AP Inter 2nd Year

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 10 Local Governments in India Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 10th Lesson Local Governments in India Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention the organs of the Zilla Parishad
Answer:
The Zilla Parishad comprises five organs:

1. Zilla Parishad
2. Zilla Parishad Chairperson
3. Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
4. Zilla Mahasabha
5. Standing Committees

Question 2.
What are the qualifications required to contest in local self-government elections in India?
Answer:
To contest in local self-governments in India a candidate must possess following qualifications:

1. He/she should be a citizen of India.
2. He/she should have completed the age of 21 years.
3. He/she should have registered as voter in the local electoral list.

Question 3.
Gram Sabha
Answer:
The Grama Sabha is the village assembly consisting of all registered voters of the Gram Panchayat area. It is a permanent body and ensures people’s participation, transparency, and accountability in village administration. It meets at least twice a year to approve development plans and review the functioning of the Gram Panchayat.

Question 4.
Cantonment Boards
Answer:
Cantonment Boards in India are Urban local bodies originally established under the Cantonments Act, 1924, which was later replaced by the Cantonments Act, 2006. At present, there are 61 Cantonment Boards functioning across the country.

These bodies work to improve the living conditions of both the civilian population and military personnel within their jurisdiction. They function under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any four features of the Local government in India.
Answer:
Features of the Local government in India:

1. Local governments operate within a specific, limited geographical area, smaller than the entire state.
2. They have clearly defined powers to make rules, regulations, and decisions for local administration.
3. They are organised to allow local people to participate in the management of local affairs.
4. Their main objective is to promote the economic, social, and civic development of the local area.
5. While functioning under state guidance, they enjoy a certain degree of administrative and financial autonomy.

Question 2.
Classify the Local governments in India.
Answer:
In India, local government is classified into two different sets of institutions: Rural local government (or Panchayati Raj Institutions) and Urban local bodies.
Rural Local Government (Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj):

1. Zilla Parishads at District level.
2. Mandal Parishads or Panchayat Samithi at Mandal Level.
3. Gram Panchayats at village level.

Urban Local Government Institutions (Nine types):

1. Municipal Corporation.
2. Municipality.
3. Nagar Panchayat.
4.  Notified Area Committee.
5. Town Area Committee.
6. Cantonment Boards.
7. Township.
8. Port Trust.
9. Special Purpose Agencies.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on municipalities.
Answer:
Municipalities are urban local bodies that function below a Municipal Corporation and above a Nagar Panchayat. In Andhra Pradesh, municipalities are constituted under the Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965. The State Government declares an area as a municipality based on population, income, and urban characteristics.

The city is divided into wards, and the voters of each ward directly elect Councillors for a term of five years.

Main organs of a Municipality:

1. Municipal Council
2. Municipal Chairperson
3. Municipal Commissioner
4. Standing Committees

Grades of Municipalities:

1. Selection Grade Municipality – Population above 3 lakh; Income above ₹ 8 crores.
2. Special Grade Municipality – Population 1-3 lakh; Income ₹ 6-8 crores.
3. Grade-I Municipality – Population 50,000-1 lakh; Income ₹ 4-6 crores.
4. Grade-II Municipality – Population 40,000-50,000; Income ₹ 2-4 crores.
5. Grade-III Municipality- Population 25,000-40,000; Income ₹ 1-2 crores.

Question 4.
What is the role of District Collector in the local Governments?
Answer:

• Role of District Collector: The District Collector is the head of district administration and plays an important role in the welfare and development of the people.
• District collector supervises various administrative activities in the district.
• The office of the District Collector was established in 1772 by the East India Company.
• Before Independence, the Collector was mainly responsible for revenue collection, maintaining law and order, and protecting British interests. After Independence, the role of the Collector expanded.
• District Collector became responsible for implementing rural development programmes, welfare schemes, and Panchayati Raj reforms.
• The Collector also coordinates the work of different government departments in the district.
• Today, the District Collector, usually an IAS officer, supervises local governments, coordinates development activities, and acts as a link between the State Government and the people.
• District Collector ensures that government policies and programmes are effectively implemented at the district level.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly the organs of the Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat is the lowest tier in the Panchayati Raj system.
The Gram Panchayat comprises four main organs, namely:

1. Panchayat
2. Sarpanch
3. Panchayat Secretary
4. Gram Sabha

1. Panchayat
The Panchayat is the executive body of the Gram Panchayat. Generally, it consists of the following members:

i) Elected members:

• The Sarpanch (President) – the elected head of the Gram Panchayat.
• The Upa-Sarpanch (Vice-President) – elected by and from among the ward members.
• The Ward Members – elected representatives from each ward of the village.

ii) Permanent Invitees: They are the government officials such as Panchayat Secretary, Village Agriculture Assistant, and Village Health Worker/Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), among others.

2. Sarpanch: The Sarpanch is the political and executive head of the Panchayat. His/her tenure is five years. The Sarpanch presides over the meetings of the Village Panchayat and the Gram Sabha with the assistance of the Panchayat Secretary. The Sarpanch exercises administrative control over the properties, programmes, and personnel of the Village Panchayat and plays a key role in the integrated development of the village.

3. Panchayat Secretary: The Panchayat Secretary is a government-appointed administrative officer who manages the daily affairs of the Gram Panchayat. The Secretary assists the elected Sarpanch in conducting meetings of the Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha, maintains official records and accounts, and implements government schemes and developmental programmes at the village level. The Panchayat Secretary acts as a vital link between the State Government and the Gram Panchayat, ensuring effective coordination and efficient functioning of local governance.

4. Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha is the village assembly, consisting of all registered voters of the Gram Panchayat area. It is a permanent body, unlike the Gram Panchayat, which is a group of elected representatives. The Gram Sabha meets at least twice a year to approve the annual budget and development plans, select beneficiaries for welfare schemes, and review the functioning of the Gram Panchayat. The Sarpanch presides over its meetings. The Gram Sabha ensures people’s participation, transparency and accountability in village administration.

Question 2.
Write any eight provisions of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
Answer:
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 was approved by Parliament in December 1992 and came into force on June 1, 1993. It is regarded as a progressive measures to strengthen Urban local bodies in India. The Act provided a uniform constitutional framework for the effective functioning of these bodies across the country.

Provisions of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992:

1. The Act gave constitutional status to Urban local bodies in India.
2. It listed 18 subjects under their jurisdiction.
3. It defined terms related to Urban local bodies and constituted Metropolitan areas for populations of one million or more.
4. It provided for Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats and allowed state governments to designate and demarcate them.
5. It specified the composition of Municipalities, including ex-officio members from the Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha, and optional members from the Legislative Council and Rajya Sabha.
6. It authorized state legislatures to legislate on the composition of ward committees.
7. It provided seat reservations for SCs, STs and one-third for women, including the Chairperson’s office on a rotation basis.
8. It prescribed a five-year term for Municipalities and elections within six months of dissolution.
9. Persons disqualified to become members of the Legislative Assembly are also disqualified to become members of Municipalities. The minimum age for membership in a Municipality is 21 years.
10. It empowered Municipalities to levy taxes, allocate funds and receive grants from the state.

Question 3.
Describe the organs of the Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
The Municipal Corporation is the highest form of urban local government functioning in large urban areas. It is constituted by a special Act of the State Government. The registered voters of each ward directly elect their representatives on a party basis, who are known as Corporators (or Councillors). The term of office of the elected members is five years.

The Municipal Corporation comprises four main organs, namely:

1. Corporation Council
2. Mayor
3. Commissioner
4. Standing Committees

1. Corporation Council: The Corporation Council is the deliberative and legislative wing of the Municipal Corporation, responsible for making decisions related to urban governance and development. It generally includes the following members:

• Elected Members: These members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies (wards) of the Municipal Corporation, usually on a party basis.
• Chairpersons: The Mayor and Deputy Mayor are indirectly elected from among the elected Corporators.
• Ex-officio Members: These include Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), Members of the Legislative Council (MLCs), and Members of Parliament (MPs) representing the city or any part of the Municipal Corporation area.
• Permanent Invitees: These are district-level government officials, such as the District Collector, District Educational Officer, and District Medical and Health Officer.

2. The Mayor: The Mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation and is regarded as the first citizen of the city. He/she presides over the meetings of the Corporation Council and ensures that its decisions are properly implemented. The Mayor generally holds office for a period of five years.

3. Commissioner: The Municipal Commissioner is the administrative head of the Municipal Corporation. He/she is usually appointed by the State Government as a cadre officer, generally from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). The Commissioner assists the Mayor in conducting meetings of the Corporation Council, prepares the annual budget, and ensures the efficient use of funds.

