Srinivas

Practice AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions MCQ to identify your strengths and weak areas.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Inverse Trigonometric Functions MCQ

I. Select the correct option from the given choices.

Question 1.
If sin^-1x = y , then
1) 0 ≤ y ≤ π
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) ≤ y ≤ \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
3) 0 < y < π
4) \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) < y < \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Solution:
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{2}\) ≤ y ≤ \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
We know that range of the principle value of \(\sin ^{-1} x=\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right]\)
Given that sin^-1 x = y, ∴ \(-\frac{\pi}{2} \leq y \leq \frac{\pi}{2}\)

Question 2.
tan^-1\(\sqrt{3}\) – sec^-1(-2) is equal to
1) π
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{3}\)
3) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
4) \(\frac{2 \pi}{3}\)
Solution:
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Formula: sec^-1(-x) = -sec^-1x;
tan^-1\(\sqrt{3}\) – sec^-1(-2) = tan^-1\(\sqrt{3}\) – (π – sec^-12) = 60° – 180° = -60° = \(\frac{-\pi}{3}\)

Question 3.
cos^-1(cos\(\frac{7 \pi}{6}\)) is equal to
1) \(\frac{7 \pi}{6}\)
2) \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)
3) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
4) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
Solution:
2) \(\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)
\(\frac{7 \pi}{6}=\pi+\frac{\pi}{6}\) and cos^-1(-x) = π – cos^-1x
∴ cos^-1 \(\cos \frac{7 \pi}{6}=\cos ^{-1}\left[\cos \left(\pi+\frac{\pi}{6}\right)\right]=\cos ^{-1}\left[-\cos \frac{\pi}{6}\right]=\pi-\cos ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{\pi}{6}\right)=\pi-\frac{\pi}{6}=\frac{5 \pi}{6}\)

Question 4.
sin\(\left(\frac{\pi}{3}-\sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\) is equal to
1) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
2) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
3) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
4) 1
Solution:
4) 1
Formula: sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1(x)
\(\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{3}-\sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)=\sin \left[60^{\circ}+\sin \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right]\) = sin[60° + 30°] = sin 90° = 1

Question 5.
tan^-1\(\sqrt{3}\) – cot^-1(\(-\sqrt{3}\)) is equal to
1) π
2) \(\frac{-\pi}{2}\)
3) 0
4) 2\(\sqrt{3}\)
Solution:
2) \(\frac{-\pi}{2}\)
Formula: cot^-1(-x) = π – cot^-1(x)
tan^-1\(\sqrt{3}\) – cot^-1(\(-\sqrt{3}\)) = tan^-1(\(\sqrt{3}\)) – (π – cot^-1(\(\sqrt{3}\)\frac{-\pi}{2})) = 60° – 180° + 30° = -90° = \(\frac{-\pi}{2}\)

Question 6.
sin(tan^-1 x), |x| < 1 is equal to
1) \(\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
2) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
3) \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
4) \(\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
Solution:
4) \(\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
tan^-1 x = θ ⇒ \(\frac{x}{1}=\tan \theta \Rightarrow \sin \theta=\frac{A B}{B C}=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)

Question 7.
If sin^-1(1 – x) – 2sin^-1 x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\), then x is equal to
1) 0, \(\frac{1}{2}\)
2) 1, \(\frac{1}{2}\)
3) 0
4) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Solution:
3) 0
Formula: sin(90° + θ) = cosθ; cos2θ = 1 – 2sin²θ
G.E = \(\sin ^{-1}(1-x)=\frac{\pi}{2}+2 \sin ^{-1} x \Rightarrow(1-x)=\sin \left[\frac{\pi}{2}+2 \sin ^{-1} x\right]\)
⇒ 1 – x = cos(2sin^-1 x) = 1 – 2(sin(sin^-1 x))² = 1 – 2x²
∴ 1 – x = 1 – 2x² ⇒ 2x² – x = 0 ⇒ x(2x – 1) = 0 x = 1,\(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 8.
sin\(\left[\frac{\pi}{3}+\sin ^{-1}\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)\right]\) is equal to:
1) 1
2) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
3) \(\frac{1}{3}\)
4) \(\frac{1}{4}\)
Solution:
2) \(\frac{1}{2}\)
sin^-1\(\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\) = -30 and cos^-1(-x) = π – cos^-1x
sin(60° – 30°) = sin30° = \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 9.
The principle value of \(\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)+\sin ^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\) is
1) \(\frac{\pi}{12}\)
2) π
3) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
4) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
Solution:
1) \(\frac{\pi}{12}\)
cos^-1\(\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\) – sin^-1\(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\) = 60° – 45° = 15° = \(\frac{\pi}{12}\)

Question 10.
The principle value of \(\tan ^{-1}\left(\tan \frac{9 \pi}{8}\right)\)
1) \(\frac{\pi}{8}\)
2) \(\frac{3\pi}{8}\)
3) \(\frac{-\pi}{8}\)
4) \(\frac{-3\pi}{8}\)
Solution:
1) \(\frac{\pi}{8}\)
\(\tan ^{-1}\left(\tan \left(\pi+\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)=\tan ^{-1}\left(\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right)=\frac{\pi}{8}\)

Question 11.
The domain of the function cos^-1(2x – 3) is
1) [-1, 1]
2) (1, 2)
3) (-1, 1)
4) [1, 2]
Solution:
4) [1, 2]
Formula: cos^-1x is defined for x ∈ (-1, 1)
-1 ≤ (2x – 3) ≤ 1 ⇒ (3 – 1) ≤ 2x ≤ (3 + 1) ⇒ 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 x ∈ [1, 2]

Question 12.
The value of \(\sin ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{3 \pi}{5}\right)\)
1) \(\frac{\pi}{10}\)
2) \(\frac{3 \pi}{5}\)
3) \(-\frac{\pi}{10}\)
4) \(-\frac{3 \pi}{5}\)
Solution:
3) \(-\frac{\pi}{10}\)
Formula: cosθ = sin(90° – θ)
\(\sin ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{3 \pi}{5}\right)=\sin ^{-1}\left[\sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\frac{3 \pi}{5}\right)\right]=\sin ^{-1}\left[\sin \left(\frac{-\pi}{10}\right)\right]=-\frac{\pi}{10}\)

Question 13.
The principle value of tan^-1(-1) is
1) \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)
3) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
4) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Solution:
2) \(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)
Formula: tan^-1(-x) = -tan^-1x
tan^-1(-1) = -tan^-1(1) = \(-\frac{\pi}{4}\)

Question 14.
The principle value of \(\cos ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{13 \pi}{6}\right)\) is
1) \(\frac{13 \pi}{6}\)
2) \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
3) \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
4) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
Solution:
4) \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
\(\cos ^{-1}\left(\cos \frac{13 \pi}{6}\right)=\cos ^{-1}\left[\cos \left(2 \pi+\frac{\pi}{6}\right)\right]=\cos ^{-1}\left[\cos \left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right)\right]=\frac{\pi}{6}\)

Question 15.
The simplest form of \(\tan ^{-1}\left[\frac{\sqrt{1+\mathrm{x}}-\sqrt{1-\mathrm{x}}}{\sqrt{1+\mathrm{x}}+\sqrt{1-\mathrm{x}}}\right.\) is
1) \(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{\pi}{2}\)
2) \(\frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{\pi}{2}\)
3) \(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{1}{2} \cos ^{-1} x\)
4) \(\frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{\pi}{2} \cos ^{-1} x\)
Solution:
3) \(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{1}{2} \cos ^{-1} x\)
Put x = cos2θ ⇒ 2θ = cos^-1x ⇒ θ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)cos^-1x
\(\frac{\sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}}{\sqrt{1+x}+\sqrt{1-x}}=\frac{\sqrt{1+\cos 2 \theta}-\sqrt{1-\cos 2 \theta}}{\sqrt{1+\cos 2 \theta}+\sqrt{1-\cos 2 \theta}}=\frac{\sqrt{2 \cos ^2 \theta}-\sqrt{2 \sin ^2 \theta}}{\sqrt{2 \cos ^2 \theta}+\sqrt{2 \sin ^2 \theta}}\)
= \(\frac{\cos \theta-\sin \theta}{\cos \theta+\sin \theta}=\frac{1-\tan \theta}{1+\tan \theta}=\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4}-\theta\right)\)
∴ \(\tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}}{\sqrt{1+x}+\sqrt{1-x}}\right)=\frac{\pi}{4}-\theta=\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{1}{2} \cos ^{-1} x\)

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Exercise 10e Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Vector Algebra Solutions Exercise 10e

I.

