justice’ commonly known as _____________.
Answer:
Justice as fairness

Question 2.
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means _____________.
Answer:
To bind

Question 3.
Aristotle stated, “If flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute. This concept is known as _____________.
Answer:
Geometrical concept

One Word Answers

Question 1.
‘Numerical Concept’ in modern times is advocated by
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham.

Question 2.
Who advocated distributive justice and corrective justice?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 3.
Who propounded that nature, ethics, religion, economic elements are the four sources justice?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.

Question 4.
Who stated that legal justice is ‘Law according to justice ‘”?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 6 Rights and Responsibilities Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 6th Lesson Rights and Responsibilities Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention the classification of rights.
Answer:
Rights are broadly classified into three categories:

1. Natural Rights
2. Moral Rights
3. Legal Rights

Legal Rights are again classified into three types:

1. Civil Rights
2. Political Rights
3. Economic Rights

Question 2.
Explain the theory of Natural rights.
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights that are enjoyed by people by birth. Theory of natural rights, claimed that rights are presocial and pre political nature. He cited the right to life, right to liberty and right to property as the basic natural rights. The state cannot deprive people of these rights.

Question 3.
Briefly explain the Moral rights.
Answer:
Moral rights are morally prescribed to men in society. The ethical or moral principles in society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and usages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Moral rights don’t have legal backing.

Question 4.
What is meant by Fundamental rights?
Answer:
Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the constitution. They are guaranteed to all citizens without any discrimination. They are essential for developing the personality of individuals.

Question 5.
Write the types of Human Rights.
Answer:
Types of Human Rights:

1. Civil and Political Rights.
2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Question 6.
Classify the Responsibilities.
Answer:
Classification of Responsibilities:

1. Moral Responsibilities.
2. Legal Responsibilities

Legal Responsibilities are again classified into two types:

1. Positive Responsibilities,
2. Negative Responsibilities.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe any four features of Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state. They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

Features of Rights:

1. Rights are possible only in society.
2. Rights are social in nature. They can be established only when society or state recognizes and maintains them.
3. Rights are inherent in the social nature of man. Social contractualists stated that rights are inherent in human nature.
4. Rights are enforced and protected by the state.
5. Rights are not absolute. Society and state impose some restrictions on the enjoyment of rights by individuals.
6. Every Right has a corresponding responsibility. Rights and responsibilities are interdependent.
7. Rights are universal in nature. They are applicable to all in the state.
8. Rights vary from time to time according to the needs of the people.

Question 2.
List any four objectives of Human Rights.
Answer:
Human rights are the amenities required for the basic existence of human beings. They are available to all persons irrespective of caste, creed, community, religion, region, language etc.

Objectives of Human Rights:

1. To ensure independence and protection from discrimination
2. Freedom from poverty.
3. Freedom for availing the latent abilities of individuals.
4. Freedom from fear.
5. Freedom of protection.
6. Freedom from injustice.
7. Freedom of speech and expression.
8. Freedom of association.
9. Freedom to carry out one’s activities with dignity.
10. Freedom against exploitation.

Question 3.
Mention all the important Responsibilities of a citizen.
Answer:
Responsibility is an obligation of an individual towards other individuals residing in society. It is regarded as an obligation or duty towards others.

1. Loyalty to State: Every citizen owes allegiance to the state to which he belongs.
2. Obedience to Laws: It is the basic responsibility of the citizens to obey the laws of State. They must obey the orders and directives of the state.
3. Payment of Taxes: Money plays a vital role in the matters of the society, government and state. It is the responsiblity of every citizen to pay taxes promptly and properly.
4. Honest exercise of Franchise and Authority of Public Office: In a democratic state, all adult citizens, subject to certain qualifications, enjoy the right to vote in choosing their representatives.
5. Cooperation in law-and-order matters :Citizens must be ready to assist the authorities at times of emergency.
6. Other responsibilities
   • They should assign priority to the common good.
   • They should also act as whistleblowers against those who misuse the power.

Question 4.
Explain any two theories of rights.
Answer:
Two theories of rights:

1. The theory of Natural rights:
The theory of natural rights says that every human being enjoys certain rights and finds them indispensable for his very existence. They come from nature and are not created by human agency. The great Roman Lawyer Cicero and John Locke were strong exponents of natural rights.

2. The Legal theory of rights:
According to this theory all rights of*man depend on the state for their existence. Rights are created and maintained by the state. There can be no rights beyond the legal frame-work provided by the state. This theory was fully developed by Bentham, Austin, Ritchie and Salmond.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Rights and explain any six types of Civil Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state.
They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

“A right is a claim recognized by the society and enforced by the state”- Bosanquet

Individuals in a civilized society enjoy the following Civil Rights.

1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right to equality.
4. Right to property.
5. Right to family.
6. Right to religion
7. Right to contract
8. Right to education

1. Right to life: T.H.Green considered it as the most fundamental civil right. This right provides security to the individual’s life. Individuals can not lead their lives in the absence of this right. It empowers the state to impose some reasonable restrictions upon the individuals. This right also includes the right of self defence.

2. Right to liberty: This right enables individuals to have freedom in various walks of life. It makes their lives worth living. It enables them to develop their personality in various spheres. It includes various freedoms such as freedom of movement, speech, expression, thought, residence etc.

3. Right to equality: This right implies that individuals are equal before law. It forbids discrimination on the basis of one’s caste, colour, creed, education, region, race, religion, wealth etc. It enables equal treatment to all persons. It provides scope for uniform application of laws. It enables equal opportunities to ail persons in social, economic and political fields.

4. Right to property: This right enables every individual to acquire, enjoy, donate or inherit the property. It is essential to the individual for securing higher standards of living. This right is crucial for the growth of an individual’s personality.

5. Right to family: Family is a fundamental social institution. This right enables individuals to maintain family relations in society. Consequently, individuals will have freedom to marry persons of their choice.

6. Right to religion: This right allows the individuals to have freedom to practice, propagate, and profess any religion of their choice. Every individual is at liberty to preach or practice the religious doctrine as they like. The secular states provide religious freedom to their citizens.