4. Standing Committees: The Standing Committees are advisory bodies of the Municipal Corporation that assist in its day-to-day administration. They deal with subjects such as health, education, public works, taxation and finance. Each committee comprises elected members, with one serving as the Chairperson. The Finance Committee is the most important, overseeing
budget preparation and financial management.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which Veda mentions village communities?
1. Sama Veda
2. Yajur Veda
3. Rigveda
4. Atharva Veda
Answer:
3. Rigveda

Question 2.
Who is known as the father of local bodies in modern India?
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Lord Mayo
4. Lord Ripon
Answer:
4. Lord Ripon

Question 3.
Which State first implemented the Panchayati Raj System in India?
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Telangana
3. Rajasthan
4. Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
3. Rajasthan

Question 4.
Identify the highest Urban local government institution in India.
1. Nagar Panchayat
2. Municipal Corporation
3. Municipality
4. Cantonment Board
Answer:
2. Municipal Corporation

Question 5.
Where was the first Municipal Corporation established in India?
1. Mumbai
2. Calcutta
3. Madras
4. Bangalore
Answer:
3. Madras

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Village Panchayats flourished in South India during the dynasty of __________
Answer:
Chola

Question 2.
__________ Committee recommended Three tire panchayatraj system in India.
Answer:
Balwant Rai Mehta

Question 3.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 came into force __________
Answer:
24th April, 1993

Question 4.
__________ Constitutional Amendment Act provides for the establishment and structure of Urban Local Bodies (Municipalities) in India?
Answer:
74th

One Word Answers

Question 1.
How many functional subjects are listed in the Eleventh Schedule?
Answer:
29

Question 2.
State the new schedule that was added to the Constitution of India by the 73rd Constitutional Act.
Answer:
Eleventh Schedule

Question 3.
Who is the political head of the Panchayat?
Answer:
Sarpanch

Question 4.
Mention the Chief Executive head of the Mandal Parishad.
Answer:
Mandal Parishad Development Officer (MPDO)

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 9 Union State Relations Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 9th Lesson Union State Relations Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four subjects included in the Union List.
Answer:
Subjects included in the Union List:

1. Defence
2. Foreign affairs
3. Banking
4. Communication
5. Currency

Question 2.
Mention All India Services.
Answer:
All India Services (governed by Article 312) include:

1. IAS (Indian Administrative Service)
2. IPS (Indian Police Service)
3. IFS / IFoS (Indian Forest Service)

Question 3.
Composition of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Sarkaria Commission, appointed by the Union government in 1983, was a three-member commission consisting of:

• R.S. Sarkaria: Chairman (a retired Supreme Court judge).
• B. Sivaraman: Member.
• Dr. S.R. Sen: Member

Question 4.
Who appoints and who removes the members of the State Public Service Commission
Answer:
The appointment and removal of members of a State Public Service Commission are handled as follows:

1. Appointment: The Chairperson and members are appointed by the Governor.
2. Removal: They can be removed only by the President under specified grounds.

Question 5.
Mention any two major areas of tension in Union State relations.
Answer:
Major areas of tension in Union-State relations:

1. Mode of appointment and dismissal of Governors.
2. Imposition of President’s Rule for political or partisan interests.
3. Discrimination in financial allocations to States.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the constitutional provisions of the Goods and Services Tax.
Answer:
The Amendment introduced GST, a comprehensive indirect tax on the manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services across India.

GST aims to eliminate the cascading effect of multiple indirect taxes and to create a unified, seamless national market for goods and services.

Important Constitutional Provisions on GST

1. Article 246A: Grants concurrent powers to both Parliament and State Legislatures to make laws on GST.
2. Intra-State GST: Both Union and States levy CGST and SGST on supplies within the same state.
3. Article 269A: For Inter-State trade (IGST), the tax is levied and collected by the Union and apportioned between the Union and States based on GST Council recommendations.
4. Article 279A: Provides for the GST Council, constituted by the President.

The Council consists of:
Union Finance Minister (Chairperson), Union Minister of State for Revenue Finance Ministers (or nominees) of all States

Question 2.
Explain the composition and functions of NITI Aayog.
Answer:
The Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) on 1 January 2015 via a Cabinet Resolution to provide strategic and technical advice to the Government.

I. Composition of NITI Aayog

1. Chairperson: The Prime Minister.
2. Vice Chairperson: Appointed by the Prime Minister.
3. Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Appointed by the Prime Minister; must be eligible to be a Secretary to the Government of India.
4. Full-time Members: Experts in fields like economics, science, and other related fields.
5.  Part-time Members: Up to two members from research institutions or universities.
6. Ex-officio Members: Four Union Ministers nominated by the Prime Minister.
7. Special Invitees: Administrators of Union Territories and other experts.
8. Governing Council: Known as ‘Team India,” it includes the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers of all States, the Vice Chairperson, Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories, and ex-officio members.

II. Key Functions of NITI Aayog:

1. Policy Formulation: Creating long-term and sector-specific policies for national development.
2. Promoting Cooperative Federalism: Fostering collaboration between the Union and State governments.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation: Assessing the implementation of various government schemes and programs.
4. Think Tank Role: Providing strategic guidance, innovation, and expertise to address economic and developmental challenges.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on the Union’s administrative directions to the States.
Answer:
The Constitution of India empowers the Union to issue administrative directions to the states to ensure national unity, the implementation of parliamentary laws, and the protection of national interests.
The following are the key areas where the Union can issue such directions:

I. Specific Administrative Matters: The Union may direct states regarding:

1. Construction and maintenance of communications deemed of military or national importance (Article 257).
2. Protection of railways within the state (Article 339).
3. Primary education facilities in the mother tongue (Article 350A).
4. Implementation of special welfare schemes for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) (Article 339).
5. Promotion and development of Hindi as the Union’s official language (Article 351).

II. Emergency Situations:
During a National Emergency (Article 352), the Union can issue executive directions to any state on any subject.

Question 4.
Mention any four recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
The Sarkaria Commission, appointed by the Union government in 1983, was a three-member commission
Recommendations made by the Sarkaria Commission:

1. Permanent Inter-State Council: A permanent Inter-State Council (Inter-Governmental Council) should be established under Article 263.
2. Sparingly Use Article 356: Article 356 (President’s Rule) should be used only as a last resort in extreme cases.
3. Strengthening All India Services: These services should be strengthened, and new ones should be created.
4. Residuary Powers: Residuary taxation powers should remain with Parliament, while all other residuary powers should be placed in the Concurrent List.
5. Communication on State Bills: If the President withholds assent to a State bill, the reasons for doing so should be communicated to the State government.
6.  Reconstitution of the NDC: The National Development Council (NDC) should be renamed and reconstituted as the National Economic Development Council (NEDC).

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the rationale for the strong unitary bias in the Indian federal system.
Answer:
Rationale for a Strong Unitary Bias in the Indian Federation

1. Historical contexts and national unity:

• Need to prevent fragmentation after independence.
• Aim to forge a unified national identity.

2. Economic Integration and Development:

• Central planning for balanced regional growth.
• Equitable distribution of resources across states.
• Coordinated implementation of national economic policies.

3. National Security and External Threats:

• Maintaining a strong Union authority for defence.
• Ability to respond swiftly to external aggression or internal unrest.
• Preventing secessionist movements and ensuring territorial integrity.

4. Administrative Efficiency and Uniformity:

• Standardised policies and regulations across the country.
• Easier coordination of national programmes and schemes.
• Streamlined decision-making during emergencies or crises.

Question 2.
Write about Parliament’s power to legislate on subjects in the State List.
Answer:
Parliamentary Legislation on State Subjects:
The Constitution allows Parliament to make laws on matters in the State List under the following circumstances:

1. Rajya Sabha Resolution (Article 248): If the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority declaring a State List subject of national interest, Parliament may legislate on it. Such a law remains in force for one year and can be renewed any number of times.

2. During National Emergency (Article 250): While a National Emergency is in operation, Parliament gains power to legislate on State List subjects. These laws cease to operate six months after the emergency ends.

3. On Request of States (Article 252): If two or more state legislatures pass resolutions requesting Parliament to legislate on a State List matter, Parliament may make laws for those states. Such laws can be amended or repealed only by Parliament, not by the states.

4. To Implement International Agreements (Article 253): Parliament may legislate on State List subjects to fulfil international treaties and obligations like UN Privileges and Immunities Act, 1947; Geneva Conventions Act, 1960; Vienna Convention Act, 1985.

5. Failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Article 356): When President’s Rule is imposed, Parliament can legislate on State List subjects. These laws continue to operate even after President’s Rule ends unless modified or repealed.

Question 3.
Discuss the organisation, powers and functions of the Finance Commission.
Answer:
Finance Commission: Article 280 of the Constitution provides for a Finance Commission – a quasi-judicial body constituted by the President. It consists of a chairperson and four members and is responsible for recommending the distribution of financial resources between the Union and the States.

I. Organisation and Appointment:
The Chairman and members are appointed by the President for a term of five years and are eligible for reappointment. Parliament determines their qualifications. The Chairman must have experience in public affairs, while the four members are chosen from the following areas:

1.  A High Court Judge or one qualified to be appointed as such.
2. A person with special knowledge of government finances and accounts.
3. A person with wide experience in financial administration.
4. A person with special knowledge of economics.

II. Powers and Functions

The Finance Commission periodically reviews Union-State financial relations and submits recommendations to the President on the following matters

1. Determining the share of Union tax revenues to be distributed among the States.
2. Laying down the principles governing grants-in-aid to States from the Consolidated Fund of India.
3. Reviewing and recommending on the continuance or modification of financial arrangements between the Union and any State.
4. Suggesting measures to augment State Consolidated Funds to support Panchayats and Municipalities, based on State Finance Commission recommendations.
5. Considering any other matter referred by the President in the interest of financial stability.
   The Commission submits its report to the President, who may accept its recommendations. These generally remain in force for five years.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The Constitution of India declared India as
1. Federation
2. Union
3. Union of States
4. Federation of States
Answer:
3. Union of States

Question 2.
Indian Federal System is based on
1. America
2. Canada
3. Australia
4. Russia
Answer:
2. Canada

Question 3.
Residuary Powers are vested with
1. Parliament
2. President
3. Assembly
4. Governor
Answer:
1. Parliament

Question 4.
The chairman and members of Finance Commission are appointed by
1. President
2. Parliament
3. Prime Minister
4. Supreme Court
Answer:
1. President

Question 5.
Chairperson of NITI Ayog is
1. President
2. Prime Minister
3. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
4. Vice President
Answer:
2. Prime Minister

Question 6.
The body established to coordinate between the Union and the States
1. Finance Commission
2. NITI Aayog
3. Inter-State Council
4. UPSC
Answer:
3. Inter-State Council

Question 7.
The committee appointed by the Tamil Nadu government to examine Relations is Union-State
1. Administrative Reforms Committeel 969
2. Sarkaria Commission
3. PV Rajamannar Committee
4. Punchhi Commission
Answer:
3. PV Rajamannar Committee

Question 8.
Governor was appointed by the
1. Supreme Court
2. Prime Minister
3. Vice President
4. President
Answer:
4. President

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The Parliament can make laws on the State List in the national interest on the resolution of ______________
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 2.
The Article related to the organisation of the Finance Commission is Article ______________
Answer:
280

Question 3.
Legislative and Administrative Relations are mentioned in ______________ of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Part XI

Question 4.
The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was made by the ______________
Answer:
Akali Dal Party

Question 5.
The Chairperson of the First Finance Commission was ______________
Answer:
K.C. Niyoai

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Education is included in which list of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Concurrent List

Question 2.
What is the full form of GST?
Answer:
Goods and Service Tax

Question 3.
How many recommendations were made by the Sarkaria Commission?
Answer:
247

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 8 State Judiciary Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 8th Lesson State Judiciary Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the qualifications required to become a High Court judge?
Answer:
High Court Judge’s Qualifications (Article 217):

• Should be a citizen of India.
• Should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least 10 years (or)
• Should have been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.