Question 1.
Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis.
Solution:
Let the unit vector be taken as \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{r}}=\cos \theta \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\sin \theta \hat{\mathrm{j}}\), where θ is angle with positive x-axis.
[∵ cos²θ + sin²θ = 1]
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{r}}=\cos 30^{\circ} \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\sin 30^{\circ} \hat{\mathrm{j}}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{1}{2} \hat{\mathrm{j}}\)

Question 2.
Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the points P(x₁, y₁, z₁) and Q(x₂, y₂, z₂).
Solution:
Given that P(x₁, y₁, z₁) and Q(x₂, y₂, z₂) ⇒ \(\overrightarrow{O P}=x_1 \hat{i}+y_1 \hat{j}+z_1 \hat{k} \text { and } \overrightarrow{O Q}=x_2 \hat{i}+y_2 \hat{j}+z_2 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{PQ}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}-\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}=\left(\mathrm{x}_2-\mathrm{x}_1\right) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\left(\mathrm{y}_2-\mathrm{y}_1\right) \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\left(\mathrm{z}_2-\mathrm{z}_1\right) \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
⇒ \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{PQ}}|=\sqrt{\left(\mathrm{x}_2-\mathrm{x}_1\right)^2+\left(\mathrm{y}_2-\mathrm{y}_1\right)^2+\left(\mathrm{z}_2-\mathrm{z}_1\right)^2}\)
Hence, the scalar components of the vectors are (x₂ – x₁), (y₂ – y₁), (z₂ – z₁)
and magnitude of the vector is \(\sqrt{\left(x_2-x_1\right)^2+\left(y_2-y_1\right)^2+\left(z_2-z_1\right)^2}\)

Question 3.
A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of north and stops. Determine the girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure.
Solution:
Let O and B be the initial and final positions of the girl, respectively. Then, the girl’s position can be shown by the adjacent diagram. \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OA}}=-4 \hat{\mathrm{i}}\)

Hence, the girl’s displacement from her intial point of departure is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{-5}{2} \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{3 \sqrt{3}}{2} \hat{\mathrm{j}}\)

Question 4.
If \(\vec{a}=\vec{b}+\vec{c}\), then is it true that \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|+|\vec{c}|\)? Justify your answer.
Solution:
No. If \(\vec{a}=\vec{b}+\vec{c}\), then they form a triangle.
In ABC, \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{CB}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}, \overrightarrow{\mathrm{CA}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}, \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}\)
From triangle law of addition of vectors we have \(\vec{a}=\vec{b}+\vec{c}\)
From triangle inequality we have \(|\vec{a}|<|\vec{b}|+|\vec{c}|\)
Hence, it is not true that \(|\vec{a}|=|\vec{b}|+|\vec{c}|\)

Question 5.
Find the value of x for which \(x(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}})\) is a unit vector.
Solution:
If \(x(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}})\) is a unit vector then
\(|x(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})|=1 \Rightarrow \sqrt{x^2+x^2+x^2}=1 \Rightarrow \sqrt{3 x^2}=1 \Rightarrow \sqrt{3} x=1 \Rightarrow x= \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Question 6.
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Let vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}\) be the resultant of vectors \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\)
∴ \(\vec{c}=\vec{a}+\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-\hat{k}+\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}=3 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
∴ Required vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\)
\(5 \hat{\mathrm{c}}=5 \frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}}{|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}|}=5\left(\frac{3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}+0 \hat{\mathrm{k}}}{\sqrt{9+1+0}}\right)=\frac{5}{\sqrt{10}}(3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}})=\frac{5}{\sqrt{10}} \frac{\sqrt{10}}{\sqrt{10}}(3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}})=\frac{5}{10} \sqrt{10}(3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}})\)
= \(\frac{\sqrt{10}}{2}(3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}})=\frac{3}{2} \sqrt{10 \mathrm{i}}+\frac{\sqrt{10}}{2} \hat{\mathrm{j}} .\)

Question 7.
If \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\) find a unit vector parallel to the vector \(2 \vec{a}-\vec{b}+3 \vec{c}\).
Solution:
Given vectors are \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k}, \vec{b}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+3 \hat{k}, \vec{c}=\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\)
Let \(\vec{d}=2 \vec{a}-\vec{b}+3 \vec{c}=2(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})-(2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+3 \hat{k})+3(\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k})=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}-2 \hat{i}+\hat{j}-3 \hat{k}+3 \hat{i}-6 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(\hat{d}=3 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
A unit vector parallel to the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}=3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-3 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{k}} \text { is } \hat{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}}{|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{~d}}|}\)
= \(\frac{3 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{9+9+4}}=\frac{3 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{22}}=\frac{3}{\sqrt{22}} \hat{i}-\frac{3}{\sqrt{22}} \hat{j}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{22}} \hat{k}\)

Question 8.
Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are \(\pm\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)\)
Solution:
Let a vector be equally inclined to OX, OY and OZ at an angle α
So, the DCs of the vectors are cosα, cosα, and cosα
∴ cos²α + cos²α + cos²α = 1 ⇒ 3 cos²α = 1 ⇒ cos²α = \(\frac{1}{3}\) ⇒ cosα = \(\pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)

II.

Question 1.
Show that the points A(1, -2, -8), B(5, 0, -2) and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the ratio in which B divides AC.
Solution:
Given points are A(1, -2, -8), B(5, 0, -2) C(11, 3, 7)

On equating the corresponding components, we get
⇒ 5(λ + 1) = (11λ + 1) ⇒ 5λ + 5 = 11λ + 1 ⇒ 6λ = 4 ⇒ λ = \(\frac{2}{3}\). Thus, the ratio is 2 : 3

Question 2.
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose position vectors are \((2 \vec{a}+\vec{b}) \text { and }(\vec{a}-3 \vec{b})\) externally in the ratio 1 : 2. Also, show that P is the mid point of the line segment RQ.
Solution:
We have \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}=2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}-3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}\)
It is given that point R divides a line segment joining two points P and Q externally in the ratio 1 : 2.
Then, by using the section formula, we get
\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OR}}=\frac{2(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}})-1 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}}{2-1}=\frac{2(2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}})-(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}-3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}})}{2-1}=\frac{4 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}-\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}}{1}=3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+5 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}\)
Hence, the position vector of R is \(3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+5 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}\)
Thus, the position vector of midpoint of RQ = \(\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OR}}}{2}\)
\(R Q=\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OR}}}{2}=\frac{(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}-3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}})+(3 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+5 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}})}{2}=2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\)
Thus, P is the midpoint of line segment RQ.

Question 3.
The two adjacent sidt s of a parallelogram are \(2 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k} \text { and } \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}-3 \hat{k}\). Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k}, \quad \vec{b}=\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}-3 \hat{k}\)
Diagonal of the parallelogram is \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}\)
⇒ \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k}+\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}-3 \hat{k}=(2+1) \hat{i}+(-4-2) \hat{j}+(5-3) \hat{k}=3 \hat{i}-6 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
So the unit vector parallel to the diagonal is \(\frac{\vec{a}+\vec{b}}{|\vec{a}+\vec{b}|}\)

Question 4.
Let \(\vec{i}=\hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}, \vec{b}=3 \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+7 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{c}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+4 \hat{k}\). Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both \(\text { \vec{a} and } \vec{b}, \text { and } \vec{c} . \vec{d} =15\)
Solution:
Let \(\vec{d}=d_1 \hat{i}+d_2 \hat{j}+d_3 \hat{k}\) Since \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}\) is perpendicular to both \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\) we have
\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}=0 \Rightarrow \mathrm{~d}_1+4 \mathrm{~d}_2+2 \mathrm{~d}_3=0\) ……(1)
\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}=0 \Rightarrow 3 \mathrm{~d}_1-2 \mathrm{~d}_2+7 \mathrm{~d}_3=0\) …………(2)
Also it is given that \(\vec{c} \cdot \vec{d}=15 \Rightarrow 2 d_1-d_2+4 d_3=15\) ……..(3)
On solving (1),(2) and (3) we get \(d_1=\frac{160}{3}, d_2=-\frac{5}{3}, d_3=-\frac{70}{3}\)
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{160}{3} \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\frac{5}{3} \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\frac{70}{3} \hat{\mathrm{k}}=\frac{1}{3}(160 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-5 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-70 \hat{\mathrm{k}})\)

Question 5.
The scalar product of the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\) with a unit vector along the sum of vectors \(2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}-5 \hat{k} \text { and } \lambda \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\) is equsil to one. Find the value of λ.
Solution:
We have \((2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}-5 \hat{k})+(\lambda \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})=(2+\lambda) \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k}\)
Unit vector along \((2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}-5 \hat{k})+(\lambda \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})\) is

⇒ λ² + 4λ + 44 = (λ + 6)² ⇒ λ² + 4x + 44 = λ² + 12λ + 36 ⇒ 8λ = 8 ⇒ λ = 1

Question 6.
If \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}\) is equally inclined to \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes
⇒ \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}=\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a}=0\)
Let \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}\) be inclined to \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}\) at angles θ₁, θ₂, θ₃ respectively.

Given that \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}\) are of equal magnitude ⇒ \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}|\)
Hence from (1), (2), (3) we get cosθ₁= cos θ₂ = cos θ₃ Thus, θ₁ = θ₂ = θ₃

Question 7.
Prove that \((\vec{a}+\vec{b}) \cdot(\vec{a}+\vec{b})=|\vec{a}|^2+|\vec{b}|^2\), if and only if \(\vec{a} , \vec{b}\) are perpendicular, given \(a \neq 0, b \neq 0\)
Solution:

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Exercise 10d Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Vector Algebra Solutions Exercise 10d

I.