7. Right to contract: This right provides freedom to every individual to enter into contract or legal arrangements with others regarding his life, property and work. It regulates the two parties in carrying their contracts in letter and spirit.

8. Right to education: In the modern era education is regarded as vital to every individual. Uneducated and innocent individuals cannot play an active role in public affairs. Similarly, illiterate persons cannot fully make use of their abilities. Education and literacy enable people to understand the problems of the society and policies of the government.

Question 2.
Define Rights and explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state.
They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

“Right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.” – Bosanquet

Political Rights:

• Political rights enable the citizens to participate in the political affairs of the state.
• The citizen of the state only can enjoy these rights.

Types of Political Rights:

1. Right to vote:Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination bases on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2. Right to contest as candidate in elections: This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially, it enables dynamic citizens, to actively participate in the political affairs of the state.

3. Right to hold public offices: This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of the others. This helps the citizens exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4. Right to petition: This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modern state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long-pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right.

5. Right to criticism:This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time.

Question 3.
Describe any six safeguards of the Rights.
Answer:
Safeguards of Rights: Individuals enjoy their rights only when they are fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights of individuals.

1. Democratic Rule: Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2. Written and Rigid Constitution: A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. A rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3. Incorporation of Fundamental rights in constitution: Incorporation of fundamental rights in the Constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4. Separation of Powers: The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such a measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5. Decentralisation of powers: Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralized among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels- national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6. Rule of Law: Rule of Law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of religion, region, caste, colour, community etc.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary: Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will delivery judgment with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8. Independent Press: An independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to any body.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was Magna carta issued?
1. 1215 AD
2. 1315 AD
3. 1415 AD
4. 1515 AD
Answer:
1. 1215 AD

Question 2.
Who propounded the theory of “Natural rights”?
1. Rousseau
2. John Locke
3. H.J. Laski
4. T.H. Green
Answer:
2. John Locke

Question 3.
Who propounded the theory of ‘Individualism’?
1. H.J. Laski
2. Jeremy Bentham
3. Rousseau
4. J.S. Mill
Answer:
4. J.S. Mill

Question 4.
Who propounded the theory of “Utilitarianism”?
1. Jeremy Bentham
2. Aristotle
3. John Loke
4. Hobbes
Answer:
1. Jeremy Bentham

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
“Right to vote’ is the best example of the ____________ rights.
Answer:
Political

Question 2.
Right to adequate wage’ is best example of the ____________ rights.
Answer:
Economic

Question 3.
The declaration of Universal human rights was adopteed on ____________.
Answer:
1948 December 10

Question 4.
‘Helping the needy and the sick’ is regarded as an example of ____________ responsibility.
Answer:
moral

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who defined the term right as “Right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.”?
Answer:
Bosanquet

Question 2.
Violation of which type of rights is not considered as a crime?
Answer:
Moral rights

Question 3.
What are the basic human rights mentioned in the Constitution?
Answer:
Fundamental rights

Question 4.
Who gave the statement “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”?
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 5.
Which document is known as the “Bible of the English Constitution”?
Answer:
Magna carta.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 5 Liberty and Equality Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 5th Lesson Liberty and Equality Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term, liberty.
Answer:

• The term ‘liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ‘free from restrictions.’
• Liberty denotes freedom to do something like freedom of speech, fight of self defence.

Question 2.
Give any one definition of liberty.
Answer:

• “Liberty is the opposite of over government – J. R. Seely
• “Liberty means absence of coercion” -F.A. Hayek. [Coercion means force/ compulsion]

Question 3.
What is political equality?
Answer:
Political equality means providing equal and identical political rights to all the citizens of the state. It implies provision of adequate conditions for the people to participate in the political affairs of the state. It could be achieved by granting various political rights to the citizens in a state.

Question 4.
Point out any two essential features of equality.
Answer:

1. Equality is not given by nature: Absolute equality is found nowhere. No two individuals remain exactly like each other. Practically, individuals are not equal.
2. Equality is not absolute: Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim they had absolute equality.

Question 5.
Mention any two elements threatening of individual liberty.
Answer:

1.  Enhancement of state authority
2.  Too many laws
3. Negative attitude
4. Tyranny of majority

Question 6.
What is Equality?
Answer:
The term ‘Equality’ implies absolute equality of treatment. But in actual practice it is not possible to have such equality. In Political Science, the term ‘Equality’ refers to a state which grants its citizens equality before the law and equal opportunities to develop their personality.

Question 7.
Mention the different implications of Equality.
Answer:
Implications of Equality:

1. There should not be any special privileges to any individual or a group of individuals.
2. People must be provided with adequate opportunities to develop their personalities.
3. There should not be any discrimination among the people on the grounds of religion, caste, creed, colour, place of birth etc.

Question 8.
Mention any four safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
Safeguards of Liberty:

1. Democratic Rule
2. Written and Rigid Constitution.
3. lndependent Judiciary.
4. Rule of Law

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any four characteristics of Liberty.
Answer:
Characteristics of Liberty:

1. Liberty is a dynamic concept. Its interpretation varies according to time, place and wishes of the people.
2. Liberty always opposes political subjugation, imprisonment and slavery.
3. It always aims at realizing the aspirations of the individuals.
4. Liberty always means absence of irrational restraints and presence of favourable conditions.
5.  It is the product of rights.
6. It is essential for the realization of human personalities.
7. It is found only in democratic states.
8. It is manifest in the form of rights.

Question 2.
Explain any two types of liberty.
Answer:
Types of Liberty:

1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty.
4. Political liberty.
5. National liberty.

1. Natural Liberty: Natural liberty denotes unrestrained freedom to do whatever one pleases. It gives no scope for interference or restraint of any type. It prevails when individuals are allowed to do what they wish. However, unrestrained liberty negates the liberties of individuals. Natural liberty is not found in the present-day society. It existed prior to the origin of the state and society.