Question 2.
Mention two administrative functions of the High Court.
Answer:
Administrative functions of the High Court:

• Supervisory Power (Article 227)
• Rule-Making and Record-Keeping
• Transfer of Cases (Article 228)
• Staff Control (Article 235)

Question 3.
Name any four High Courts in India along with their headquarters.
Answer:

1. Andhra Pradesh High Court- Amaravati
2. Telangana High Court – Hyderabad
3. Madras High Court-Chennai
4. Bombay High Court-Mumbai
5. Calcutta High Court- Kolkata

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two jurisdictions exercised by the State High Court.
Answer:
I. Original Jurisdiction

1. Writ Petitions: Under Article 226, every High Court has the power to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights as well as for any other purpose.
   Writs: Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo warranto
2. Election petitions: High Courts have jurisdiction over election petitions relating to elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures, under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
3. All High Courts possess original jurisdiction in cases relating to contempt of court (Article 215).

II. Appellate Jurisdiction

1. Civil Cases: Appeals to the High Court generally lie from the decisions of District Courts. A second appeal to the High Court is permitted under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, but only if the case involves a substantial question of law.

2. Criminal Cases: In criminal matters, the High Court hears appeals against convictions and sentences passed by subordinate courts in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC). Currently, the revised and modified provisions of The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023) are being followed.

Question 2.
Briefly explain two features that make a High Court a court of record.
Answer:
Every High Court is a Court of Record under Article 215 of the Constitution of India. This status confers two important powers.

1. Power to Punish for Contempt: The High Court has the authority to punish for contempt of itself. Contempt may be civil or criminal. The punishment may include simple imprisonment, fine, or both.

2. Maintenance of Judicial Records: The judgments, orders, and proceedings of the High Court are permanently recorded. These records carry evidentiary value and serve as judicial precedents for subordinate courts within the State.

This power of the High Court as a Court of Record under Article 215 is similar to that of the Supreme Court under Article 129 of the Constitution.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Collegium System used in appointing high Court judges.
Answer:
The Collegium System in appointing High Court Judges: Although the Constitution vests the power of appointment formally in the President of India, in practice the process is governed by the Collegium System, which evolved through the Supreme Court’s landmark judgments in the Three Judges Cases (1981, 1993, and 1998)

1. Initiation by High Court Collegium:

• The process begins with the High Court Collegium, consisting of the Chief Justice of the High Court and the two senior-most judges.
• The Collegium identifies and recommends names of suitable candidates for appointment as judges of the High Court.

2. Review by Supreme Court Collegium:

• The recommendations are sent to the Supreme Court Collegium, which consists of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
• The Supreme Court Collegium reviews the proposals and may approve, modify, or reject the names.

3. Processing by Union Law Ministry:

• The approved recommendations are forwarded to the Union Law Ministry.
• The Ministry conducts the necessary administrative checks, including verification of the candidates’ background, and prepares the proposal for the executive.

4. Advisory Role of the Prime Minister:

• The Law Ministry submits the proposal to the Prime Minister, who provides advice to the President of India regarding the appointments.

5. Formal Appointment by the President:

• The President of India makes the formal appointment of High Court judges based on the Collegium’s recommendation.
• By constitutional convention, the President acts according to the Collegium’s recommendation.
• The President may return a name once for reconsideration. If the Collegium reiterates its recommendation, the President is constitutionally bound to approve the appointment

6. Finalization:

• After approval, the appointee is officially sworn in as a Judge of the High Court.

Question 2.
Write an essay on district level courts.
Answer:
The District Level Judiciary in India serves as the backbone of the judicial system, delivering justice at the grassroots level. It operates under the supervision of the High Courts is primarily responsible for adjudicating civil, criminal, and other local disputes.

District Courts handle civil matters such as property disputes, family law cases, and contract issues, while Sessions Courts address serious criminal cases like murder, robbery, and other offenses under the Indian Penal Code. Subordinate courts, including Judicial Magistrates, Civil Judges, and specialised courts (e.g., family courts or consumer courts), function under the District Judge’s oversight to address a wide range of legal matters. These courts act as the first point of contact for most litigants, ensuring justice is accessible without the need to escalate to higher courts.

Governed by the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) for civil cases and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) for criminal cases, the District Judiciary operates within a structured legal framework. The judiciary’s independence is safeguarded by constitutional provisions, ensuring decisions are free from external influence.

With the integration of technology, such as e-Courts and virtual hearings, the District Judiciary is evolving to enhance access and reduce case backlogs.

In every State, there exists a system of subordinate courts functioning below the High Court. The Constitution of India safeguards the independence of the subordinate judiciary. Articles 233 to 237 in Part VI of the Constitution deal with matters relating to the subordinate courts.

Question 3.
What are the powers and functions of the Advocate General of a State?
Answer:
Every State in the Indian Union has an Advocate General, who corresponds to the Attorney General of India at the Union level. He is the highest law officer in the State and performs functions similar to those of the Attorney General but at the State level. The Advocate General is appointed by the Governor of the State under Article 165 of the Constitution.

Powers and Functions of Advocate General (AG):

1. AG advises the State Government upon such legal matters which are referred to him/her by the Governor.
2. AG performs such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to him/her by the Governor.
3. AG discharges the functions conferred on him/ her by the Constitution.
4. AG appeared before any court of law within the State.
5. AG has a right to speak and to take part as member in the proceedings of the house (s) but no right to vote.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Writ petitions under Article 226 can be filed in
1. District Courts only
2. High Courts only
3. Both District and High Courts
4. Supreme Court only
Answer:
2. High Courts only

Question 2.
The High Court was established under which Article of the Indian Constitution?
1. Article 214
2. Article 324
3. Article 356
4. Article 226
Answer:
1. Article 214

Question 3.
Who administers the oath of office to a High Court judge?
1. Chief Justice of India
2. Governor of the State
3. President of India
4. Prime Minister
Answer:
2. Governor of the State

Question 4.
To be appointed as a High Court judge, a person must have served as a judicial officer in India for at least years.
1. 5 years
2. 7 years
3. 10 years
4. 12 years
Answer:
3. 10 years

Question 5.
A judge of the High Court can be removed by the President on grounds of
1. Inefficiency
2. Corruption only
3. Proven misbehavior or incapacity
4. Political pressure
Answer:
3. Proven misbehavior or incapacity

Question 6.
The Advocate General is appointed by the
1. President
2. Chief Minister
3. Governor
4. Chief Justice of the High Court
Answer:
3. Governor

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The retirement age of a High Court judge is ____________ years.
Answer:
62

Question 2.
The High Court is a court of record under Article ____________ of the Constitution.
Answer:
215

Question 3.
The High Court of Andhra Pradesh is located at ____________
Answer:
Amaravathi

Question 4.
The High Court judges are appointed by ____________
Answer:
President

Question 5.
The High Court of Madhya Pradesh is located at ____________
Answer:
Jabalpur

One Word Answers

Question 1.
When was the Andhra Pradesh High Court (new) established at Amaravati?
Answer:
2019

Question 2.
Who appoints the District Judge?
Answer:
Governor

Question 3.
Who is the highest law officer in a State?
Answer:
Advocate General

Question 4.
Where does the common High Court for Nagaland, Assam, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh is located at?
Answer:
Gauhati

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 7 The State Legislature Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 7th Lesson The State Legislature Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Quorum of Legislative Assembly.
Answer:

• Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the house before it can transact any business.
• The Quorum for conducting the State Legislative Assembly meeting was fixed at 1/1 Oth of the total membership (as per Article 188).
• However, in some states, the quorum will be a minimum number of 10.
• The Speaker decides whether there is a quorum or not on a particular day.

Question 2.
Which States have Vidhana Parishads?
Answer:
The Legislative Council is the upper house of the state legislature. Its members are known as MLCs. Out of the 28 states in India, 6 states have a vidhana Parishad.

States with Vidhana Parishad’s:

1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Bihar
3. Karnataka
4. Maharashtra
5. Telangana
6. Uttar Pradesh

Question 3.
How often the State Legislature meet annually?
Answer:
The State Legislature meets at least twice a year and is usually convened whenever the Legislative Assembly meets.

Question 4.
What are the fields from which the Governor nominates to the Legislative Council?
Answer:
The fields from which the Governor nominates to the Legislative Council:
Persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, arts, coopera¬tive movements, social service or other important fields.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the qualifications of MLA?
Answer:
MLA Contestant’s Qualifications:

1. Must be a citizen of India.
2. Must have completed the age of 25 years.
3. Must possess any other qualifications as prescribed by an Act of Parliament.
4. Must not hold any office of profit under the Union /State/Local governments.