Question 1.
Find \(|\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}| \text {, if } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-7 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+7 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \mathbf{b}=3 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-7 \hat{j}+7 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=3 \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
\(\vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
1 & -7 & 7 \\
3 & -2 & 2
\end{array}\right|=\hat{i}(-14+14)-\hat{j}(2-21)+\hat{k}(-2+21)=19 \hat{j}+19 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(|\vec{a} \times \vec{b}|=\sqrt{19^2+19^2}=\sqrt{2 \times(19)^2}=19 \sqrt{2}\)

Question 2.
If a unit vector \(\vec{a}\) makes angles \(\frac{\pi}{3}\) with \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}, \frac{\pi}{4} \text { with } \hat{\mathbf{j}}\) and an acute angle θ with \(\hat{\mathbf{k}}\), then find 6 and hence, the components of \(\vec{a}\).
Solution:
Let us take the unit vector as \(\vec{a}=a_1 \hat{i}+a_2 \hat{j}+a_3 \hat{k} \text {. Then, }|\bar{a}|=1\)
Now, cos\(\frac{\pi}{3}=\frac{a_1}{|\vec{a}|} \Rightarrow a_1=\frac{1}{2} ; \cos \frac{\pi}{4}=\frac{a_2}{|\vec{a}|} \Rightarrow a_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
\(\cos \theta=\frac{a_3}{|\vec{a}|} \Rightarrow a_3=\cos \theta\)
Since \(\vec{a}\) is a unit vector, we have \(\sqrt{a_1^2+a_2^2+a_3^2}=1 \Rightarrow\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)^2+\cos ^2 \theta=1\)
⇒ \(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}+\cos ^2 \theta=1 \Rightarrow \frac{3}{4}+\cos ^2 \theta=1 \Rightarrow \cos ^2 \theta=1-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{1}{4} \Rightarrow \cos \theta=\frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow \theta=\frac{\pi}{3}\)
Hence, \(a_3=\cos \frac{\pi}{3}=\frac{1}{2}\) (∵ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)) Components of \(\hat{\mathbf{a}}\) are \(\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{2}\right)\)

Question 3.
Show that \((\vec{a}-\vec{b}) \times(\vec{a}+\vec{b})=2(\vec{a} \times \vec{b})\)
Solution:
L.H.S = \((\vec{a}-\vec{b}) \times(\vec{a}+\vec{b})=(\vec{a}-\vec{b}) \times \vec{a}+(\vec{a}-\vec{b}) \times \vec{b}\)
= \(\vec{a} \times \vec{a}-\vec{b} \times \vec{a}+\vec{a} \times \vec{b}-\vec{b} \times \vec{b}=0+\vec{a} \times \vec{b}+\vec{a} \times \vec{b}-0=2(\vec{a} \times \vec{b})\) = R.H.S

Question 4.
Find λ and µ if \((2 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}+27 \hat{k}) \times(\hat{i}+\lambda \hat{j}+\mu \hat{k})=0\) = 0
Solution:
Given that \((2 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}+27 \hat{k}) \times(\hat{i}+\lambda \hat{j}+\mu \hat{k})=\overrightarrow{0} \Rightarrow(2 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}+27 \hat{k}) \times(\hat{i}+\lambda \hat{j}+\mu \hat{k})=\overrightarrow{0}\)
⇒ \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
2 & 6 & 27 \\
1 & \lambda & \mu
\end{array}\right|=0 \hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k} \Rightarrow \hat{i}(6 \mu-27 \lambda)-\hat{j}(2 \mu-27)+\hat{k}(2 \lambda-6)=0 \hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
On Comparing the corresponding components, we have
6µ – 27λ = 0, 2λ – 6 = 0
2λ – 6 = 0 ⇒ λ = 3 2µ – 27 = 0 ⇒ 2µ – 27 = 0 ⇒ µ = \(\frac{27}{2}\)

Question 5.
Given that \(\vec{a} . \vec{b}=0 \text { and } \vec{a} \times \vec{b}=0\). What can you conclude about the vectors \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\)?
Solution:
When \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=0\) then either \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|=0 \text { or }|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|=0\) or a JL b (if \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \mid \neq 0 \text { and }|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}| \neq 0\))
When \(\vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) then either \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|=0 \text { or }|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|=0\) or \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \| \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\) (if \(\vec{a} \mid \neq 0 \text { and }|\vec{b}| \neq 0\))
But \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\) cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.
We conclude that \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}=0 \text { or } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}=0\)

Question 6.
If either \(\vec{a}=0 \text { or } \vec{b}=0 \text {, then } \vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\). Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an example.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=2 \vec{i}+3 \vec{j}+4 \vec{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=4 \vec{i}+6 \vec{j}+8 \vec{k}\)
∴ \(\vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\left|\begin{array}{lll}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
2 & 3 & 4 \\
4 & 6 & 8
\end{array}\right|=\hat{i}(24-24)-\hat{j}(16-16)+\hat{k}(12-12)=\overrightarrow{0}\)
Here \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}\) are two non-zero collinear vectors
So, the converse of the statement is not true.

Question 7.
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-7 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-\hat{j}+3 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=2 \hat{i}-7 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\)
∴ \(\vec{a} \times \vec{b}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
1 & -1 & 3 \\
2 & -7 & 1
\end{array}\right|=\hat{i}(-1+21)-\hat{j}(1-6)+\hat{k}(-7+2)=20 \hat{i}+5 \hat{j}-5 \hat{k}\)
We know that area of parallelogram = \(|\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \times \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}} \mid\)
= \(\sqrt{400+25+25}=\sqrt{450}=\sqrt{25 \times 9 \times 2}=5(3) \sqrt{2}=15 \sqrt{2} \text { Sq.units. }\)

II.

Question 1.
Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}-\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}\), where \(\vec{a}=3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k}\)
Solution:
Given \(\vec{a}=3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k}\)
Adding we have \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}=4 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
Substracting \(\vec{a}-\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k}\)
∴ \((\vec{a}+\vec{b}) \times(\vec{a}-\vec{b})=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
4 & 4 & 0 \\
2 & 0 & 4
\end{array}\right|=\hat{i}(16-0)-\hat{j}(16-0)+\hat{k}(0-8)=16 \hat{i}-16 \hat{j}-8 \hat{k}=\vec{c}(\text { say })\)
∴ \(|\vec{c} \mid=\sqrt{16^2+(-16)^2+(-8)^2}=\sqrt{256+256+64}=\sqrt{576}=24 .\)
∴ a unit vector perpendicular to both \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b} \text { is } \hat{c}= \pm \frac{\vec{c}}{|\vec{c}|}\)
= \(\pm \frac{(16 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-16 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-8 \hat{\mathrm{k}})}{24}= \pm\left(\frac{16}{24} \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\frac{16}{24} \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\frac{8}{24} \hat{\mathrm{k}}\right)= \pm\left(\frac{2}{3} \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\frac{2}{3} \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\frac{1}{3} \hat{\mathrm{k}}\right) .\)

Question 2.
Let the vectors \(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c} \text { be given as } a_1 \hat{i}+a_2 \hat{j}+a_3 \hat{k}, b_1 \hat{i}+b_2 \hat{j}+b_3 \hat{k}, c_1 \hat{i}+c_2 \hat{j}+c_3 \hat{k}\) given as \(a_1 \hat{i}+a_2 \hat{j}+a_3 \hat{k}, b_1 \hat{i}+b_2 \hat{j}+b_3 \hat{k}, c_1 \hat{i}+c_2 \hat{j}+c_3 \hat{k}\). Then show that \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \times(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}})=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \times \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \times \overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}\).
Solution:
Given vectors \(\vec{a}=a_1 \hat{i}+a_2 \hat{j}+a_3 \hat{k}, \vec{b}=b_1 \hat{i}+b_2 \hat{j}+b_3 \hat{k}, \vec{c}=c_1 \hat{i}+c_2 \hat{j}+c_3 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(\vec{b}+\vec{c}=\left(b_1+c_1\right) \hat{i}+\left(b_2+c_2\right) \hat{j}+\left(b_3+c_3\right) \hat{k}\)

Question 3.
Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5)
Solution:
Vertices of ∆ABC are A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5)
Position Vector (P.V) of point A(1, 1, 2) is \(\overrightarrow{O A}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
Position Vector (P.V) of point B(2, 3, 5) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OB}}=2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+5 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
Position Vector (P.V) of point C(1, 5, 5) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OC}}=\hat{\mathrm{i}}+5 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+5 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
\(\overrightarrow{A B}=\overrightarrow{O B}-\overrightarrow{O A}=(2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k})-(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k}-\hat{i}-\hat{j}-2 \hat{k}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\)
\(\overrightarrow{A C}=\overrightarrow{O C}-\overrightarrow{O A}=(\hat{i}+5 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k})-(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})=\hat{i}+5 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k}-\hat{i}-\hat{j}-2 \hat{k}=0 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}} \times \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AC}}=\left|\begin{array}{lll}
\hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\
1 & 2 & 3 \\
0 & 4 & 3
\end{array}\right|=\hat{i}(6-12)-\hat{j}(3-0)+\hat{k}(4-0)=-6 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k}\)
Area of triangle ABC = \(\frac{1}{2}|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}} \times \overrightarrow{\mathrm{AC}}|=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{36+9+16}=\frac{\sqrt{61}}{2} \text { sq. units. }\)

III.