2. Civil Liberty: Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organization. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential prerequisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilized life in the state. Civil Liberty is manifested in several rights.
Ex: 1) Right to life
2) Right to work

Question 3.
Narrate any two types of equality.
Answer:
The concept of equality has a significant in the study of political science.
It was originated at first in Europe as a protest against feudalism.

Types of equality

1. Natural equality
2. Social equality
3. Economic equality
4. Political equality.
5. International equality.

1. Natural equality: Natural equality implies freedom from all restraints and social customs. It means absence of restraints of any type in individual sphere. Natural equality was mentioned in the social contract theory as propounded by Thomas Hobbes. He stated that men led their life in the state of nature prior to the civil society.

2. Social Equality: Social equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discrimination. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. Social equality implies the presence of harmonious conditions among the people who live in a society.

Question 4.
Describe any two obstacles to equality.
Answer:
The concept 6f equality has remained inoperative owing to the following obstacles.

Types of Obstacles:

1. Gap between law and practice
2. Equality is an Ideal
3. Social obstacles
4. Monopolization of Political power
5. Economic elements.

Obstacles to equality:
1. Gap between law and practice:

• In modern times, the concept of equality has been widely accepted all over the world.
• Law upholds the principle of equality in democratic states.
• Equality is said to be prevalent when there is no gap between the theory and practical application.

2. Social obstacles:

• Equality is not found in social sphere in almost all countries of the world.
• This is due to the narrow outlook, selfish attitude, superstitions etc.,

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Liberty and explain its types.
Answer:
Liberty: The success of a political system depends on the enjoyment of liberty and equality by the individuals. These two elements have great significance in the study of Political Science.

• “Liberty is the opposite of over government” – J. R. Seely
• “Liberty means absence of coercion” – F. A. Hayek
• “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint, but it lies in the development of one’s personality” -Mahatma Gandhi

Types of Liberty:

1. Natural liberty: Natural Liberty denotes unrestrained freedom to do whatever one pleases. It gives no scope for interference or restraint of any type. It prevails when individuals are allowed to do what they wish. However, unrestrained liberty negates the liberties of individuals. Natural liberty is not found in the present-day society. It existed prior to the origin of the state and society.

2. Civil liberty: Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organization. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilized life in the state.

Civil Liberty is manifested in several rights. These include:

1. Right to life
2. Right to work
3. Right to Property
4. Right to Religion
5. Right to Speech, expression, assembly, movement and residence etc.

These rights are given to the individuals without any discrimination.

3. Economic Liberty: Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described this liberty as ‘the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. Economic liberty denotes freedom from want or insecurity of economic nature. Without economic liberty democracy is meaningless.

4. Political Liberty: Political Liberty facilitates the citizens to take part in the political affairs of the State. Laski regarded political liberty as the power to be active in the affair of the state. Political Liberty is confined to the citizens alone. It is positive in nature. Political Liberty provides several rights in political matters.

These include:

1. Right to vote.
2. Right to contest as candidates in elections
3. Right to hold public office.
4. Right to criticism.

5. National Liberty: National Liberty implies the freedom and independence of the State. It also denotes the sovereignty of the state. Every state enjoys this liberty and remains free from the political domination of other states. This liberty is essential for the progress of nation in all spheres. The Indian masses under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi waged a non-violent struggle to secure national freedom from the British Rule.

Question 2.
What is equality? and explain its significant features.
Answer:
Equality: The term ‘equality’ implies absolute equality of treatment. But in actual practice it is not possible to have such equality. In political science, the term ‘equality’ refers to a state which grants its citizens equality before law and equal opportunities to develop their personality.

According to Pathanjali Shastri, equality means “Equality does not mean identical treatment. It means equal treatment under equal conditions”.

Significant Features of Equality:

1. Equality is not given by nature:
Equality is not given by nature. Absolute equality is found nowhere. All individuals are bom in the same circumstances. Human beings are not like standard commodities which are coming out of a factory.

2. Equality is not absolute:

Equality is not absolute. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable.
In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim they had absolute equality.

3. Essential for social justice:
Equality is essential for social justice. All over the world, there have been movements aiming at social justice. These movements have laid special attention to the achievement of equality.

4. Connected with liberty:
Equality is closely connected with liberty. This is due to the fact that without liberty people cannot have equality. Liberty remains insignificant in the absence of equality.

5. A condition of good life:
Equality is a condition of good life. Given equality individual can have good opportunities for developing his personality. He can reap the fruits of a higher life when there is no gap between those who are at the top and those who are at the bottom.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following equalities implies provision of adequate conditions for the people in the political affairs of the state?
1. Social Equality
2. Political Equality
3. Economic Equality
4. Natural Equality
Answer:
2. Political Equality

Question 2.
Which of the following equalities implies freedom from all restraints and social customs?
1. Natural Equality
2. Economic Equality
3. Political Equality
4. Social Equality
Answer:
1. Natural Equality

Question 3.
The definition “Liberty means absence of coercion” was given by…
1. T. H. Green
2. H.J. Laski
3. F.A. Hayek
4. J.R. Seely
Answer:
3. F.A. Hayek

Question 4.
Who opined, “Liberty is a constitutional freedom given to the individual to express his opinion frankly”?
1. Herbert Spencer
2. H. J. Laski
3. J. S. Mill
4. John Locke
Answer:
3. J. S. Mill

Question 5.
Identify the incorrect statement among the following essential features of equality.
1. Equality is not given by nature.
2. Equality is absolute.
3. Equality is essential for social justice.
4. Equality is closely connected with liberty.
Answer:
2. Equality is absolute.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ___________.
Answer:
Free from restrictions

Question 2.
Natural equality was mentioned in the ‘Social contract theory’ as propounded by ___________.
Answer:
Thomas Hobbes

Question 3.
___________ equality denotes presence of equality of status and absence of class distinctions.
Answer:
Social

Question 4.
___________ equality is considered as the basis of social and political equalities.
Answer:
Economic

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who gave the slogan “Give me liberty or Give me death”?
Answer:
Patrick Henry.