Question 2.
Explain the composition of the Legislative Council.
Answer:
Members of the Legislative Council are partly elected and partly nominated. Elections are indirect and follow the system of proportional representation.

The Council’s composition is divided into five categories.

1. Local Authority Constituency: 1/3 of the members are elected by local self-government bodies. (For AP it is 20).
2. Elected by MLA’s: 1 /3 of the members from State Legislative Assembly. (For AP it is 20)
3. Graduates Constituency: 1/12 are elected by graduates residing in the state. (For AP it is 5)
4. Teacher’s Constituency: 1/12 are elected by teachers in secondary or higher educational institutions with at least three years of experience. (For AP it is 5)
5. Nominated by Governor: The remaining 1 /6 are nominated by the Governor for their special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, arts, cooperative movements, social service, or other important fields.

Question 3.
In which way Legislative Assembly is superior to Legislative Council.
Answer:
The Legislative Assembly is superior to the Legislative Council because

1. The very existence of the Legislative Council depends on the will of the State Legislative Assembly.
2. The Council of Ministers is responsible only to the Legislative Assembly.
3. The Legislative Assembly is more powerful than the Legislative Council because its members are directly elected by the people.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write about the Powers and functions of the Vidhana Sabha Speaker.
Answer:
Powers and functions of Speaker: The Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly holds a pivotal role in ensuring the functioning of the House.
The powers and functions are as follows:

1. Maintaining order and decorum in the House to ensure the smooth conduct of legislative business.
2. Allocating time for various types of business, including debates, questions and discussions.
3. Interpreting the rules and procedures of the Assembly and deciding on point of order or procedural disputes.
4. Putting matters to vote, declaring results, and exercising a casting vote in case of a tie.
5. Admitting motions, resolutions, and questions, and deciding their admissibility.
6. Ensuring quorum and adjourning the House when quorum is not met.
7. Ordering the removal or correction of indecent or defamatory remarks from official records.
8. Allowing members to speak and determining the order and duration of their speeches.
9. Naming or suspending members for disorderly conduct.
10. Adjourning the House in cases of grave disorder or emergency.

Question 2.
Write about the Public Accounts Committee.
Answer:
The State Assembly derives its powers to setup Public Accounts Committee as per the Article 208 of the Constitution. Public Accounts Committee members are elected through indirect election by following the principle of proportional representation for a period of one year. The Ministers of Cabinet cannot be member of Public Accounts Committee.
Public Accounts Committee performs the following functions:

1. The committee examines the accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by the House for expenditure of the state government.
2. It scrutinizes the appropriation accounts of the state and the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General.
3. It shall be the duty of the Public Accounts Committee to examine accounts and balance sheets and the accounts of the state government.
4. The committee carefully considers the accounting and audit procedures.
5. The committee is not concerned with the question of policy approved by the legislature
6. The committee investigates expenditure after it is already incurred. Overall, this committee is generally described as a ‘post-mortem committee’.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which article of the Indian Constitution mentions that the President’s Rule can be imposed by Centre on a state when the constitutional machinery fails?
1. 355
2. 356
3. 357
4. 358
Answer:
2. 356

Question 2.
What is the total strength of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly?
1. 165
2. 175
3. 195
4. 185
Answer:
2. 175

Question 3.
Which of the following is a Standing Committee in State Legislature?
1. Petitions Committee
2. Public Accounts Committee
3. Committee on Government Assurances
4. Committee on Ethics
Answer:
2. Public Accounts Committee

Question 4.
A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Legislative Assembly, with the prior permission of
1. Speaker
2. Governor
3. Chief Minister
4. Finance Secretary
Answer:
2. Governor

Fill in the blanks

Question 1.
Largest State Legislative Assembly is ___________
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh

Question 2.
The minimum age required to contest as a MLA is ___________
Answer:
25 years

Question 3.
The total members of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council are ___________
Answer:
58 members

Question 4.
The tenure of a State Legislative Assembly is ___________
Answer:
5 years

One Word Answers

Question 1.
The Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to which house?
Answer:
Legislative Assembly

Question 2.
In how many states are State Legislative Councils functioning?
Answer:
6

AP Intermediate 2nd Year Economics Textbook Solutions

Economics Inter 2nd Year

• Chapter 1 Descriptive Statistics Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Dispersion, Correlation and Index Numbers Questions and Answers
• Chapter 3 Economic Growth, Environment & Sustainable Development Questions and Answers
• Chapter 4 India as Developing Economy Global View Questions and Answers
• Chapter 5 Population and Human Resources Development Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Unemployment, Poverty and Inequalities Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Planning and Economic Reforms Questions and Answers
• Chapter 8 Agriculture and Rural Development Questions and Answers
• Chapter 9 Industry and Service Sectors Questions and Answers
• Chapter 10 Economy of Andhra Pradesh Questions and Answers

AP Inter 2nd Year Economics Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

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Commerce Inter 2nd Year

• Chapter 1 Trade An Overview Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Auxiliaries to Trade Questions and Answers
• Chapter 3 Financial Markets and Instruments Questions and Answers
• Chapter 4 Stock Exchanges & Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Questions and Answers
• Chapter 5 Consumer Protection Act & GST Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Basics of Management Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Entrepreneurship Questions and Answers

AP Inter 2nd Year Commerce Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

AP Inter 2nd Year Study Material

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 6 The State Executive Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 6th Lesson The State Executive Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Qualifications required for the Governor.
Answer:

1. He/she should be a citizen of India.
2. He/she should have completed 35 years of age.
3. He/she should possess such other qualifications prescribed by the Parliament.
4. He/ she should not hold any other office of profit.
5. He/ she should not be declared insolvent by any court of law.

Question 2.
Lieutenant Governor
Answer:
The Lieutenant Governor is the constituent head of a union territory and is appointed by the President of India. The powers and responsibilities of the Lieutenant Governor vary according to the provisions applicable to each union territory, such as Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir and Puducherry.

Question 3.
Composition of the State Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The State Council of Ministers is generally a three-tier body. It consisting of

1. Cabinet Ministers – Handle important departments and take major policy decisions.
2. Ministers of State – Assist Cabinet Ministers or hand independent departments.
3. Deputy Ministers – Assist the ministers in their work.
   The council of ministers is headed by the chief minister and aids and advise the Governor.

Question 4.
Cabinet Ministers
Answer:
The Cabinet is a small group of ministers holding key portfolios such as Home, Finance, Planning, Industries, Education, Health, Agriculture, Public Works, Law, Energy, Transport, and Environment. Cabinet Ministers have independent authority to make and implement decisions within their ministries. The cabinet meets regularly to make policies and help the chief minister run the state government.

Question 5.
Size of the State Council of Ministers
Answer:
The constitution does not fix the number of minister in the council of ministers, the chief minister decides it size. However, the 91 st Constitutional Amendment Act ,2003 limits the total number of minister including the chief minister to 15% of the strength of the state Legislative Assembly.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four executive powers and functions of the Governor.
Answer:
Executive Powers and functions of the Governor:

1. Appointing the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
2. Based upon Chief Minister’s advice, Governor allocated portfolios.
3. Removing Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
4. Appointing the Vice- Chancellors of universities in the State, acting as the Chancellor of all State universities.
5. Appointing the Chief Secretary and the Advocate General of the State Government.

Question 2.
Write any two powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
1. Formation of the Ministry:
The first and foremost responsibility of the Chief Minister is the formation of a Ministry of his/her choice. The Chief Minister has a free hand in selecting and recommending Ministers. He/ She selects members from their party or coalition partners and recommend their names to the Governor for appointment as Ministers. The Chief Minister also advises the Governor on the allocation of portfolios among the Ministers, including the reshuffling of portfolios when necessary.

2. Leader of the State Council of Ministers:
The Chief Minister is the head of the State Council of Ministers and occupies a position of high authority. As the Chairperson of the Council the Chief Minister decides the time, venue and agenda of Cabinet meetings. The Chief Minister presides over all meetings, and discussions that are conducted under his/her direction. The Chief Minister guides, directs, coordinates, controls the activities of the Ministers to ensure smooth functioning of the State Government.

Question 3.
What are the Qualifications required to be appointed to the Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The Constitution does not specify the qualifications for Ministers. However, in a Parliamentary form of government, the executive is an integral part of the legislature, so Ministers must meet the same qualifications as members of the State Legislature.

Therefore, a person appointed as a Minister must satisfy the following qualifications:

1. He/she should be a member of either House of the State Legislature (in case of a bicameral legislature).
2. If a Minister is not already a member of the State Legislature, he/she must get elected within six months from the date of assuming office; otherwise, he/she shall cease to hold office.
3. Ministers must possess any other qualifications as are determined by Parliament from time to time.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly the Powers and functions of the Governor.
Answer:
Governor: The Governor is the constitutional head of a state appointed by the president of India for a term of a five years. He or she acts as the representative of the central government in the state. The Governor performs executive, legislative, financial and judicial functions according to the constitution.

1. Executive Powers of Governor:

• Appointing the Chief Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
• Based upon Chief Minister’s advice, Governor allocated portfolios.
• Removing Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.

2. Legislative Powers and Functions: Article 168 of the Constitution of India states that the Governor is an integral part of the State Legislature. In this capacity, the Governor exercises certain powers and performs functions related to the State Legislature:

• The Governor inaugurates the first session of the State Legislative Assembly after general elections.
• The Governor addresses the first session of the Assembly every year.
• The Governor appoints the Pro-tem Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly.