Question 1.
If \(\vec{a}=2 \vec{i}+\vec{j}-3 \vec{k}, \vec{b}=\vec{i}-2 \vec{j}+\vec{k}, \vec{c}=-\vec{i}+\vec{j}-4 \vec{k} \text { and } \vec{d}=\vec{i}+\vec{j}+\vec{k}\) then compute \(|(\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times \overline{\mathbf{b}}) \times(\overline{\mathbf{c}}+\overline{\mathbf{d}})|\)
Solution:
Given vectors \(\vec{a}=2 \vec{i}+\vec{j}-3 \vec{k}, \vec{b}=\vec{i}-2 \vec{j}+\vec{k}, \vec{c}=-\vec{i}+\vec{j}-4 \vec{k} \text { and } \vec{d}=\vec{i}+\vec{j}+\vec{k}\)

Question 2.
If \(\bar{a}=\bar{i}-2 \bar{j}-3 \bar{k}, \bar{b}=2 \bar{i}+\bar{j}-\bar{k}, \bar{c}=\bar{i}+3 \bar{j}-2 \bar{k}\) then, verify \(\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times(\overline{\mathbf{b}} \times \overline{\mathbf{c}}) \neq(\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times \overline{\mathbf{b}}) \times \overline{\mathbf{c}}\)
Solution:

Question 3.
If \(\overline{\mathrm{a}}=7 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-\overline{2 \mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}}, \overline{\mathrm{~b}}=2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}+8 \overline{\mathrm{k}} \text { and } \overline{\mathrm{c}}=\overline{\mathrm{i}}+\overline{\mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}}\), then compute \(\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}, \overline{\mathbf{a}} \times \overline{\mathbf{c}} \text { and } \overline{\mathbf{a}} \times(\overline{\mathbf{b}}+\mathbf{c})\). Verify whether cross product is distributive over vector addiion.
Solution:
Given that \(\overline{\mathrm{a}}=7 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-\overline{2 \mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}}, \overline{\mathrm{~b}}=2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}+8 \overline{\mathrm{k}} \text { and } \overline{\mathrm{c}}=\overline{\mathrm{i}}+\overline{\mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}}\)
Now \(\bar{a} \times \bar{b}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\bar{i} & \bar{j} & \bar{k} \\
7 & -2 & 3 \\
2 & 0 & 8
\end{array}\right|=\bar{i}(-16-0)-\bar{j}(56-6)+\bar{k}(0+4)=-16 \bar{i}-50 \bar{j}+4 \bar{k}\)
Also, \(\bar{a} \times \bar{c}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\bar{i} & \bar{j} & \bar{k} \\
7 & -2 & 3 \\
1 & 1 & 1
\end{array}\right|=\bar{i}(-2-3)-\bar{j}(7-3)+\bar{k}(7+2)=-5 \bar{i}-4 \bar{j}+9 \bar{k}\)
Now \(\bar{b}+\bar{c}=(2 \bar{i}+8 \bar{k})+(\bar{i}+\bar{j}+\bar{k})=3 \bar{i}+\bar{j}+9 \bar{k}\)
\(\bar{a} \times(\bar{b}+\bar{c})=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\bar{i} & \bar{j} & \bar{k} \\
7 & -2 & 3 \\
3 & 1 & 9
\end{array}\right|==\bar{i}(-18-3)-\bar{j}(63-9)+\bar{k}(7+6)=-21 \bar{i}-54 \bar{j}+13 \bar{k}\) …….(1)
Now \((\overline{\mathrm{a}} \times \overline{\mathrm{b}})+(\overline{\mathrm{a}} \times \overline{\mathrm{c}})=(-16 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-50 \overline{\mathrm{j}}+4 \overline{\mathrm{k}})+(-5 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-4 \overline{\mathrm{j}}+9 \overline{\mathrm{k}})=-21 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-54 \overline{\mathrm{j}}+13 \overline{\mathrm{k}}\) ……(2)
From (1) and (2) we have \(\bar{a} \times(\bar{b}+\bar{c})=(\bar{a} \times \bar{b})+(\bar{a} \times \bar{c})\)
∴ Vector product is distributive over vector addition.

Question 4.
If \(\bar{a}=2 \bar{i}+3 \bar{j}+4 \bar{k}, \bar{b}=\bar{i}+\bar{j}-\bar{k}, \bar{c}=\bar{i}-\bar{j}+\bar{k}\), compute \(\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times(\overline{\mathbf{b}} \times \overline{\mathbf{c}})\) and verify that it is perpendicular to \(\overline{\mathbf{a}}\)
Solution:
Given \(\bar{a}=2 \bar{i}+3 \bar{j}+4 \bar{k}, \bar{b}=\bar{i}+\bar{j}-\bar{k}, \bar{c}=\bar{i}-\bar{j}+\bar{k}\)
\(\bar{b} \times \bar{c}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\bar{i} & \bar{j} & \bar{k} \\
1 & 1 & -1 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{array}\right|=\bar{i}(1-1)-\bar{j}(1+1)+\bar{k}(-1-1)=-2 \bar{j}-2 \bar{k}\)
∴ \(\overline{\mathrm{a}} \times(\overline{\mathrm{b}} \times \overline{\mathrm{c}})=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}
\overline{\mathrm{i}} & \overline{\mathrm{j}} & \overline{\mathrm{k}} \\
2 & 3 & 4 \\
0 & -2 & -2
\end{array}\right|=\overline{\mathrm{i}}(\cdot 6+8)-\overline{\mathrm{j}}(-4-0)+\overline{\mathrm{k}}(-4-0)=2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}+4 \overline{\mathrm{j}}-4 \overline{\mathrm{k}}\)
Now \([(\overline{\mathrm{a}} \times \overline{\mathrm{b}}) \times \overline{\mathrm{c}})] \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}=(2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}+4 \cdot \overline{\mathrm{j}}-4 \overline{\mathrm{k}}) \cdot(2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}+3 \overline{\mathrm{j}}+4 \overline{\mathrm{k}})\) = 4 + 12 – 16 = 0
∴ \((\overline{\mathrm{a}} \times \overline{\mathrm{b}}) \times \overline{\mathrm{c}})\) is perpendicular to \(\overline{\mathbf{a}}\)

Question 5.
If \(\overline{\mathbf{a}}=\overline{\mathbf{i}}-2 \overline{\mathbf{j}}+3 \overline{\mathbf{k}}, \overline{\mathbf{b}}=2 \overline{\mathbf{i}}+\overline{\mathbf{j}}+\overline{\mathbf{k}}, \overline{\mathbf{c}}=\overline{\mathbf{i}}+\overline{\mathbf{j}}+2 \overline{\mathbf{k}}\) then find \(|(\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times \overline{\mathbf{b}}) \times \overline{\mathbf{c}}| \text { and }|\overline{\mathbf{a}} \times(\overline{\mathbf{b}} \times \overline{\mathbf{c}})|\)
Solution:
Given \(\bar{a}=\bar{i}-2 \bar{j}+3 \bar{k}, \bar{b}=2 \bar{i}+\bar{j}+\bar{k}, \bar{c}=\bar{i}+\bar{j}+2 \bar{k}\)

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry Exercise 11b Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Three Dimensional Geometry Solutions Exercise 11b

I.

Question 1.
Show that the three lines with direction are mutually perpendicular.
Solution:
Lines with dc’s l₁, m₁, n₁ and l₂, m₂, n₂ are perpendicular if l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = 0
(i) l₁, m₁, n₁ = \(\frac{12}{13}, \frac{-3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}\) and l₂, m₂, n₂ = \(\frac{4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}, \frac{3}{13}\)
∴ l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = \(\frac{12}{13} \times \frac{4}{13}+\left(\frac{-3}{13}\right) \times \frac{12}{13}+\left(\frac{-4}{13}\right) \times \frac{3}{13}\)
= \(\frac{48}{169}-\frac{36}{169}-\frac{12}{169}\) = 0
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.

(ii) l₁, m₁, n₁ = \(\frac{4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}, \frac{3}{13}\) and l₂, m₂, n₂ = \(\frac{3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}\)
∴ l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = \(\frac{4}{13} \times \frac{3}{13}+\frac{12}{13} \times\left(\frac{-4}{13}\right)+\frac{3}{13} \times \frac{12}{13}\)
= \(\frac{12}{169}-\frac{48}{169}+\frac{36}{169}\) = 0
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.

(iii) l₁, m₁, n₁ = \(\frac{3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}, \frac{12}{13}\) and l₂, m₂, n₂ = \(\frac{12}{13}, \frac{-3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}\)
∴ l₁l₂ + m₁m₂ + n₁n₂ = \(\left(\frac{3}{13}\right) \times\left(\frac{12}{13}\right)+\left(\frac{-4}{13}\right) \times\left(\frac{-3}{13}\right)+\left(\frac{12}{13}\right) \times\left(\frac{-4}{13}\right)\)
= \(\frac{36}{169}+\frac{12}{169}-\frac{48}{169}\) = 0
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
So, the all three lines are mutually perpendicular.

Question 2.
Show that the line through the points (1, -1, 2), (3, 4, -2) is perpendicular to the line through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
Solution:
Let AB be the line joining the points (1, -1, 2) and (3, 4, -2)and;
CD be the line through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
Hence, a₁ = 3 – 1 = 2, b₁ = 4 – (-1) = 5, c₁ = -2 – 2 = -4
a₂ = 3 – 0 = 3, b₂ = 5 – 3 = 2, c₂ = 6 – 2 = 4
If AB ⊥ CD then a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ (2)(3) + 5(2) + (-4)(4) = 6 + 10 – 16 = 16 – 16 = 0
Hence, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

Question 3.
If A(5, 6, 4), B(3, 5, 2) C(4, 3, x) are vertices of a triangle such that ∠ABC = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\). then
Solution:
Given A = (5, 6, 4), B = (3, 5, 2) C = (4, 3, x)
D.r’s of AB = (a₁, b₁, c₁) = (5-3, 6-5, 4-2) = (2, 1, 2)
D.r’s of BC = (a₂, b₂, c₂) = (4-3, 3-5, x-2) = (1, -2, x-2)
If AB ⊥ BC then a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ 2(1) + 1(-2) + 2(x-2) = 0
⇒ 2(1) – 2 + 2x – 4 = 0
⇒ 2x = 4
⇒ x = 2

Question 4.
Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8), (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (- 1, – 2, 1), (1, 2, 5).
Solution:
Let AB be the line joining the points (4, 7, 8) and (2,3,4) ;
and CD be the line through the points (- 1, -2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
Hence, a₁, = 2 – 4 = -2, b₁ = 3 – 7 = -4, c₁ = 4 – 8 = -4
a₂ = 1 -(-1) = 2, b₂ = 2-(-2) = 4, c₂ = 5 – 1 = 4
If AB || CD then \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{c_1}{c_2}\)
Here, \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{-2}{2}\) = -1; \(\frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{-4}{4}\) = -1; \(\frac{c_1}{c_2}=\frac{-4}{4}\) = -1
Hence, AB is parallel to CD.