Question 2.
Which country revolutionaries shed their blood for the sake of the magic words “liberty, equality and fraternity”?
Answer:
French.

Question 3.
Which type of liberty existed before the formation of the state and society?
Answer:
Natural Liberty

Question 4.
Who stated, ‘Equality does not mean identical treatment, it means equal treatment under equal conditions’?
Answer:
Justice Pathanjali Shastri

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 4 Law Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 4th Lesson Law Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term law and its origin.
Answer:
The concept of Law in social science explains how to regulate the behavior of men in society. The first dimension of the term ‘Law’ is derived from the German “Lag” which means to lay, or to set or to fix.

The second dimension of the term ‘Law’ is derived from the Latin words “Jus and Jungere,” which mean bond or tie.

Question 2.
What is Natural Law?
Answer:
Natural law is an abstract divine law. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature based on metaphysical power. It is written in the heart of human beings by the finger of God.

Question 3.
Write about Constitutional Law.
Answer:

• Constitutional law is the supreme law of a state. It determines the structure of the government.
• It explains the relationship among the organs of government. It also explains the rights and responsibilities of the citizens of a state.

Question 4.
What is Administrative Law?
Answer:
Administrative law is the law of administration. It plays an important role in the smooth functioning of administration. It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people. It helps the government to bring reforms in the sphere of development and welfare programmes.

Question 5.
Explain the “Rule of Law”.
Answer:
Rule of Law says all are equal before law. it is the unique feature of British Constitution.

A.V.Dicey says that “Every official from Prime Minister to attender, all are equal before the law”.

The government must treat all the citizens equally as per the law. It Simply says, rule is rule for all. It stands for equality before the law.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two sources of law.
Answer:
Law is a product of history. It has passed through various stages of development.
Several elements have contributed to its evolution.

Six Sources of Law mentioned by Professor T.E. Holland:

1. Customs.
2. Religion.
3. Equity.
4. Legislature.
5. Judicial decisions.
6. Scientific Commentaries

1. Customs:
Customs are regarded as the earliest source of Law. In ancient period disputes between individuals were settled in accordance with the prevailing social customs. These customs, rituals and traditions in course of time became a basis for social life. For example. Marriage laws are formulated on the basis of customs.

2. Religion:
In ancient period, Customs and Religion were closely related to each other. The ancient city states were governed on the basis of divine laws. The early priests, kings and magicians played a key role in making laws supported by religion. Religion served as the basis of laws in many states. Example. The origin of the Hindu laws in -India can be traced to the Code of Manu.

Question 2.
Write any four features of law.
Answer:
Features of Law:

1. Law comprises some rules and regulations which are approved by the soverei
2. It is enforced by the state. It is valid because it is sanctioned by the state.
3. It is definite, precise and universal.
4. It reflects the will of the people.
5. Any violation of law leads to punishment.
6. Laws are compulsory and cohesive in nature.
7. Law aims at securing and promoting the individual and general welfare.
8. Law is dynamic as it goes on changing according to the needs of the people.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Law and Morality.
Answer:
Differences between Law and Morality:

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Law and explain the sources of law.
Answer:

• Law is a product of history. It has passed through various stages of development.
• Several elements have contributed to its evolution.

Definition of Law:
“Law is the collection of principles recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice.” -John Salmond

Six Sources of Law mentioned by Professor T.E. Holland :

1. Customs.
2. Religion.
3. Equity.
4. Legislature.
5. Judicial decisions.
6. Scientific Commentaries

1. Customs: Customs are regarded as the earliest source of Law. In ancient period disputes between individuals were settled in accordance with the prevailing social customs. These customs, rituals and traditions in course of time became a basis for social life.
Ex: Marriage laws are formulated on the basis of customs.

2. Religion: In ancient period, customs and religion were closely related to each other. The ancient city states were governed on the basis of divine laws. The early priests, kings and magicians played a key role in making laws supported by religion.
Ex:The origin of the Hindu laws in India can be traced to the Code of Manu.

3. Equity: The term ‘equity’ stands for the principles of fairness and justice. When the existing laws are inadequate, judges use their common sense and fair understanding to give relief to the party concerned. It is viewed as judge made law.

4. Legislation: Most of the laws are passed by the legislature. Legislation is considered as the direct source of law. Legislation became a significant element in enacting laws in modem times. While formulating laws, legislature represents the voice of the general public.

5. Judicial Decisions: Judicial Decisions are also considered as the most important source of law. The judges settle various disputes and review the constitutional propriety of laws. When a law is silent, judges express their opinions to deal with such situations, with better arguments and evidences.

6. Scientific Commentaries: The views, comments and works of eminent jurists on law help in the formation of laws. Greater importance is assigned to the opinion of judges, jurists and lawyers in the formulation of laws. In the course of their commentaries, the jurists point out the drawbacks in law, and suggest the solutions.

Question 2.
Define law and explain any six types of Maclver’s classification of Law.
Answer:

• Law is a product of history. It has passed through various stages of development
• Several elements have contributed to its evolution.

Definition of Law:

“Law is the collection of principles recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice.”-John Salmond

Types of Laws in Maclver’s classification:
1. Natural Law: Natural law is also known as divine law. It is abstract. It is not created by any human agency. It is considered as the gift of nature based on metaphysical power.

2. Positive Law: Positive law is created by the human agency. It is also known as political law. It is framed on the basis of the existing social and political conditions. It is sanctioned by the sovereign political authority.

3. Constitutional Law: Constitutional Law is basically different from ordinary laws. It is supreme law of the State. It determines the structure of the government. It explains the relationship among the organs of the government.

4. Ordinary Law: Ordinary law is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is formulated and enforced by the competent authority of the state. It explains the relations of the citizens with society, government and state.

5. Public Law: Public law regulates the relations between state and individuals. It explains the basic structure and functions of the state. It covers the basic rights of the individuals against the excessive interference of the state.

6. Private Law: Private Law determines and regulates the relations among the individuals. It perescribes the conduct of individuals in society. It provides guarantee to each individual to enjoy their rights. It is sometimes termed as civil law. Public Law is further divided into Administrative Law and General Law.