3. Judicial Powers and Functions:

• The Governor renders advice to the President of India regarding the appointment of the Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court of the State.
• The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the State.
• The Governor makes appointments, postings and promotions of the District Judges in consultation with the Chief Justice of High Court of the State.

4. Financial Powers and Functions:

• The Governor ensures that the Annual Financial Statement (i.e., Budget) is laid before the State Legislature.
• No Money bill can be introduced in the State Legislative Assembly without the prior permission of the Governor.
• No Demand for Grant can be made except on his recommendation.

5. Miscellaneous Powers and Functions:

• The Governor receives the Annual Report of the State Public Service Commission and submits it to the Council of Ministers for comments.
• The Governor receives the report of the Auditor-General regarding the income and expenditure of various departments under the State Government:
• During President’s Rule, the Governor administers the State on behalf of President, ensuring enforcement of laws and policies.

6. Discretionary Powers:
Under Article 163(1) of the Constitution, the Governor has certain discretionary powers, and the Governor’s decisions in these matters are final. These powers include

• Playing a decisive role in appointing a new Chief Minister when no single party has a clear majority in the State Legislative Assembly.
• Dismissing a Ministry that refuses to resign even after losing majority support in the House.
• Dissolving the Assembly on the advice of a Chief Minister who has lost majority support.

Question 2.
What are the Powers and Functions of the State Council of Ministers?
Answer:
1. Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers
The State Council of Ministers aids and advises the Governor in the administration of the State. It formulates policies, makes important decisions, plans programmes and schemes, drafts laws and coordinates government activities. Its functions can be categorized as follows:

2. Policy Formulation: The Council formulates policies for the progress of the people and the development of the State. Cabinet Ministers meet regularly under the leadership of the Chief Minister, discuss various matters of State administration, and finalise policies and decisions.

3. Enactment of Laws: The Council initiates legislative proposals, drafts public bills and introduces them in the State Legislature for approval. Once passed, it advises the Governor to give assent so that the bills become laws. It may also propose amendments to existing laws or enact new laws for administrative convenience.

4. Good Administration: As the real executive, the Council is responsible for ensuring good administration and promoting the welfare of the people. Administrative work is divided among ministries, with each Minister overseeing one or more departments. The Council implements developmental programmes and welfare schemes transparently and efficiently

5. Co-ordination of Governmental Activities: The Council coordinates the functions of different government departments, ensuring smooth administration. The Chief Minister leads in coordinating Cabinet discussions and departmental activities.

6. Appointment Powers: The Council plays a key role in important appointments in the State, such as Chief Secretary, Advocate General, Director General of Police, Principal Secretaries, Secretaries, and other departmental heads. All appointments are made in the name of the Governor.

7. Financial Functions: The Council exercises control over the finances of the State, including revenue, expenditure, investments, and audit of accounts. It prepares the State budget and presents it to the Legislature for approval, managing State finances according to approved policies. It acts as a trustee of the State’s resources.

8. Miscellaneous Functions: The Council finalises strategies for overall development, including sectors like Agriculture, Irrigation, Industry, Transport, Education, Planning, and Information Technology. It may also promulgate ordinances in the name of the Governor during the recess of the State Legislature.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with the State Government?
1. V
2. IV
3. VI
4. VII
Answer:

Question 2.
The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor under which Article of the Indian Constitution?
1. 162
2. 164
3. 165
4. 163
Answer:

Question 3.
Identify the incorrect answer regarding the State Executive
1. Governor
2. Chief Minister
3. Council of Minister
4. Prime Minister
Answer:

Question 4.
Who appoints the Lieutenant Governors?
1. President of India
2. Governor
3. Prime Minister
4. Chief Minister
Answer:

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The constitutional head of the State is ___________
Answer:
the Governor

Question 2.
The Lieutenant Governor serves as the constitutional head of ___________
Answer:
the Union Territory

Question 3.
The oath of office of the Governor is administered by ___________
Answer:
Chief Justice of High Court

Question 4.
The real executive head of the State level is the ___________
Answer:
Chief Minister

Question 5.
The Governor appoints the Council of Ministers on the advice of ___________
Answer:
the Chief Minister

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who appoints the Pro-tem Speaker of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
Governor

Question 2.
Where is the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly located at?
Answer:
Amaravati

Question 3.
Who advises the Governor to remove a Minister?
Answer:
Chief Minister

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 5 Union Judiciary Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 5th Lesson Union Judiciary Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the qualifications required to become a Supreme Court judge?
Answer:
Qualifications required to become a Supreme Court judge (Article 124(3)):
Supreme Court Judge

1. must be a citizen of India.
2. must have served as a judge of a High Court (or two or more High Courts in succession) for at least five years.
3. must have been an advocate of a High Court (or two or more High Courts in succession) for at least ten years.
4. must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

Question 2.
Explain the Supreme Court of India as a Court of Record.
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India is a Court of Record as declared under Article 129 of the Constitution.
This status gives the Supreme Court two important powers:

1) Power to Record Proceedings and Judgments:
The decisions, proceedings, and judgments of the Supreme Court are permanently recorded and preserved. These records are recognized as legal evidence and can be used for future reference.

2) Power to Punish for Contempt of Court:
The Supreme Court has the authority to punish any person for contempt of court. Contempt means showing disrespect to the court or disobeying its orders, which may lower the dignity and authority of the court.

Question 3.
Mention the five writs that can be issued by the Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The word “writ” means a written order. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, the Supreme Court of India can issue writs for the protection and enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Any person whose Fundamental rights are violated can directly approach the Supreme Court for justice. The five writs are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari.

Question 4.
Cite any two landmark Supreme Court judgments illustrating judicial activism.
Answer:
1) Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) :
The Supreme Court introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine. It says that Parliament cannot change the basic features of the Constitution like democracy, rule of law, judicial review, and Fundamental Rights.

2) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) :
The Court expanded article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) by holding that any procedure affecting personal liberty must be fair, just and reasonable.

Question 5.
Who can file a PIL in India?
Answer:

• A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) can be filed by any public-spirited individual or organisation. It can be filed in any High Court or directly in the Supreme Court of India.
• The petitioner does not need to be personally affected or have suffered any injury to file a PIL.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Collegium System used in appointing Supreme Court judges.
Answer:
The Constitution gives the power of appointing Supreme Court judges to the President of India, but in practice appointments are made through the Collegium System.
This system developed through the Three Judges Cases (1981,1993 and 1998).

The Collegium System:

1. The Supreme Court Collegium consists of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
2. The Collegium recommends names for appointment of judges to the Union Government.
3. The recommendations are examined by the Law Ministry and Council of Ministers and then sent to the Prime Minister.
4. The Prime Minister advises the President regarding the appointment.
5. The President makes the final appointment under Article 124.
6. The President may return the recommendation once for reconsideration, but if the Collegium repeats the recommendation, the President must approve it.

Question 2.
Explain any two jurisdictions exercised by the Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country. Its decisions are final and binding on all courts, and can be reviewed only by the Supreme Court itself under Article 137. It performs important functions through different types of jurisdictions to protect the Constitution and ensure justice.

1. Original Jurisdiction
Under Article 131 of the Constitution gives the Supreme Court exclusive original jurisdiction to hear disputes between:

1. The Central Government and one or more State Governments.
2. The Central Government and some State Governments on one side, and one or more other State Governments on the other; Two or more State Governments.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court of India acts as the highest appellate authority in the country. It hears appeals against the judgments of lower courts and tribunals. The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court extends to the following areas:

1. Constitutional matters
2. Civil matters
3. Criminal matters
4. Special Leave to Appeal

Question 3.
What are the powers and functions of the Attorney General of India?
Answer:
The Attorney General of India: Article 76 of the Constitution of India provides for the office of the Attorney General of India. He is the highest law officer of the Union Government and is appointed by the President. He gives legal advice to the Government and represents it in important legal matters.

Powers and functions of the Attorney General:

1. To advise the Union Government on legal matters referred to him by the President.
2. To perform legal duties assigned to him by the President from time to time.
3. To discharge functions conferred upon him by the Constitution or any other law.
4. To appear in any court of law, including the Supreme Court, on behalf of the Union Government.
5. To represent the Government in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143.
6. To appear in any High Court on behalf of the Union Government.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the Writ Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India
Answer:
The word “writ” means a written order. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, the Supreme Court of India can issue writs for the protection and enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Any person whose Fundamental rights are violated can directly approach the Supreme Court for justice.

1. Habeas Corpus: Habeas Corpus means “to have the body”. This writ is protects personal liberty. It is issued when a person is illegally detained, and the court orders their release if the detention is unlawful.
2. Mandamus: Mandamus means “we command”. It is a command issued to a public authority to perform its legal duty. This writ cannot be issued against private individuals or organizations.
3. Prohibition: Prohibition means “to forbid”. This writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court. It prevents the lower court from continuing a case that is beyond its jurisdiction. It is preventive in nature and can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities.
4. Certiorari: Certiorari means “to be certified” or “to be informed”. This writ is used to quash illegal orders of lower courts or tribunals. It is issued when a lower court acts without jurisdiction or violates legal principles.
5. Quo Warranto: Quo Warranto means “by what authority”. This writ is used to restrain a person holding a public office illegally. It ensures that only legally qualified persons occupy public office. This writ cannot be issued in relation to private or non-statutory offices.

Question 2.
Critically analyse the significance and criticisms of Judicial Review in India.
Answer:
Judicial review is an important power of the Supreme Court of India used to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution. It allows courts to examine laws and executive actions and strike them down if they violate Fundamental Rights. This power is mainly derived from Article 13 and is influenced by the American Constitution.