Question 5.
If the line through the poInts (1, 3, 4), (3, 1, 6) is perpendicular to the line through the points (0, -1, 3), (2, λ, -1), then find A.
Solution:
Let As (1, 3, 4), B = (3, 1, 6), C(0, -1, 3), and D (2, λ, -1)
D.r’s of AB = (a₁, b₁, c₁) = (3-1, 1-3, 6-4) = (2, -2, 2)
D.r’s of CD = (a₂, b₂, c₂) = (2-0, λ+1, -1-3) = (2, λ+1, -4)
If AB ⊥ CD then a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ 2(2) + (-2)(λ+1) + 2(-4) = 4 – 2λ – 2 – 8 = 0
⇒ -2λ = 6
⇒ λ = -3

Question 6.
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector \(3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k}\).
Solution:
Given that the line passes through the point A(1, 2, 3).
∴ the position vector through A( 1, 2, 3) is \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\), \(\vec{b}=3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k} .\)
So, line passing through point A(1, 2, 3) and parallel to b is given by \(\vec{r}=\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}\), λ is a real
Hence required equation of the line is \(\vec{r}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}+\lambda(3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k})\)
The Cartesian form is with (xi,yj,zj) = (1,2,3) and the direction ratios (a, b, c) = (3, 2, -2) is
\(\frac{\mathrm{x}-\mathrm{x}_1}{\mathrm{a}}=\frac{\mathrm{y}-\mathrm{y}_1}{\mathrm{~b}}=\frac{\mathrm{z}-\mathrm{z}_1}{\mathrm{c}}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x-1}{3}=\frac{y-2}{2}=\frac{z-3}{-2}\)

Question 7.
Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.
Solution:
The line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin O(0,0,0)is x-axis itself.
Let A be a point on x-axis.
∴ the coordinates of A are given by (a, 0, 0), where a∈R
Hence, the direction ratios of OA are (a, 0, 0)
The equation of OA is given by ⇒ \(\frac{x-0}{a}=\frac{y-0}{0}=\frac{z-0}{0}\) ⇒ \(\frac{\mathrm{x}}{1}=\frac{\mathrm{y}}{0}=\frac{\mathrm{z}}{0}\) = a
Hence, the equation of line parallel to x-axis and passing origin is y = 0, z = 0

Question 8.
Find the equation of the line in vector and in cartesian form that passes through the point with position vector \(2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+4 \hat{k}\) and is in the direction \(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+4 \hat{k}\), \(\vec{b}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k}\)
The vector equation of the line is given by \(\vec{r}=\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}\), where λ is some real number
Hence, \(\vec{r}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+4 \hat{k}+\lambda(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k})\)
The cartesian form is with (x₁, y₁, z₁) = (2, -1, 4) and the direction ratios (a, b, c) = (1, 2, -1) is
\(\frac{x-x_1}{a}=\frac{y-y_1}{b}=\frac{z-z_1}{c}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{y+1}{2}=\frac{z-4}{-1}\)

Question 9.
Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (- 2, 4, – 5) and parallel to the line given by \(\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}\)
Solution:
It is given that the required line passes through the point (- 2,4, – 5) and is parallel to \(\frac{x+3}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+8}{6}\)
∴ its direction ratios are 3k, 5k and 6k, where k ≠ 0
It is known that the equation of the line through the point (x₁, y₁, z₁)and with direction ratios (a, b, c) is given by
\(\frac{x-x_1}{a}=\frac{y-y_1}{b}=\frac{z-z_1}{c}\)
Hence, the equation of the required line is \(\frac{x+2}{3 k}=\frac{y-4}{5 k}=\frac{z+5}{6 k}\) ⇒ \(\frac{x+2}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+5}{6}\) = k
Thus, the cartesian equation of the line is \(\frac{x+2}{3}=\frac{y-4}{5}=\frac{z+5}{6}\)

Question 10.
The cartesian equation of a line is \(\frac{x-5}{3}=\frac{y+4}{7}=\frac{z-6}{2}\). Write its vector form.
Solution:
It is given that the Cartesian equation of the line is \(\frac{x-5}{3}=\frac{y+4}{7}=\frac{z-6}{2}\)
Hence, the given line passes through the point (5, -4, 6)
∴ the position vector of the point is \(\vec{a}=5 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k}\)
Also, the direction ratios of the given line are (3,7,2).
This means that the line is in the direction of the vector, \(\vec{b}=3 \hat{i}+7 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
As we known that the line through positive vector and in the direction of the vector \(\vec{b}\) is
given by the equation, \(\vec{r}=a+\lambda \vec{b}\), λ ∈ R
∴ \(\vec{r}=(5 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})+\lambda(3 \hat{i}+7 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\) is the required equation of the given line in vector form.

Question 11.
Find the angle between the lines whose direction ratios are a, b, c and b – c, c – a„ a – b.
Solution:
The angle θ between the lines with direction ratios a,b,c and (b – c), (c – a), (a – b) is given by,
cos θ = \(\left|\frac{a(b-c)+b(c-a)+c(a-b)}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2} \sqrt{(b-c)^2+(c-a)^2+(a-b)^2}}\right|\)
θ = cos^-1\(\frac{ab-ac+bc-ab+ac-bc}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2} \sqrt{(b-c)^2+(c-a)^2+(a-b)^2}}\) = cos^-1 0 = 90°
∴ the required angle is 90°

Question 12.
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
\(\vec{r}=2 \hat{i}-5 \hat{j}+\hat{k}+\lambda(3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=7 \hat{i}-6 \hat{k}+\mu(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\)
Solution:
Angle between the given pairs of lines is given by cos θ = \(\left|\frac{\overline{b_1} \cdot \overline{b_2}}{\left|\overline{b_1}\right|\left|\overline{b_2}\right|}\right|\)
The given lines are parallel to the vectors, \(\overrightarrow{b_1}=3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k}\) and \(\overrightarrow{b_2}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\)
\(\left|\vec{b}_1\right|=\sqrt{3^2+2^2+6^2}=\sqrt{49}\) = 7; \(\left|\overrightarrow{b_2}\right|=\sqrt{1^2+2^2+2^2}=\sqrt{9}\) = 3
\(\vec{b}_1 \cdot \vec{b}_2\) = (3i + 2j + 6k) . (i + 2j + 2k) = 3(1) + 2(2) + 6(2) = 3 + 4 + 12 = 19
∴ cos θ = \(\left|\frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} \cdot \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left|\overrightarrow{b_1}\right|\left|\overrightarrow{b_2}\right|}\right|=\left|\frac{19}{7 \times 3}\right|=\frac{19}{21}\)
⇒ θ = cos^-1\(\left(\frac{19}{21}\right)\)

Question 13.
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:
\(\vec{\mathrm{r}}=3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{k}}+\lambda(\hat{\mathrm{i}}-\hat{\mathrm{j}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{k}})\) and \(\vec{r}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}-56 \hat{k}+\mu(3 \hat{i}-5 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 14.
Find the angle between the following pair of lines:
\(\frac{x-2}{2}=\frac{y-1}{5}=\frac{z+3}{-3}\) and \(\frac{x+2}{-1}=\frac{y-4}{8}=\frac{z-5}{4}\)
Solution:

Question 15.
Find the angle between* the following pair of lines:
\(\frac{x}{2}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{1}\) and \(\frac{x-5}{4}=\frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-3}{8}\)
Solution:
Let \(\vec{\mathrm{b}_1}\) and \(\vec{\mathrm{b}_2}\) be the vectors parallel to the pair of lines
\(\frac{x}{2}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{1}\) and \(\frac{x-5}{4}=\frac{y-2}{1}=\frac{z-3}{8}\) respectively

Question 16.
Show that the lines \(\frac{x-5}{7}=\frac{y+2}{-5}=\frac{z}{1}\) and \(\frac{x}{1}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{3}\) are perpendicular to each other.
Solution:
The equations of the given lines are \(\frac{x-5}{7}=\frac{y+2}{-5}=\frac{z}{1}\) and \(\frac{x}{1}=\frac{y}{2}=\frac{z}{3}\)
Here, a₁ = 7, b₁ = -5, c₁ = 1; a₂ = 1, b₂ = 2, c₂ = 3
Two lines with direction ratios, a₁, b₁, c₁ and a₂, b₂, c₂ are perpendicular to each other,
if a₁a₂ + b₁b₂+ c₁c₂ = 0.
Here, 7(1) + (-5)2 + 1(3) = 7 – 10 + 3 = 0
∴ the given lines are perpendicular to each other.