7. Administrative Law: Administrative law plays an important role in the smooth functioning of administration. It regulates the administrative relations between the authorities and people, law brings discipline among the personnel in the government.

8. General Law: General Law determines the relationship between ordinary citizens and the state. It de with the private affairs of individual in relation to the state. It covers the laws relating to marriage divorce, contract, etc.. General Law is further classified into statutory law, Common law.

9. Statutory Law: Statutory law is an important part of modern law. It is enacted by the legislature of a s for the day-to-day administration. For instance, the Parliament in India, the Congress in USA and Parliament in Britain formulate this type of law.

10. Common Law: Common law is a customary law. It is a product of customs and traditions which are po among the people. The courts accept common law as a part of the legal system.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The term ‘Equity’ is derived from the principle of ____________.
1. Natural Justice
2. Social Justice
3. Legal Justice
4. Political Justice
Answer:
1. Natural Justice

Question 2.
Which book of A. V. Dicey gave a precise explanation of the ‘Rule of law?
1. International Law
2. Politics
3. The Prince
4. Introduction to the study of The law of the constitution.
Answer:
4. Introduction to the study of The law of the constitution.

Question 3.
Which source of law is viewed as judge-made law?
1. Customs
2. Religion
3. Equity
4. Legislation
Answer:
3. Equity

Question 4.
India adopted the concept of ‘Rule of law’ from.
1. England
2. USA
3. France
4. Germany
Answer:
1. England

Question 5.
Which country believed that ‘breach of convention is a breach of law’? v
1. India
2. Britain
3. France
4. China
Answer:
2. Britain

Question 6.
Which of the following js an incorrect statement about constitutional law?
1. It is basically different from ordinary Law.
2. It is the supreme law of a state.
3. It determines the structure of the government.
4. It is not created by any human agency.
Answer:
4. It is not created by any human agency.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term ‘Law’ is derived from the teutonic root German ‘Log’ which means ____________________
Answer:
to lay/ to set/ something fixed

Question 2.
Violation of law leads to ____________.
Answer:
punishment

Question 3.
The source of Hindu laws in India is ____________.
Answer:
The code of Manu

Question 4.
The source of Mohammedan Law is ____________.
Answer:
Shariah

Question 5.
Natural law is also known as ____________.
Answer:
Divine law

Question 6.
The word ‘Law’ has its roots in the Latin words “Jus and Jungere, which mean ____________.
Answer:
Bond/Tie

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What is the supreme law of the state?
Answer:
Constitutional law.

Question 2.
Which law plays an important role in the smooth functioning of administration?
Answer:
Administrative law

Question 3.
Who believed that state is a necessary evil institution?
Answer:
Individualists

Question 4.
Who gave the slogan ‘Nothing against the state”?
Answer:
Mussolini

Question 5.
Where did the concept of the ‘Rule of Law’ originate?
Answer:
England

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 3 Nationalism Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 3rd Lesson Nationalism Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Cite any two countries that are two distinct nations even though they belong to the same race.
Answer:
Australia and Britain are two distinct countries belonging to the same race.

Question 2.
In which two countries does the sentiment of nationality prevail despite the existence of multiple languages?
Answer:
In India and Canada, nationality prevails despite of multiple languages.

Question 3.
What is National self-determination?
Answer:
National self-determination is a principle which implies that every nation should be organised as an independent political entity. It raises the question whether every nationality has the right to be a self-governing or sovereign state. Theory of national self-determination was publicised by Woodrow Wilson in 1917 AD.

Question 4.
Define Nation.
Answer:
The term ‘Nation’ is derived from a Latin word “Natio”, which means ‘born’.

Nation means a people joining together in a society by the ties of blood-relationship. “Nation is a body of people united by the common descent and language.” – Stephen Leacock

Question 5.
What is meant by Nationality?
Answer:
Nationality is derived from the Latin word ‘Nation’ which means birth or descent. Nationality is a term which denotes the status of a person in a state. Individuals who reside in a particular geographical area having a common language and common political aspiration would contribute to nationality.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism has emerged as the most inevitable political creed which has helped to shape the history. Nationalism not only inspired but also created deep hatredness among the people. It helped in liberalizing the people from oppressive rule. It became a deciding factor in the breakup of many empires and states.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the connotations of nationality?
Answer:
The term ‘Nationality’ is used in three different connotations.
1. Nationality refers to the legal status of citizens in a particular state. Here it refers to one’s status as a citizen of the state which he belongs to.

2. Nationality means a group of persons having their distinct identity within a particular nation. For instance, there were many nationalities as Byelorussians, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Tajiks etc in the erstwhile Soviet Union.

3. Nationality denotes a particular kind of feelings and sentiments that binds the people together. It differentiates such people from those of other nationalities. For instance, the residents in the region of Wales and Scotland in Britain have been struggling for independent status.

Question 2.
Mention the essential elements of the Nationality.
Answer:
Essential elements of Nationality:

1. Purity of Race
2. Common language
3. Common Religion
4. Geographical Unity
5. Common History
6. Common Culture

1. Purity of Race: Race is a physical phenomenon. Purity of race helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of nationality. It depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc.

2. Common Language: Language is a medium of communication and deliberations among the people. People having a common language can very easily form into a single nation. Common language embodies commpn literature. This leads to a sort of psychological unity among the people.

3. Common Religion: In the past religion played an important role in the consolidation of a nation. Common religion prompted and promoted strong bonds of unity. It helped in the formation of nationality through the common ideas and ideals of the people.

4. Geographical Unity: Geographical unity is considered to be very essential for the formation of nationality and nation. It attempts to design a separate entity to ascertain the unity of the country.