Importance of Judicial review:
The Supreme Court of India is internationally recognized for its authority to determine the validity of Constitutional Amendment Acts. Judicial Review is essential for:

1. Upholding the supremacy of the Constitution
2. Maintaining federal balance between the Union and the States
3. Protecting the Fundamental Rights of citizens

The Supreme Court, as the guardian of the Constitution, has the final authority to interpret it, and through judicial review it has expanded its role to cover almost all constitutional provisions. Thus, judicial review helps in making the Constitution a living document.

Criticism of Judicial Review:
The power of Judicial Review has been criticized on several grounds:

1. Goes against Parliamentary Supremacy: Critics argue that Judicial Review weakens the authority of Parliament and goes against the democratic principle that elected representatives should make the laws.
2. Uncertainty in Law: Sometimes, the Supreme Court’s interpretations are either too strict or too flexible. This leads to confusion and unpredictability in legal matters.
3. Conflict between Judiciary and Legislature: Judicial Review has often led to disagreements and tension between the judiciary and the Parliament, especially when courts strike down laws passed by the legislature.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India.
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal system through which any public-spirited person or organization can approach the Supreme Court of India under Article 32 or a High Court under Article 226 to protect public interest and enforce fundamental rights. It helps poor and disadvantaged people who cannot approach the courts themselves.

The concept of PIL developed in India after the Emergency period through judges like Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer. Important PIL cases include Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar and M. C. Mehta v. Union of India.

The main objective of PIL is to ensure social justice and protect fundamental rights. It has been used in matters relating to bonded labour, child labour, environmental protection, prison reforms, women’s rights, and human rights violations.

Who can file a PIL?

1. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) can be filed by any public-spirited individual or organization.
2. It can be filed in any High Court or directly in the Supreme Court.
3. The petitioner does not need to be personally affected or have suffered any injury to file a PIL.
4. Even a simple letter or postcard to the court can be treated as a writ petition in appropriate cases.
5. Foreigners can also file a PIL on behalf of others, provided it is genuinely for the benefit of the public.
6. A PIL must be filed only in the interest of the people at large. If it benefits only one individual, it is not considered a valid PIL.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The headquarters of the Supreme Court of India is located at
1. Mumbai
2. Delhi
3. Chennai
4. Kolkata
Answer:
2. Delhi

Question 2.
The Supreme Court of India was established under which Article of the Constitution?
1. Article 124
2. Article 136
3. Article 141
4. Article 143
Answer:
1. Article 124

Question 3.
Which of the following is not a jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
1. Original Jurisdiction
2. Appellate Jurisdiction
3. Advisory Jurisdiction
4. Electoral Jurisdiction
Answer:
4. Electoral Jurisdiction

Question 4.
Mention the Article that empowers the Supreme Court to review its own judgments?
1. Article 132
2. Article 136
3. Article 137
4. Article 143
Answer:
3. Article 137

Question 5.
The concept of the basic structure of the Constitution was laid down in which landmark case?
1. Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967)
2. Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973)
3. Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)
4. Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India (1951)
Answer:
1. Golaknath vs. State of Punjab (1967)

Question 6.
The literal meaning of Habeas Corpus is
1. To have the body
2. We command
3. By what authority
4. To forbid
Answer:
1. To have the body

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
A judge of the Supreme Court holds office until the age of ___________ years.
Answer:
65

Question 2.
The Supreme Court of India came into existence on ___________
Answer:
28 January 1950

Question 3.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India was first recognized in the case of ___________
Answer:
Hussainara Khatoon

Question 4.
The power of the Supreme Court to hear appeals is known as jurisdiction ___________
Answer:
Appellate

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Which court is the highest judicial authority in India?
Answer:
Supreme Court of India

Question 2.
Minimum years of High Court service as a judge required to become a Supreme Court judge.
Answer:
5 years

Question 3.
What is the official language used for proceedings in the Supreme Court of India?
Answer:
English

Question 4.
In which case did the Supreme Court of India issue guidelines on sexual harassment at the workplace?
Answer:
Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 4 Union Legislature Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 4th Lesson Union Legislature Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate the qualifications of a Lok Sabha member.
Answer:
Qualifications of a Lok Sabha member as per Article 84 :
The contestant

1. should be a citizen of India.
2. should have completed 25 years of age.
3. should not hold my office of profit under the Union or State Government.
4. should possess such other qualifications as prescribed by Parliament by law.

Question 2.
Quorum of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Quorum means the minimum number of members required to conduct the proceedings of the Lok Sabha. It is fixed at one-tenth of the total membership of the House. If quorum is not present, the Speaker may adjourn the House or suspend the sitting.

Article 100 of the Constitution of India deals with the quorum of Parliament.

Question 3.
How many types of Bills are introduced in the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
A Bill is a proposed law introduced in the Parliament of India for consideration.
Bills introduced in Parliament are broadly classified in two ways:

1. Public Bills (Government Bills) – introduced by ministers; related to public matters
2. Private Bills – introduced by non-minister members; related to individual or specific issues

Bills may also be classified in four categories:

1. Ordinary Bills
2. Money Bills
3. Financial Bills
4. Constitution Amendment Bills

Question 4.
What is an agenda?
Answer:
An agenda is the list of items scheduled for discussion and transaction of business in the House.

Question 5.
On what basis are members nominated to the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
As per the Constitution, the President of India can nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha on the basis of their special knowledge or practical experience in fields such as literature, science, art, and social service.

Question 6.
What is Question Hour in the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
The first hour of every sitting is devoted to Question Hour in both Houses of Parliament.
Parliamentary sittings usually begin at 11.00 am. Members, after giving prior notice, may ask questions relating to public matters, administrative actions, or government policies.

Questions are three types:

•  Starred Questions
• Unstarred Questions
• Short Notice Questions

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any four special powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha enjoys several special powers compared to the Rajya Sabha, because it directly represents the people of the country. It plays a very important role in the democratic system of India. The powers of Lok Sabha help it control the government and make important financial and legislative decisions.

Special Powers of the Lok Sabha:

1. Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject a Money Bill; it can only make recommendations.
2. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final authority to decide whether a Bill is a Money Bill.
3. The Rajya Sabha may discuss the Union Budget but cannot vote on Demands for Grants, which is the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha.
4. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over a joint sitting of Parliament; the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha cannot preside over such sittings.
5. A No-Confidence Motion can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, and the Council of Ministers remains in office only as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
6. A resolution for the revocation of a National Emergency can be passed only by the Lok Sabha.

Question 2.
Spell out the important functions of the Estimates Committee.
Answer:
The Estimates Committee has 30 members, all from the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha has no representation in it. The members are elected for a term of one year. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha appoints the Chairman. The committee works continuously and examines government expenditure, visits projects, and gives suggestions for better administration and economy.

Functions of the Estimates Committee:

1. Suggests economy in expenditure and improvements in organisation and administer efficiency of the Union Government.
2. Examines whether public funds are spent according to the estimates.
3. Examines matters referred by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
4. Reviews whether expenditure is within the policy framework of the estimates.
   Because of its continuous scrutiny of expenditure, the Estimates Committee is known the “Continuous Economy Committee.”

Question 3.
Write any four special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian Parliament. It represents the states and plays an important role in the law-making process. Along with ordinary powers, the Rajya Sabha also enjoys some special powers which are not available to the Lok Sabha.

Four special powers of Rajya Sabha:

1.  The Rajya Sabha may authorise Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List in the national interest by passing a resolution under Article 249.
2. The Rajya Sabha may authorise the creation of All India Services by passing a resolution under Article 312.
3. A resolution for the removal of the Vice President of India can be introduced only in the Rajya Sabha.
4. The Rajya Sabha alone has nominated members.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the procedure for amendment under Article 368.
Answer:
Article 368 explains the procedure for amending the Indian Constitution. It gives Parliament the power to amend the Constitution by addition, modification, or repeal of provisions, without disturbing its basic structure. The Indian Constitution combines both rigid and flexible methods of amendment, inspired partly by the South African Constitution.

There are three types of constitutional amendments:

1. Amendment by Simple Majority of Parliament: Certain provisions can be amended by a simple majority of members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament.
2. Amendment by Special Majority of Parliament: Most constitutional amendments require a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
3. Amendment by Special Majority and Ratification by States: Some amendments also require ratification by at least half of the State Legislatures along with a special majority in Parliament.

Question 5.
What are the grounds for disqualification of a Member of Parliament under the Tenth Schedule?
Answer:
Disqualifications of an MP under the Tenth Schedule (Article 102(2)):

Under Article 102(2), a person is disqualified from being a Member of Parliament if he/she is disqualified on the ground of defection. The anti-defection provisions were inserted Constitution by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985, through the Tenth Schedule member is disqualified under the Tenth Schedule on the following grounds:

1. If he/she voluntarily gives up the membership of the political party on whose he or she was elected.
2. If he/she votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to the direction of the political party.
3. If an independent member joins any political party after the election.
4. If a nominated member joins any political party after six months from the taking his/her seat in the House.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any eight powers and functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha enjoys wide powers under the Constitution of India and the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha. These powers are given to ensure the smooth, impartial, and efficient functioning of the House. The Speaker maintains order, conducts proceedings, and safeguards the dignity and privileges of the Lok Sabha.

Powers and Functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha:

1. The Speaker presides over the sittings of the Lok Sabha and conducts its proceedings with dignity, order, and efficiency.
2. Speaker determines the agenda of the sittings in prior consultation with the Leader of the House.
3. Speaker allots time to members for debates, regulates discussions, conducts voting when required, and declares the results.
4. Speaker transmits Bills passed by the Lok Sabha to the Rajya Sabha and, after receiving Bills from the Rajya Sabha, certifies and forwards them to the President of India for assent.
5. Speaker represents the Lok Sabha and issues messages and directions on its behalf.
6. Speaker safeguards the rights and privileges of members and ensures impartiality between the Treasury and Opposition benches through authoritative rulings.
7. Speaker has the authority to determine whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not. He/she grants permission to members to introduce Bills in the House and affixes his/ her signature on Bills passed by the House.
8. Speaker constitutes various House committees and appoints their chairpersons.
9. Speaker exercises a casting vote in the event of a tie on a Bill.
10. Speaker conducts the election of the Deputy Speaker in case of a vacancy.