Question 17.
Show that the pair of lines \(\frac{4-x}{3}=\frac{2 y+1}{2}=\frac{z-1}{5}\) and \(\frac{2 x+1}{2}=\frac{3-y}{2}=\frac{3 z-1}{3}\) are perpendicular to each other.
Solution:
The equations of the given lines are \(\frac{4-x}{3}=\frac{2 y+1}{2}=\frac{z-1}{5}\) ⇒ \(\frac{x-4}{-3}=\frac{y+1 / 2}{1}=\frac{z-1}{5}\)
\(\frac{2 x+1}{2}=\frac{3-y}{2}=\frac{3 z-1}{3}\) ⇒ \(\frac{x+1 / 2}{1}=\frac{y-3}{-2}=\frac{z-1 / 3}{1}\)
Here, a₁ = -3, b₁ = 1, c₁ = 5
a₂ = 1, b₂ = -2, c₂ = 1
Two lines with direction ratios, a₁, b₁, c₁ and a₂, b₂, c₂ are perpendicular to each other,
if a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0.
Here, (-3)1 + 1(-2) + 5(1) = -3 – 2 + 5 = 0
∴ the given lines are perpendicular to each other.

Question 18.
If the lines \(\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{2 k}=\frac{z-3}{2}\) and \(\frac{x-1}{3 k}=\frac{y-1}{1}=\frac{z-6}{-5}\) are perpendicular, find the value of k.
Solution:
From the given equations, we have a₁ = -3, b₁ = 2k, c₁ = 2; a₂ = 3k, b₂ = 1, c₂ = -5
Two lines with d.r’s a₁, b₁, c₁ and a₂, b₂, c₂ are perpendicular, if a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ -3(3k) + 2k(1) + 2(-5) = 0
⇒ -9k + 2k – 10 = 0
⇒ 7k = -10
⇒ k = \(\frac{-10}{7}\)

Question 19.
Find the values of p so that the lines
\(\frac{1-x}{3}=\frac{7 y-14}{2 p}=\frac{z-3}{2}\) and \(\frac{7-7 x}{3 p}=\frac{y-5}{1}=\frac{6-z}{5}\) are at right angles.
Solution:
Equation of the lines in the standard form are
\(\frac{1-x}{3}=\frac{7 y-14}{2 p}=\frac{z-3}{2}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x-1}{-3}=\frac{y-2}{\frac{2 p}{7}}=\frac{z-3}{2}\) and
\(\frac{7-7 x}{3 p}=\frac{y-5}{1}=\frac{6-z}{5}\)
⇒ \(\frac{x-1}{\frac{-3 p}{7}}=\frac{y-5}{1}=\frac{z-6}{-5}\)
The direction ratios of the lines are given by a₁ = -3, b₁ = \(\frac{2 p}{7}\), c₁ = 2; a₂ = \(\frac{-3 p}{7}\), b₂ = 1, c₂ = -5
Since, both the lines are perpendicular to each other, we have
a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ (-3) \(\left(\frac{-3 p}{7}\right)\) + \(\left(\frac{2 p}{7}\right)\)1 + 2(-5) = 0
⇒ \(\frac{9 p}{7}\) + \(\frac{2 p}{7}\) – 10 = 0
⇒ \(\frac{11}{7}\)p = 10
⇒ 11p = 10 × 7
⇒ p = \(\frac{70}{11}\)

Question 20.
Find the values of p so that the lines \(\frac{x-5}{5 p+2}=\frac{2-y}{5}=\frac{z-1}{1}\) and \(\frac{x}{1}=\frac{2 y+1}{4 p}=\frac{z-1}{3}\) arc at right angles.
Solution:
The given lines are \(\frac{x-5}{5 p+2}=\frac{2-y}{5}=\frac{z-1}{1}\) and \(\frac{x}{1}=\frac{2 y+1}{4 p}=\frac{z-1}{3}\)
The direction ratios of the lines are given by
a₁ = 5P + 2, b₁ = -5, c₁ = 1; a₂ = 1, b₂ = 2p, c₂ = 3
Since, both the lines are perpendicular to each other, we have a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
⇒ (5p + 2)(1)+(-5)2p + 1(3) = 0
⇒ -5p + 5 = 0
⇒ 5p = 5
⇒ p = 1

II.

Question 1.
Find the distance between the pair of parallel lines
\(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k})+\lambda(4 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-12 \hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=(3 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-5 \hat{k})+\mu(4 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-12 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the distance between the pair of parallel lines
\(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+7 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k})+\lambda(3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=(3 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k})+\mu(3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 3.
Find the distance between the pair of parallel lines.
\(\frac{x+3}{-2}=\frac{y-5}{3}=\frac{z+2}{-1}\) and \(\frac{x+2}{2}=\frac{y+2}{-3}=\frac{z-3}{1}\)
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the distance between the pair of parallel lines.
\(\frac{x-1}{1}=\frac{y-2}{2}=\frac{z-3}{-3}\) and \(\frac{x+2}{-1}=\frac{y+1}{-2}=\frac{z+2}{3}\)
Solution:

Question 5.
If the lines whose direction ratios are (1, 2, z), (1, y, -1) and (x, -4, 1) are mutually perpendicular,then find the value of x+y+z .
Solution:
Let Dr’s of given lines are (a₁, b₁, c₁) = (1, 2, z) …………. (1)
(a₂, b₂, c₂) = (1, y, -1) ……………. (2)
(a₃, b₃, c₃) = (x, -4, 1) …………… (3)
Lines with Dys (a₁, b₁, c₁), (a₂, b₂, c₂) are mutually perpendicular if a₁a₂ + b₁b₂ + c₁c₂ = 0
Here, (1)1 + 2(y) + z(-1) = 0 ⇒ 1+ 2y – z = 0 ……………… (4)
a₂a₃ + b₂b₃ + c₂c₃ = 0 ⇒ x – 4y – 1 = 0 ……………… (5)
a₃a₁ + b₃b₁ + c₃c₁ = 0 ⇒ x – 8+ z = 0 …………… (6)
By solving (4), (5) & (6) we get the values of x, y, z
(5) – (6)
-4y – 1 + 8 – z = 0 ⇒ -4y – z+ 7 = 0 ………. (7)
(4) × 2 ⇒ 4y – 2z + 2 = 0
Adding we get -3z + 9 = 0
⇒ -3z = -9
⇒ z = 3
From (6), we have x – 8 + z = 0
⇒ x – 8 + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 5
From (4), we have 2y = z – 1 = 0
⇒ 2y = 3 – 1 ⇒ 2y = 2
⇒ y = 1
∴ x + y + z = 5 + 1 + 3 = 9

III.

Question 1.
Find the shortest distance between the lines
\(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k})+\lambda(\hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}-\hat{k}+\mu(2 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
\(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})+\lambda(\hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})+\lambda(\hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 3.
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose equations are
\(\vec{r}=(1-t) \hat{i}+(t-2) \hat{j}+(3-2 t) \hat{k}\) and \(\vec{r}=(s+1) \hat{i}+(2 s-1) \hat{j}-(2 s+1) \hat{k}\)
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the shortest distance between lines \(\vec{r}=6 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}+\lambda(\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k})\) and \(\vec{r}=-4 \hat{i}-\hat{k}+\mu(3 \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}-2 \hat{k})\)
Solution:

Question 5.
Find the shortest distance between the lines
\(\frac{x+1}{7}=\frac{y+1}{-6}=\frac{z+1}{1}\) and \(\frac{x-3}{1}=\frac{y-5}{-2}=\frac{z-7}{1}\)
Solution:
The shortest distance between the two lines,

Question 6.
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, – 4) and perpendicular to the two lines: \(\frac{x-8}{3}=\frac{y+19}{-16}=\frac{z-10}{7}\) and \(\frac{x-15}{3}=\frac{y-29}{8}=\frac{z-5}{-5}\)
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k}\), \(\vec{b}=b_1 \hat{i}+b_2 \hat{j}+b_3 \hat{k}\)
The equation of the line passing through (1, 2, -4) and parallel to vector \(\vec{b}\) is given by
⇒ \(\vec{\mathrm{r}}=\vec{\mathrm{a}}+\lambda \vec{\mathrm{b}}\) ⇒ \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k})+\lambda\left(b_1 \hat{i}+b_2 \hat{j}+b_3 \hat{k}\right)\) ………….. (1)
The equations of the given lines are
\(\frac{x-8}{3}=\frac{y+19}{-16}=\frac{z-10}{7}\) …………… (2) and
\(\frac{x-15}{3}=\frac{y-29}{8}=\frac{z-5}{-5}\) ………….. (3)
Since, lines of the equations (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other we have
3b₁ – 16b₂ + 7b₃ = 0 ………….(4)
Also, Lines (1) and (3) are perpendicular to each other ⇒ 3b₁ + 8b₂ – 5b₃ = 0 …………… (5)
Solving equations (4) and (5), we have
\(\frac{b_1}{(-16) \times(-5)-8 \times 7}=\frac{b_2}{7 \times 3-3 \times(-5)}=\frac{b_3}{3 \times 8-3 \times(-16)}\)
⇒\(\frac{b_1}{24}=\frac{b_2}{36}=\frac{b_3}{72}\)
⇒ \(\frac{b_1}{2}=\frac{b_2}{3}=\frac{b_3}{6}\)
Hence, the direction ratios of \(\) are and 2, 3, 6
∴ \(\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k}\)
Putting \(\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k}\) in equation (1), we get \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k})+\lambda(2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})\)
∴ the required vector equation of the line is \(\vec{r}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k})+\lambda(2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})\)

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Exercise 10c Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Vector Algebra Solutions Exercise 10c

I.