Question 3.
Write any four differences between nation and nationality.
Answer:
Differences between Nation and Nationality are given in the following table:

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is nationality ? and explain any six of its essential elements.
Answer:
Definitions of Nationality:

• “Nationality is a union of hearts once made and never unmade” -J. H. Rose
• “Nationality is a group or portion of population which is united by racial and other bonds” -J. W. Garner

Essential elements of Nationality :

1. Purity of Race
2. Common language
3. Common Religion
4. Geographical Unity
5. Common History
6. Common Culture
7. Common Political Aspirations

1. Purity of Race: Race is a physical phenomenon. Purity of race helps in the formation and strengthening of the idea of nationality, it depends on certain distinctions of skull, stature, hair, complexion etc. These distinctions serve as a cementing bond among the members of a group.

2. Common Language:
Language is a medium of communication and deliberations among the people. People having a common language can very easily form into a single nation. Common language embodies common literature. This leads to a sort of psychological unity among the people.

3. Common Religion:
In the past religion played an important role in the consolidation of a nation. Common religion prompted and promoted strong bonds of unity. It helped in the formation of nationality through the common ideas and ideals of the people.

4. Geographical Unity:
Geographical unity is considered to be very essential for the formation of nationality and nation. It attempts to design a separate entity to ascertain the unity of the country. Such unity affords an opportunity to the people to live together under similar climatic conditions.

5. Common History: Common History is considered as an Important element of Nationality. It invokes an inspiration among the people and binds them together. Sometimes historical incidents may give a chance to the people to develop national sentiments.

6. Common Culture: Culture in its broad sense means a way of life. It is reflected through certain common elements like dress, customs, conventions, food habits, religious beliefs, ethical values etc. They easily develop into a single nation.

7. Common Political Aspirations: People living together in a territory will he imbibed with common political and economic aspirations.These intum play a dominant role in the emergence of a nation.

Question 2.
Define nation and explicate the differences between nation and state.
Answer:
The term ‘Nation’ is derived from a Latin word “Natio,” which means ‘born’.

Nation means a people joining together in a society by the ties of blood^relationship.

Definition of the Nation:
“Nation is a body of people united by the common descent and language.” – Stephen Leacock

Differences between Nation and State:

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who wrote the book ‘The International Law’?
1. Calvo
2. Lord Bryce
3. Burgess
4. Stephen Leacock
Answer:
1. Calvo

Question 2.
Identify the incorrect statement regarding nationality.
1. Nationality is a psychological feeling.
2. Nationality is always an unorganised and flexible feeling.
3. Nationality is always independent.
4. There can be nationality without a nation.
Answer:
3. Nationality is always independent.

Question 3.
Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the nation?
1. Nation is a political concept.
2. Nation is always a politically organised state.
3. Nation is always independent.
4. There can be a nation without nationality.
Answer:
4. There can be a nation without nationality.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The theory of ‘One nation-One state’ became popular after the first world war. It was based on the principle of ______________.
Answer:
National Self-Determination

Question 2.
PLO stands for ________________.
Answer:
Palestine Liberation Organisation

Question 3.
The term ‘Nation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Natio’, which means ______________.
Answer:
Born

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who proposed the theory of ‘National self-determination’?
Answer:
Woodrow Wilson.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 2 State Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 2nd Lesson State Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any one definition of the state.
Answer:

• State is a politically organized people of a definite territory” – Bluntschli
• “State is a people organized for law within a definite territory” – Woodrow Wilson

Question 2.
Mention the other elements of the state.
Answer:
The four other elements of the State are:

1. International Recognition,
2. Permanence.
3. General Obedience
4. Popular Will

Question 3.
What are the primary theories of the origin of the state?
Answer:
Primary theories of the origin of the state:

1. The Divine Origin Theory
2. The Force Theory
3. The Patriarchal Theory
4. The Matriarchal Theory

Question 4.
What do you know about ‘association’?
Answer:
An association is defined as “a group of people united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes”. Associations are meant for realising the interests of their members only.

They may be temporary or permanent. They lack sovereignty.

Question 5.
What is international recognition?
Answer:
International recognition:

• Every state needs to be recognised by the other states.
• International recognition implies recognition of the sovereign status of a state by other states.
• Such recognition is rendered by some international organizations like United Nations Organization.
• The UNO membership is a means for recognizing state’s sovereignty.

Question 6.
Mention two thinkers who endorsed social contract theory.
Answer:
Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau endorsed Social Contract Theory.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two essential elements of the State.
Answer:
State is considered as the most important, powerful, and sovereign institution.
Essential elements of the State:

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

1. Population: State is an organized human association. No state can exist and survive without people. Because there must be some one to rule and others to be ruled.

For Plato, the ideal population of a state is 5040 people and for Rousseau it is 10,000.

In modern times the maximum and minimum size of population has not been prescribed. Modern States greatly vary in their size of population. States like the United States, Russia and Canada are under populated. China and India are over populated.

2. Territory: Territory denotes geographical area of the State. It is owned and controlled by a government which exercises sovereign power.

State requires a fixed territory, with clear demarcated boundaries for exercising undisputed authority. Territory is its “material basis”.

Territory of a State comprises:

• Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers;
• Territorial waters extending upto 12 nautical miles into the sea from the coast
• Terrestrial space lying above its land.

Question 2.
Write any four differences between state and society.
Answer:
Differences between State and Society:

Question 3.
Write any four differences between state and government.
Answer:
Differences between State and Government:

 
Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define State and explain its essential elements.
Answer:
State is considered as the most important, powerful, and sovereign institution.

Definition of the State
“State is a politically organized people of a definite territory” – Bluntschli

Essential Elements of the State:

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

1. Population: State is an organized human association. No state can exist and survive without people. Because there must be some one to rule and others to be ruled.

For Plato, the ideal population of a state is 5040 people and for Rousseau it is 10,000.

In modern times the maximum and minimum size of population has not been prescribed. Modern States greatly vary in their size of population. States like the United States, Russia and Canada are under populated. China and India are over populated.

2. Territory: Territory denotes geographical area of the State. It is owned and controlled by a government which exercises sovereign power.

State requires a fixed territory, with clear demarcated boundaries for exercising undisputed authority. Territory is its “material basis”.
Territory of a State comprises:

• Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers;
• Territorial waters extending upto 12 nautical miles into the sea from the coast
• Terrestrial space lying above its land.