Question 2.
Describe the unique features of the Union Legislature.
Answer:
The Union Legislature is the supreme law-making body of India. It consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha represents the people, while the Rajya Sabha represents the states. It makes laws, discusses important national issues and controls the government.

Unique features of the Union Legislature:

1. Bicameral Structure: Parliament consists of two Houses, the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
2. Constitutional Authority: Parliament is not fully sovereign; it functions within the limits of the Constitution.
3. Unequal Powers: The two Houses do not have equal powers. The Lok Sabha is more powerful in financial matters and confidence motions.
4. Multiple Powers: Parliament exercises legislative, executive, and limited judicial powers.
5. Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha: The Vice-President of India serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
6. Impartial Speaker of the Lok Sabha: The Speaker, though usually from the ruling party, is expected to conduct the proceedings impartially.
7. Nominated Members: Some members of the Rajya Sabha are nominated by the President for their contributions to literature, science, art or social service.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of
1. Three years
2. Four years
3. Five years
4. Six years
Answer:
4. Six years

Question 2.
The Indian Parliament consists of
1. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
2. Lok Sabha only
3. Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President
4. Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Speaker
Answer:
3. Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President

Question 3.
Who among the following decides whether a bill is a Money Bill?
1. Finance Minister
2. President
3. Speaker
4. Chairman of Rajya Sabha
Answer:
3. Speaker

Question 4.
The power to summon each House of Parliament is vested in
1. President
2. Speaker
3. Vice President
4. Union Cabinet
Answer:
1. President

Question 5.
Under which Article may Parliament by law change the name or boundary lines of States?
1. Article-1
2. Article-3
3. Article-5
4. Article-6
Answer:
2. Article-3

Question 6.
How many members are required for the introduction of a No-Confidence Motion in the Lok Sabha?
1. 50 members
2. 60 members
3. 75 members
4. 100 members
Answer:
1. 50 members

Question 7.
Which of the following is exclusively a committee of the Lok Sabha?
1. Committee on Public Undertakings
2. Estimate Committee
3. Committee on Assurances
4. Committee on Rules
Answer:
2. Estimate Committee

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The normal term of the Lok Sabha is __________
Answer:
5 years

Question 2.
The law-making process in our Constitution is borrowed from the __________ Constitution.
Answer:
Britain

Question 3.
The Union Legislature is popularly known as Union Legislature __________.
Answer:
Parliament

Question 4.
Zero Hour starts immediately after the __________
Answer:
Question hour

Question 5.
The Lok Sabha members are elected by __________
Answer:
People

Question 5.
Postponing the proceedings of the House without mentioning the time is called __________.
Answer:
Adjournment sine die

Question 6.
The Committee on Public Undertakings was created in the year __________
Answer:
1964

One Word Answer

Question 1.
Who was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha in India?
Answer:
GV. Mavalankar

Question 2.
Which is the Upper House of the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 3.
Who is the Chairman of the Business Advisory Committee of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Speaker

Question 4.
What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
250

Question 5.
In which year was the first meeting of the Lok Sabha held?
Answer:
1952

Question 6.
The method of the amendment procedure in the Indian Constitution was taken from which country’s Constitution?
Answer:
South Africa

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 3 The Union Executive Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 3rd Lesson The Union Executive Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Composition of Union Executive.
Answer:
Composition of Union Executive:

1. The President
2. The Vice-President
3. The Prime Minister
4. The Council of Ministers and
5. The Attorney-General of India.
   This Union Executive is as per Articles 52 to 78.

Question 2.
Qualifications required to contest for the office of the President.
Answer:
The qualifications required to contest for the office of the President of India :
The contestant

1. should be a citizen of India.
2. should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.

Question 3.
Election of President.
Answer:
The President of India is elected indirectly by an Electoral College :
Composition of Electoral College:

1. The elected members of both Houses of Parliament
2. The elected members of Legislative Assemblies of the States.
3. The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories.

Question 4.
Name any four Presidents of India.
Answer:
Four Presidents of India:

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad – First President of India (1950-1962)
2. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Second President of India (1962-1967)
3. Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Eleventh President of India (2002-2007)
4. Smt. Droupadi Murmu- Fifteenth President of India (2022 onwards)

Question 5.
Qualifications required to contest for the office of the Vice-President.
Answer:
The qualifications required to contest for the office of the Vice-President of India :
The contestant

1. should be a citizen of India.
2. should have completed the age of 35 years.
3. should be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
4. should not hold any office of profit under the Union, State, or local Governments in India.

Question 6.
Categories of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
Categories of Union Council of Ministers:

1. Cabinet ministers
2. Ministers of State (Independent charge)
3. Deputy ministers (Without independent charge)

Question 7.
Collective Responsibility.
Answer:

• Collective responsibility is the he fundamental principle of the parliamentary system.
• As per Article 75(3) of the Constitution, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This means that all ministers are jointly responsible to the Lok Sabha for every action or failure of the government.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the powers and functions of the Vice-President.
Answer:
The powers and functions of the Vice-President are two-fold:

1. Ex-Officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha:

• The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, his/ her powers and functions are similar to those of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

2. Acting as the President:

• The Vice-President acts as the President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President due to death, resignation removal, or any other reason. This can be done for a maximum period of six months, within which a new President must be elected.
• When the President is unable to discharge duties due to absence, illness, or any other reason, the Vice President performs the functions of the President until the President resumes office. During this period, the Vice President does not act as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Instead, the duties of the Chairman are performed by the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 2.
Write briefly the role of the Prime Minister in relation to the Parliament of India.
Answer:

• The Prime Minister (PM) is the most important and powerful functionary in the Union Government.
• The President is the nominal executive, while the Prime Minister is the real executive authority. In other words, the President is the head of the State, whereas the Prime Minister is the head of the Government.

Role of Prime Minister in relation to the Parliament:
The Prime Minister (PM) is the leader of the House.

In this capacity PM enjoys the following powers:

1. PM advises the President regarding the summoning and postponing of Parliament.
2. PM can recommend the dissolution of Lok Sabha to the President at any time.
3. PM acts as the chief spokesperson of the government in Parliament, announcing and explaining policies.
4. PM defends and justifies the decisions of the government on the floor of the House.
5. PM answers questions, participates in debates, and ensures discipline and unity among members of the ruling party or coalition in the House.

Question 3.
Discuss the constitutional provisions for the imposition of National Emergency and Constitutional Emergency in India.
Answer:
1. National Emergency (Article 352):
The President can declare a National Emergency if the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

• The President can proclaim an emergency only on the basis of the written advice of the Union Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.
• It must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within one month.
• Once approved by both Houses, the emergency remains in force for six months.
• During this period, the Centre gets more powers, and Fundamental Rights may be suspended (except Articles 20 and 21).

2. Constitutional Emergency/President’s Rule (Article 356)

• The President’s Rule is also known as Constitutional Emergency or State Emergency.
• It is imposed when a state government cannot function according to the Constitution.
• The President can act either on a report of the Governor of the State or otherwise too.
• It must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months.
• It can be imposed for six months at a time and extended up to a maximum of three years.
• The State government is dismissed and the Governor administers the state on behalf of the Centre.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any four executive powers and any four legislative powers of the President of India.
Answer:
I. Executive powers of the President of India (Article 53):

The President is the formal head of the Union Executive, and all executive actions of the Government of India are taken in his/her name.

These powers include the authority to appoint the following:

1. The Prime Minister of India (Article 75(1)) and, on his advice, other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers (Article 75).
2. The Attorney General of India (Article 76).
3. Judges of the Supreme Court (Article 124) and Judges of the High Courts (Article 217)
4. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Article 148).
5. Governors of States (Article 155).
6. Administrators of Union Territories, including Lieutenant Governors (Article 239).

II. Legislative Powers(Article 79):

The President is an integral part of Parliament. Though not a member of either House, the President exercises significant legislative powers as follows:

1. The President summons and postpones the Parliament and can dissolve the Lok Sabha. (Article 85)
2. He/she may summon a joint sitting of both Houses in case of a deadlock, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. (Article 108)
3. He/she addresses the first session of Parliament after each general election and the first session of every year, outlining the government’s policies.
4. He/she nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from persons distinguished in Literature, Science, Art, and Social Service. (Article 80).
5. He/she decides on questions of disqualification of MPs under Articles 102-103, but is bound by the opinion of the Election Commission of India.

Question 2.
Explain briefly the Powers and Functions of the Union Cabinet.
Answer:

• Cabinet Ministers (Union Cabinet) are the senior members of the Council of Ministers in the Union Government.
• They are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
• Cabinet Ministers hold important departments like Defence, Finance, Home, and External Affairs.
• They help in making major policies and decisions of the government.

Powers and Functions of the Union Cabinet

1. Policy-Making Functions

• It is the chief policy-formulating body, deciding both domestic and foreign policies of the Union Government.
• It determines and directs foreign policy and foreign affairs under the leadership of Prime Minister.

2. Legislative Functions:

• It plays a central role in piloting government bills in Parliament and ensuring the passage.
• When Parliament is not in session and urgent legislation is required, the Cabinet advises the President to promulgate an ordinance under Article 123.