Question 1.
Find the angle between two vectors a and b with magnitude \(\sqrt{3}\) and 2 respectively having \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\sqrt{6}\)
Solution:
Given that \(|\vec{a}|=\sqrt{3} ;|\vec{b}|=2\) and \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\sqrt{6}\) Let θ be the ange between the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\).
We have cos θ = \(\frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|} \Rightarrow \cos \theta=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{\sqrt{3}(2)}=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{6}}{\sqrt{12}}=\sqrt{\frac{6}{12}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}=\cos \frac{\pi}{4}\) ∴ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)

Question 2.
Find the angle between the vectors \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } 3 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\).
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=3 \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\).
⇒ \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|=\sqrt{1+4+9}=\sqrt{14} \text { and }|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|=\sqrt{9+4+1}=\sqrt{14}\)
Also \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=(\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}) \cdot(3 \hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k})\) = 1(3) + (-2)(-2) + 3(1) = 3 + 4 + 3 = 10
Let θ be the angle between the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\).
∴ cos θ = \(\frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a} \| \vec{b}|}=\frac{10}{\sqrt{14} \sqrt{14}}=\frac{10}{14}=\frac{5}{7} \Rightarrow \theta=\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{5}{7}\right)\)

Question 3.
Find the projection of the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}\) on the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}\)
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-\hat{j}=\hat{i}-\hat{j}+0 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
Projection of vector \(\vec{a} \text { on } \vec{b}=\frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{b}|}=\frac{(1)(1)+(-1)(1)+0(0)}{\sqrt{(1)^2+(1)^2+0^2}}=\frac{1-1+0}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{0}{\sqrt{2}}=0\)

Question 4.
Find the projection of the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+7 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\) on the vector \(7 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+8 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=i+3 \hat{j}+7 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=7 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+8 \hat{k}\)
Projection of vector \(\vec{a} \text { on } \vec{b}=\frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{b}|}=\frac{1(7)+3(-1)+7(8)}{\sqrt{7^2+(-1)^2+8^2}}=\frac{7-3+56}{\sqrt{49+1+64}}=\frac{60}{\sqrt{114}}\)

Question 5.
Evaluate the product \((3 \vec{a}-5 \vec{b}) \cdot(2 \vec{a}+7 \vec{b})\)
Solution:
The given dot product is \((3 \vec{a}-5 \vec{b}) \cdot(2 \vec{a}+7 \vec{b})\)
= \((3 \vec{a}) \cdot(2 \vec{a})+(3 \vec{a}) \cdot(7 \vec{b})-(5 \vec{b})(2 \vec{a})-(5 \vec{b})(7 \vec{b})=6 \vec{a} \cdot \vec{a}+21 \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}-10 \vec{b} \cdot \vec{a}-35 \vec{b} \cdot \vec{b}\)
= \(6|\vec{a}|^2+21 \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}-10 \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}-35|\vec{b}|^2\) [∵ \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{a}=|\vec{a}|^2 \text { and } \vec{b} \cdot \vec{b}=|\vec{b}|^2 \text { and } \vec{b} \cdot \vec{a}=\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}\)]
= \(6|\vec{a}|^2+11 \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}-35|\vec{b}|^2\)

Question 6.
Find \(|\overrightarrow{\mathbf{x}}|\), if for a unit vector a,\((\vec{x}-\vec{a}) \cdot(\vec{x}+\vec{a})=12\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}\) is a unit vector ⇒ \(|\vec{a}|=1\) …..(i)
Also given that \((\vec{x}-\vec{a}) \cdot(\vec{x}+\vec{a})=12 \Rightarrow \vec{x} \cdot \vec{x}+\vec{x} \cdot \vec{a}-\vec{a} \cdot \vec{x}-\vec{a} \cdot \vec{a}=12 \Rightarrow|\vec{x}|^2-|\vec{a}|^2=12\)
Putting \(|\vec{a}|=1 \text { from (i), }|\vec{x}|^2-1=12 \Rightarrow|\vec{x}|^2=13 \Rightarrow|\vec{x}|=\sqrt{13} \text {. }\)

Question 7.
If \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}, \vec{b}=-\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k} \text { and } \vec{c}=3 \hat{i}+\hat{j}\) are such that \(\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}\) is perpendicular to \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}\), then find the value of λ.
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}, \vec{b}=-\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k} \text { and } \vec{c}=3 \hat{i}+\hat{j}\)
Now, \(\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}+\lambda(-\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k})=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}-\lambda \hat{i}+2 \lambda \hat{j}+\lambda \hat{k}\)
⇒ \(\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}=(2-\lambda) \hat{i}+(2+2 \lambda) \hat{j}+(3+\lambda) \hat{k}\)
Also we have \(\vec{c}=3 \hat{i}+\hat{j}=3 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
Given that \(\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}\) is perpendicular to \(\vec{c} \Rightarrow(\vec{a}+\lambda \vec{b}) \cdot \vec{c}=0\)
⇒ (2 – λ)3 + (2 + 2λ)1 + (3 + λ)0 = 0
⇒ 6 – 3λ + 2 + 2λ = 0 ⇒ -λ + 8 = 0 ⇒ -λ = -8 ⇒ λ = 8

Question 8.
Show that \(|\vec{a}| \vec{b}+|\vec{b}| \vec{a}\) is perpendicular to \(|\vec{a}|\vec{b}-|\vec{b}| \vec{a}/latex], for any two nonzero vectors [latex]\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\)
Solution:
The dot product of the given vectors is \((|\vec{a}|\vec{b}+|\vec{b}| \vec{a}) \cdot(|\vec{a}| \vec{b}-|\vec{b}| \vec{a})\)
= \(|\vec{a}|^2 \overrightarrow{b . \mathrm{b}}-|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}||\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}| \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}+|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}||\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}| \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a} .} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}-|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|^2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a} . \mathrm{a}}=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|^2|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}|^2-|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|^2|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|^2=0\)
∴ The given two vectors are perpendicular.

Question 9.
If \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} . \overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=0\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} . \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=0\), then what can be concluded about the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}\)?
Solution:
We have \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{a}=0 \text { and } \vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=0\)
Hence \(|\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}|^2=0 \Rightarrow|\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}|=0\)
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}\) is the zero vector
Thus, any vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}\) can satisfy \(\vec{a} . \vec{b}=0\)

Question 10.
If \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}, \overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}\) are unit vectors such that \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}=\overrightarrow{\mathbf{0}}\), find the value of \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{c}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}\)
Solution:
Consider \(|\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}|^2=(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}) \cdot(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c})\)
⇒ \(0=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|^2+|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|^2+|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}|^2+2(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \cdot \dot{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}})\)
⇒ 0 = 1 + 1 + 1 + \(2(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}+\vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}+\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a})=2(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}+\vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}+\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a})=-3\)
⇒ \((\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}+\vec{b} \cdot \vec{c}+\vec{c} \cdot \vec{a})=\frac{-3}{2}\)

Question 11.
If either vector \(\vec{a}=\overrightarrow{0} \text { or } \vec{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) then \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=0\). But the converse need not be true. Justify your answer with an example.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=3 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}-6 \hat{k}\)
∴ \(\vec{a} . \vec{b}\) = 2(3) + 4(3) + 3(-6) = 6 + 12 – 18 = 0
Here \(\vec{a} , \vec{b}\) are two non-zero perpendicular vectors
So, the converse of the statement need not to be true.

II.

Question 1.
Show that each of the given three vectors \(\frac{1}{7}(2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k}), \frac{1}{7}(3 \hat{i}-6 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}), \frac{1}{7}(6 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-3 \hat{k})\) is a unit vector: Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Solution:
Let \(\frac{1}{7}(2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+6 \hat{\mathrm{k}})=\frac{2}{7} \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{3}{7} \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{6}{7} \hat{\mathrm{k}}\) ……(i)

So, the 3 vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

Question 2.
Find \(|\vec{a}| \text { and }|\vec{b}| \text { if }(\vec{a}+\vec{b}) \cdot(\vec{a}-\vec{b})=8 \text { and }|\vec{a}|=8|\vec{b}|\)
Solution:

Question 3.
Find the magnitude of two vectors \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\), having the same magnitude and such that the angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is 1/2.
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{a} \text { = } \vec{b}\); angle θ between \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\) is 60°, their scalar product =1/2
Thus \(\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}=\frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow|\vec{a} \| \vec{b}| \cos \theta=\frac{1}{2}\) [∵ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{~b}}=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}||\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}| \cos \theta\)]
Putting \(|\vec{b}|=|\vec{a}|\)and θ = 60° (in the above), we have \(|\vec{a}| .|\vec{a}| \cos 60^{\circ}=\frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow|\vec{a}|^2\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ \(|\left.\vec{a}\right|^2=1 \Rightarrow|\vec{a}|=1\) ……..(i) (∵ Length of a vector is never negative)
∴ \(|\vec{b}|=|\vec{a}|=1\) [By (i)]
∴ \(|\vec{a}|=1 \text { and }|\vec{b}|=1\)