3. Government: State must possess an organized government. Government is the machinery through which the State exercises its supreme power. It constitutes the brain and heart of the State. Government is indeed an indispensable machinery by means of which the State maintains its existence, carries on its functions and realizes its policies and objectives. Without government, there can be no civilized body like State.

Government is the executive branch of the State. It is essential for administering political, economic, social and cultural affairs. The State performs its various functions through the Government.
Government comprises three organs:

• Legislature
• Executive and
• Judiciary

4. Sovereignty: Sovereignty is the fourth essential element of the State. It is this element that distinguish the state from other association. Sovereignty denotes the supreme and final coercive authority beyond which no further coercive power exists. It is the supreme power or ultimate authority of the State. It enables the Government to rule and make laws within the State.

Sovereignty has two aspects: internal and external.

Question 2.
Write any eight differences between state and association.
Answer:
Differences between State and Association are given in the following table:

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What, according to Willoughby, is an important element of the state?
1. Government
2. Sovereignty
3. Popular Will
4. Permanence
Answer:
3. Popular Will

Question 2.
Identify the essential element of the state.
1. International recognition
2. Government
3. Permanence
4. Popular Will
Answer:
2. Government

Question 3.
Identify the other element of the state.
1. Population
2. Territory
3. Sovereignty
4. General Obedience
Answer:
4. General Obedience

Question 4.
“The Prince” book was written by
1. Machiavelli
2. Maclver
3. Aristotle
4. Bluntschli
Answer:
1. Machiavelli

Question 5.
In the following elements which is called as the “brain and heart of the state”?
1. Government
2. Population
3. Sovereignty
4. Territory
Answer:
1. Government

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The origin of the modern states was in ___________.
Answer:
Ancient Greece and Medieval Europe

Question 2.
According to Plato, the size of the population of the ‘polis’ that he conceived should not comprise more than ___________ people.
Answer:
5040

Question 3.
For every coastal state, its territorial waters extend into the sea up to a distance of ___________ nautical miles from the coastal baseline.
Answer:
12

One Word Answers

Question 1.
In the modern period, which theory led to the origin of modern nation-state system?
Answer:
Theory of National Self-Determination.

Question 2.
Who used the word ‘La Stato’ for the first time in the sense of the ‘state’?
Answer:
Machiavelli.

Question 3.
At the end of the sixteenth century, who referred to the state as a ‘republic’?
Answer:
Jean Bodin.

Question 4.
Which element of the state distinguishes the state from other associations?
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 5.
Who regarded that ‘blood relationship (kinship) created society and society in turn led to the state’?
Answer:
Maclver

Question 6.
Who believed that good citizens make a good state?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 7.
Who considered that ‘the state has a class structure’?
Answer:
Socialists

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 1 Scope and Significance of Political Science Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 1st Lesson Scope and Significance of Political Science Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Name four ancient Greek city-states.
Answer:
Ancient Greek city-states:

1. Athens
2. Argos
3. Aegina
4. Corinth
5. Sparta

These city states maintained the status of sovereignty.

Question 2.
What is the origin of the term ‘civics’?
Answer:

• The term ‘Civics’ is derived from two Latin words ‘Civitas’ and ‘Civis’.
• They mean, City and Citizen respectively.

Question 3.
How does Political Science teach the qualities of Good Citizenship?
Answer:
Good Citizenship Qualities: Political Science teaches the lessons of various aspects and virtues of good citizenship. It trains the people to become ideal citizens. It inculcates good citizenship qualities such as obedience, social service, self-sacrifice, National unity etc. it promotes and strengthens among them a sense of responsibility towards society and state.

Question 4.
Give any two traditional definitions of political Science.
Answer:
Traditional definitions of Political Sciences:

1. Political Science – A study of State
2. Political Sciene – A study of Government
3. Political Sciene – A study of State and Government.

Question 5.
Write about any two modern definitions of Political science.
Answer:
Modern definitions of Political Sciences:

1. Political Science – A study of Power
2. Political Science – A study of Allocation of values.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate any four traditional definitions of political science.
Answer:
Traditional definitions of Political Science:

1. Political Science – a study of the State.- J.W.Garner
2. Political Science – a study of the Government.- Stephen Leacock
3. Political Science – a study of the State and the Government.- R.N.Gilchrist

1. Political Science – a study of the State:
“Political Science begins and ends with the state” – J. W. Garner

2. Political Science – a study of the Government:

• Stephen Leacock, John Richard Seely and others defined, Political Science as a study of the Government.
• “Political Science deals with the Government’ – Stephen Leacock
• “Political Science investigates the phenomenon of the Government’-John Richard Seely

3. Political Science – a study of the State and the Government:

• Paul Janet, R. N. Gilchrist, Dimock, Prof. Catlin and others defined Political Science as a study of the State and the Government.
• “Political Science is a study of foundations of the State and the Government’ – R. N. Gilchrist

Question 2.
Distinguish between civics and political science.
Answer:

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define political science and explain any six points of the scope of political science.
Answer:
Define political science and explain any six points of the scope of political science.
Aristotle, used the term ‘Politics’ for the first time in his book ‘Politics’. The term ‘Politics’ is derived from Greek words ‘Polis’ and ‘Politicus’ They mean the City and Citizen respectively.

Definitions of Political Science:

• “Political Science begins and ends with the state” – J. W. Garner
• “Political Science is a study of foundations of the State and the Government’- R. N. Gilchrist

Scope of Political Science:

1. Study of Man in the Society and State.
2.  Study of State.
3. Study of the Government.
4. Study of Associations and Institutions.
5. Study of Rights and Responsibilities.
6. Study of National and International Issues
7. Study of Power.
8. Study of Public Policy.

1. Study of Man in the Society and State : Aristotle stated that ‘Man is a social animal’.
Man can satisfy his basic needs like food, clothing, shelter and protection in the society. Political Science explains the relationship between man and society. It also explains the origin, evolution and purpose of the society.