3. Executive Functions:

• It is the highest decision-making authority in India’s politico-administrative system
• It acts as the supreme executive authority of the Union Government.
• It serves as the chief coordinator of the Union administration, ensuring harmony among ministries and departments.
• It exercises control over higher appointments, including constitutional authorities, senior bureaucrats, and heads of public institutions (through Cabinet Committees).

4. Financial Functions

• It is the chief financial authority of the Union Government.
• It finalizes the annual Union Budget after detailed discussions and presents it in Parliament in the name of the President.

5. Advisory Functions

• Under Article 74, it renders binding advice to the President in the exercise of his/her functions.

6. Crisis-Management Functions

• It acts as the chief crisis manager, taking decisions during national emergencies. Security threats, economic crises, and natural calamities such as floods, famines earthquakes, or cyclones.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who among the following is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister?
1. Vice-President
2. Chief Justice of India
3. Council of Ministers
4. Advocate-General
Answer:
3. Council of Ministers

Question 2.
Who inquires into and decides disputes relating to the election of the President?
1. Election Commission of India
2. Parliament
3. Supreme Court of India
4. Lok Sabha
Answer:
3. Supreme Court of India

Question 3.
Who can participate in the impeachment of the President though they cannot participate in his/her election?
1. Elected members of State Legislative Assemblies
2. Nominated members of Rajya Sabha
3. Members of State Legislative Councils
4. Nominated members of State Assemblies
Answer:
2. Nominated members of Rajya Sabha

Question 4.
The provision for nomination of Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha by the President was abolished by
1. 101st Constitutional Amendment
2. 102nd Constitutional Amendment
3. 103rd Constitutional Amendment
4. 104th Constitutional Amendment
Answer:
4. 104th Constitutional Amendment

Question 5.
The President has no veto power with respect to
1. Money Bills
2. Constitutional Amendment Bills
3. State Reorganisation Bills
4. Private Members’ Bills
Answer:
2. Constitutional Amendment Bills

Question 6.
The Annual Financial Statement (Union Budget) is laid before Parliament under
1. Article 110
2. Article 112
3. Article 117
4. Article 280
Answer:
2. Article 112

Question 7.
Collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha is provided under which Article?
1. Article 74(1)
2. Article 75(3)
3. Article 77(1)
4. Article 78
Answer:
2. Article 75(3)

Question 8.
Who said: “The Prime Minister is first among equals”?
1. Ramsay Muir
2. Munro
3. Lord Morley
4. Ivar Jennings
Answer:
3. Lord Morley

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The constitutional head of the State at the national level is ____________
Answer:
President of India

Question 2.
The process of removal of the President before completion of tenure is called ____________
Answer:
Impeachment.

Question 3.
The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of ____________
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 4.
The Prime Minister of India is appointed by ____________
Answer:
President of India

Question 5.
The President may seek advisory opinion of the Supreme Court under Article ____________
Answer:
143

Question 6.
According to the 91 st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, the total number of Minister in the Council of Ministers cannot exceed ____________
Answer:
15% of the total strength of Lok Sabha

One Word Answer

Question 1.
If both the offices of President and Vice-President are vacant, who discharges the functions of President?
Answer:
Chief Justice of India

Question 2.
Which Article empowers the President to appoint the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)?
Answer:
Article 148

Question 3.
Who presides over a joint sitting of Parliament summoned by the President?
Answer:
Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Question 4.
Who appoints the Finance Commission of India?
Answer:
President of India

Question 5.
Under which Article can the President impose President’s Rule in a State?
Answer:
Article 356

Question 6.
Who administers the oath of office to the Vice-President of India?
Answer:
President of India

Reviewing AP Inter 2nd Year Civics Study Material Chapter 2 Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy Questions and Answers can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Inter 2nd Year Civics 2nd Lesson Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the present status of the Right to Property?
Answer:

• Originally, it was guaranteed under Articles 19(1 )(f) and 31 of the Constitution. However, by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, it was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights.
• It is a legal right under Article 300A of the Constitution of India, which states that no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law.

Question 2.
Mention any four Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Fundament Rights are:

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Property
7. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 3.
Classification of Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The Constitution of India does not explicitly classify the Directive Principles of State Policy.
However, based on their content and purpose, they are broadly categorized into three types: Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-Intellectual principles.

Question 4.
Mention any two Liberal Intellectual principles.
Answer:
Liberal Intellectual Principles are

1. Article 44 directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens throughout India.
2. Article 45 directs the State to endeavour to provide early childhood care and education to all children until they reach the age of six years.

Question 5.
Mention any two points related to Article 51 of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Article 51 directs the State to endeavour to:

a) Promote international peace and security
b) Maintain just and honourable relations between nations.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the six freedoms of an Indian citizen.
Answer:
The Right to Freedom is a Fundamental Right guaranteed under Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India. These rights are available only to Indian citizens and ensure individual liberty and democratic participation.

Article 19(1) provides the following freedoms:

1. Freedom of speech and expression.
2. Freedom to peaceful Assembly and without arms.
3. Freedom to form associations or unions.
4. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
5. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India.
6. Freedom to acquire, hold and dispose of property.
7. Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business.

Question 2.
Enumerate any four Fundamental Duties of a citizen.
Answer:
Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens, listed in Article 51A of the Constitution of India, are:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

Question 3.
Explain the Right to Education.
Answer:
The Right to Education (RTE) is a Fundamental Right guaranteed under Article 21A of the Constitution of India. It was introduced by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, which provides free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 and 14 years.

The Amendments Related to Right to Education:

• Article 45 was revised to provide for early childhood care and education for children aged 0-6 years.
• Article 51 A(k) imposes a fundamental duty on parents to guardians to provide education to children between 6 and 14 years.
• Parliament enacted the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 to operationalise Article 21 A. The Act came into force on 1st April 2010.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
In which way the Indian Constitution provides its citizens protection against arrest and detention.
Answer:
The Constitution of India protects against arrest and detention through Article 22 under the Fundamental Rights.

Protection against Arrest and Detention

Article 22(1) and 22(2) guarantee the following four rights to a person arrested under ordinary law:

1. The right to be informed, as soon as possible, of the grounds of arrest.
2. The right to consult and be defended by a lawyer of one’s choice.
3. The right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
4. Protection from being detained beyond 24 hours without the magistrate’s authority.

These rights are available to both citizens and non-citizens. However, they do not apply to enemy aliens and persons detained under preventive detention laws. The protections in clauses Article 22(1) and 22(2) apply only to arrests for criminal or quasi-criminal acts, or acts prejudicial to public order or state security.

Preventive Detention – Article 22(4)

Article 22(4) provides safeguards for persons under preventive detention:

1. No preventive detention law may allow detention beyond three months unless an Advisory Board approves a longer period.
2. The Advisory Board must consist of persons qualified to be High Court judges.

Both Parliament and State Legislatures may enact preventive detention laws. However, only Parliament can enact a law permitting detention beyond three months without requiring opinion of an Advisory Board.

Question 2.
Bring out any eight differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy are two key features of the Indian Constitution, both playing an important role in shaping a just and equitable society. However, they differ from each other in several ways as outlined below

Fundamental Rights and Directive principles of State policy:

Question 3.
Write any four Socialistic and Gandhian principles related to the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The Constitution of India does not explicitly classify Directive Principles. However, based on their content and purpose, they can be broadly categorised as Socialistic, Gandhian and Liberal – Intellectual Principles.
1. Socialistic Principles: Socialistic principles reflect the Ideals of a democratic and socialist state and aim to ensure social and economic Justice.

2. Gandhian Principles: These principles are based on Gandhian ideology and reflect the programme of social and economic reconstruction proposed by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian National Movement.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which Article of the Constitution abolishes untouchability?
1. Article-14
2. Article-17
3. Article-19
4. Article-42
Answer:
2. Article-17

Question 2.
The Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the Constitution of which country?
1. U.S.A.
2. Ireland
3. South Africa
4. Canada
Answer:
2. Ireland

Question 3.
At present, how many Fundamental Duties are there in the Constitution of India?
1. 6
2. 7
3. 10
4. 11
Answer:
4. 11

Question 4.
Which part of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights?
1. Part-III
2. Part-IV
3. Part-IVA
4. Part-V
Answer:
1. Part-III

Question 5.
Which committee recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution?
1. Sarkaria Committee
2. Varma Committee
3. Sardar Swaran Singh Committee
4. Balwantrai Mehta Committee
Answer:
3. Sardar Swaran Singh Committee

Question 6.
In which case the Supreme Court of India held that Parliament cannot ammend the fundamental rights?
1. Kesavananda Bharati
2. Shankari Prasad
3. Golaknath
4. Minerva Mills
Answer:
3. Golaknath

Question 7.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with Judicial Review?
1. Article 12
2. Article 13
3. Article 14
4. Article 15
Answer:
2. Article 13

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Who suspends Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency __________
Answer:
President

Question 2.
The Right to Property was removed from the Fundamental Rights in the year __________
Answer:
1978

Question 3.
The concept of “equality before the law” was borrowed from the Constitution of which country __________
Answer:
United Kingdom

Question 4.
Which Article provides equal justice and free legal aid __________
Answer:
Article 39A

Question 5.
Which Article prohibits child labour __________
Answer:
Article 24

Question 6.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar rightly described which right as the ‘heart of the Indian Constitution’ ____________
Answer:
Right to constitutional remedies

One Word Answer

Question 1.
Who propounded the concept of the Rule of Law?
Answer:
A.V. Dicey

Question 2.
In which case Supreme Court said that constitutional ammendment under article 368 subjected to judicial review?
Answer:
Minerva Mills

Question 3.
Which Articles cannot be suspended even during a National Emergency?
Answer:
Articles 20 and 21

Question 4.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the Uniform Civil Code?
Answer:
Article 44