2. Study of State: Some Political scientists conceived the Political Science as a study of the affairs of the state. The state is indispensable (essential) for every individual. It studies the relationship between the state and the citizens.

Political Science explains about the state under three categories.

• The study of state in present situation.
• The study of state in the past.
• The study of state as it should be in future.

3. Study of Government: Some Political scientists conceived the political science as a study of government. Government is agency of the state. There can be no state without a government. Government formulates, expresses and implements the aims and aspirations of the state through its organs.

4. Study of Associations and institutions: Political science explains the nature, structure and functions of the various associations and institutions. Every individual is a member of various associations and institutions in the state.

5. Study of Rights and Responsibilities: The scope of political science includes the study of the significance of rights like right to life and right to liberty etc., and the responsibilities like paying taxes, obeying laws etc., of the citizens. Political science enumerates the definitions, classification and different theories of rights and responsibilities.

6. Study of National and International lssues:The scope of political science comprises a study of the domestic issues and policies of the state as well as international issues like Cold War, balance of power, disarmament, diplomacy, international politics and international organization etc.,

7. Study of Power: The behaviouralists of twentieth century regarded Political Science as a study of sharing and shaping of power. They pointed out that Political Science discusses how power is grabbed, manipulated and perpetuated to have a control over the society.

8. Study of Public Policy: David Easton, Anderson and Charles Lindbolm considered Political Science as the study of formulation, execution and evaluation of Public Policy. They emphasized the role of formal political structures and informal political groups.

Question 2.
Explain any eight points of the significance of political science. [BMP2][Mar-19]
Answer:
Political Science is very valuable and indispensable to the rulers as well as the ruled.

Significance of Political Science:

1. Information about the state.
2. Knowledge of Government and Administration.
3. Information about Democratic values.
4. Makes Democracy successful.
5. Rights and Responsibilities.
6. Good citizenship qualities.
7. Knowledge about world affairs.
8. Provides knowledge about International Organisations.
9. Develops political awareness.
10. Explains the need for Co-operation and Toleration.

1. Information about the State: The primary aim of studying Political Science is to provide information and knowledge of the State – its origin, nature, structure and functions. Knowledge of the State is of great significance to everyone.

2. Knowledge of Government and Administration: Political Science creates awareness about the organization, control and coordination of administration, public relations, management, administrative laws etc. It also covers the study of local self-governing bodies like Corporations, Municipalities, Zilla Parishads, Mandal Parishads, Panchayats etc.

3. Information about Democratic values:Political Science provides accurate information about the political terms like state, government, nation, nationality, constitution, democracy, socialism, and communism which are used commonly in every sphere of human life. It provides a good knowledge and awareness about the political ideas like Rights, Liberty, Equality and Justice.

4. Makes Democracy Successful: People in democracy elect their representatives and are ruled by them. They must be vigilant and enlightened for preserving and promoting democratic ideals. It educates the common men on the ideals and ideals of democracy. Its study is vital for the success of democracy.

5. Rights and Responsibilities: The study of Political Science enables the citizens to be familiar with their rights and responsibilities and their interrelationship. The success or failure of democracy depends upon the proper understanding of the relationship between the rights and responsibilities.

6. Good Citizenship Qualities : Political Science teaches the lessons of various aspects and virtues of good citizenship. It trains the people to become ideal citizens. It inculcates good citizenship qualities such as obedience, social service, self-sacrifice , National unity etc.

It promotes and strengthens among them a sense of responsibility towards society and state.

7. Knowledge about world affairs: The study of Political Science enriches individual’s knowledge on world affairs. It is useful for observing and understanding the contemporary world affairs.

It stimulates right thinking, broad vision and universal understanding of various phenomena of international politics.

8. Knowledge about International Organisations:The Study of Political Science promotes the spirit of internationalism. It provides a sound knowledge about international organizations like the UNO, WHO, UNESCO.

9. Develops Political awareness: The study of Political Science provides the necessary knowledge about political ideals namely Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Justice etc. It also discusses about some political ideologies like fascism, socialism and communism.

10. Explains the need for Co-operation and Toleration: Many obstacles like communalism, linguism, sub-national regional and sub-regional feelings etc., have been threatening the national integration in many states. In this context, the study of Political Science teaches about the need for adjustment, co-operation and toleration.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following is not considered an ancient Greek city-state?
1. Athens
2. Corinth
3. Argos
4. USA
Answer:
4. USA

Question 2.
Who described the ancient Greek city-states as ‘city-communities’?
1. Socrates
2. Prof. Catlin
3. Plato
4. Paul Janet
Answer:
2. Prof. Catlin

Question 3.
Socrates belonged to
1. 5th Century BC
2. 6th Century BC
3. 4th Century BC
4. 5th Century AD
Answer:
1. 5th Century BC

Question 4.
The term ‘Politics’ is derived from Greek words ‘Polis’ and ‘Politis’ which mean
1. City-Communities
2. Modern State
3. City and Citizen
4. Modern Village
Answer:
3. City and Citizen

Question 5.
Who defined “political science as the science of who gets what, when and why?”
1. William A. Robson
2. Hillman
3. Stephen Leacock
4. J.W. Garner
Answer:
2. Hillman

Question 6.
Who understood political science as the authoritative allocation of values?
1. David Easton
2. Hillman
3. R.G. Gettel
4. Harold Lasswell
Answer:
1. David Easton

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Modern political scientists like Anderson, David Easton and Charles Lindblom argued that political science is a ____________.
Answer:
Policy science

Question 2.
The father of political science is ____________.
Answer:
Aristotle

One Word Answer

Question 1.
Who worked hard to popularity of political science as a subject of study in developing nations?
Answer:
H.J. Laski.

Question 2.
Where did political science originate?
Answer:
Ancient Greek city-states.

Question 3.
Who said ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 4.
Who first recognised political science as a prominent academic subject?
Answer:
London School of Economics.

Question 5.
Who described political science as the ‘supreme science and the master of all social sciences’?
Answer:
Aristotle.