Question 4.
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively, then find ∠ABC. [∠ABC is the angle between the vectors \(\overrightarrow{B A} \text { and } \overrightarrow{B C}\)].
Solution:
Given vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2) respectively.
Position vector (P. V) of point A (1, 2, 3) is \(\overrightarrow{O A}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\)
Position vector (P. V) of point B(-1, 0, 0) is \(\overrightarrow{O B}=-\hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k}\)
Position vector (P.V) of point C(0, 1, 2) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OC}}=0 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
Now \(\overrightarrow{B A}=\overrightarrow{O A}-\overrightarrow{O B}=(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})-(-\hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k})=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}+\hat{i}-0 \hat{j}-0 \hat{k}=2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\) ….(i)
and \(\overrightarrow{B C}=\overrightarrow{O C}-\overrightarrow{O B}=0 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}-(-\hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+0 \hat{k})=0 \hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}+\hat{i}-0 \hat{j}-0 \hat{k}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}\) …………….(ii)
Using (i) and (ii) cos ∠ABC = \(\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{BA}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{BC}}}{|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{BA}}||\overrightarrow{\mathrm{BC}}|}=\frac{2(1)+2(1)+3(2)}{\sqrt{4+4+9} \sqrt{1+1+4}}=\frac{10}{\sqrt{17} \sqrt{6}}=\frac{10}{\sqrt{102}}\) [∵ \(\cos \theta=\frac{\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b}}{|\vec{a}||\vec{b}|}\)]
∴ ∠ABC = \(\cos ^{-1}\left(\frac{10}{\sqrt{102}}\right)\)

Question 5.
Show that the points A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10, -1) are coliinear.
Solution:
Given points are A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10, -1)

Question 6.
Show that the vectors \(2 \bar{i}-\bar{j}+\bar{k}, \bar{i}-3 \bar{j}-5 \bar{k}, \text { and } 3 \bar{i}-4 \bar{j}-4 \bar{k}\) form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Solution:

∴ Given vectors form a right angled triangle.

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry Exercise 11a Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Three Dimensional Geometry Solutions Exercise 11a

I.

Question 1.
If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the .v, y and z-axes respectively, find its direction cosines.
Solution:
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the given line.
Then l = cos90° =0
m = cos 135° = cos(90° +45°) = -sin 45° = –\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
n = cos 45° = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
∴ the direction cosines of the line are 0, –\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\) and \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)

Question 2.
If a line makes an angles of 60″ and 45″ with the direction of positive X and Z aixs respectively. Find the angle made by the line with the Y-aixs.
Solution:
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the given line.
Let β be the angle made by line with y-axis.
Then l = cos 60° = \(\frac{1}{2}\), m = cosβ, n = cos45°= \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
We know that l² + m² + n² = 1
⇒ \(\frac{1}{4}\) + m² + \(\frac{1}{2}\) = 1
⇒ m² + \(\frac{1+2}{4}\) = 1
⇒ m² = 1 – \(\frac{3}{4}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
⇒ cos² β = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
⇒ cos β = ±\(\frac{1}{2}\)
∴ β = 60° (or) 120°

Question 3.
Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinate axes.
Solution:
Let the line makes an angle a with each of the coordinates axes.
Then l = cosα, m = cosα, n = cosα
We know that l² + m² + n² = 1
⇒ cos²α + cos²α + cos²α = 1
⇒ cos²α = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
⇒ cos α = ±\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
Thus, the direction cosines of the line are ±\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\), ±\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\) and ±\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\).

Question 4.
If a line makes angle-75 and 60° with the positive directions of Y and Z axis respectively and the angle made by the line with thc positive direction of X-axis is a.. then find the value cos²α ?
Solution:
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the given line.
Then l = cosα, m = cosβ = cos 75° = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}-1}{2 \sqrt{2}}\), n =cosy = cos60°= \(\frac{1}{2}\)
We know that l² + m² + n² = 1
⇒ cos²α + \(\frac{(\sqrt{3}-1)^2}{8}\) + \(\frac{1}{4}\) = 1
⇒ cos²α = 1 – \(\left(\frac{(\sqrt{3}-1)^2}{8}+\frac{1}{4}\right)\)
= 1 – \(\frac{1}{4}\) – \(\left(\frac{3+1-2 \sqrt{3}}{8}\right)\)
= \(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{4-2 \sqrt{3}}{8}\)
= \(\frac{6-(4-2 \sqrt{3})}{8}\)
= \(\frac{2(1+\sqrt{3})}{2 \times 4}\) = \(\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{4}\)
∴ cos²α = \(\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{4}\)

Question 5.
If a line has the direction ratios -18, 12, -4 then what arc its direction cosines ?
Solution:
D.r’s of the given line = (a, b, c)= (-18, 12, -4)
∴ \(\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{(-18)^2+(12)^2+(-4)^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{484}\) = 22
DC’s = \(\left(\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}, \frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}, \frac{c}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}\right)\)
= \(\left(\frac{-18}{22}, \frac{12}{22}, \frac{-4}{22}\right)\)
= \(\left(\frac{-9}{11}, \frac{6}{11}, \frac{-2}{11}\right)\)

Question 6.
Find the direction cosines of the joining the points (-2, 6, 7) and (1, 2, -5).
Solution:
Let A(x₁, y₁, z₁) = (-2, 6, 7), B(x₂, y₂, z₂) = (1, 2, -5)
Dr’s of AB = (a, b, c) = (x₂ – x₁, y₂ – y₁, z₂ – z₁) = (1+2, 2-6, -5-7) = (3, -4, -12)
∴ \(\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{9+16+144}\)
= \(\sqrt{169}\) = 22
DC’s of AB = \(\left(\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}, \frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}, \frac{c}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2+c^2}}\right)\)
= \(\left(\frac{3}{13}, \frac{-4}{13}, \frac{-12}{13}\right)\)

Question 7.
Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (-1, -2, 1), (5, 8, 7) are collinear.
Solution:
Given points are A(2, 3, 4), B(-1, -2, 1), C(5, 8, 7).
D.r’s of line joining A and B are (-1-2, -2-3, 1-4) is (-3, -5, -3) ⇒ (3, 5, 3)
D.r’s of line joining A and C are (5-2, 8-3, 7-4) ⇒ 3, 5, 3
Hence D.r’s of AB and AC are proportional.
∴ A,B,C are collinear.

Question 8.
If the points (2, -1, -3), (4, a, 1) and (3, 1, b) are collinear, then find the ratio between a and A?
Solution:
Let A(x₁, y₁, z₁) = (2, -1, 3), B (x₂, y₂, z₂) = (4, a, 1), C(x₃, y₃, z₃) = (3, 1, b)
If A,B,C are collinear then \(\frac{x_1-x_2}{x_2-x_3}=\frac{y_1-y_2}{y_2-y_3}=\frac{z_1-z_2}{z_2-z_3}\)
⇒ \(\frac{2-4}{4-3}=\frac{-1-a}{a-1}=\frac{3-1}{1-b}\)
⇒ \(\frac{-2}{1}=\frac{-1-a}{a-1}=\frac{2}{1-b}\)
⇒ \(\frac{-2}{1}=\frac{-1-a}{a-1}\)
⇒ 2a – 2 = 1 + a ⇒ 2a – a = 1 + 2 ⇒ a = 3
⇒ \(\frac{-2}{1}=\frac{2}{1-b}\) ⇒ \(\frac{-1}{1}=\frac{1}{1-b}\)
⇒ -1 + b = 1
⇒ b = 2
∴ Required ratio \(\frac{a}{b}=\frac{3}{2}\)
⇒ 3 : 2

II.

Question 1.
Find the direction cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 5, -4),(-1, 1, 2) and (-5, -5, -2).
Solution:
Let A(x₁, y₁, z₁) = (3, 5, -4), B (x₂, y₂, z₂) = (-1, 1, 2), C(x₃, y₃, z₃) = (-5, -5, -2)

Question 2.
Find the direction cosines of the medians of the triangles whose vertices are (1, 0, 2), (4. 3, 2) and (0, 7, 6).
Solution:
Vertices of the triangle are A = (1, 0, 2), B (4, 3, 2) and C(0, 7, 6).

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Exercise 10b Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Vector Algebra Solutions Exercise 10b

I.

Question 1.
Compute the magnitude of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
∴ \(|\vec{a}|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}=\sqrt{1+1+1}=\sqrt{3}\)

Question 2.
Compute the magnitude of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-7 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-3 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-7 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-3 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
\(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}|=\sqrt{(2)^2+(-7)^2+(-3)^2}=\sqrt{4+49+9}=\sqrt{62} .\)

Question 3.
Compute the magnitude of the vector \(\vec{c}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{i}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
Given that \(\vec{c}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{i}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
\(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{c}}|=\sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2+\left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{3}}=\sqrt{1}=1 .\)

Question 4.
Write two different vectors having same direction.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\) and \(\vec{b}=2(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})=2 \vec{a}\)
Then \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}=\mathrm{m} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}\) where m = 2 > 0.
∴ Vectors \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\) have the same direction. But \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}} \neq \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}\) as the corresponding components are distinct. We can write an infinite number of such vectors.

Question 5.
Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=(\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}=(2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}-3 \hat{\mathrm{k}})\)
\(|\vec{a}|=\sqrt{1^2+(-2)^2+3^2}=\sqrt{1+4+9}=\sqrt{14}\)
\(|\vec{b}|=\sqrt{2^2+1^2+(-3)^2}=\sqrt{4+1+9}=\sqrt{14}\)
But \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \neq \overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}\) as the corresponding components are distinct.
We can write an infinite number of such vectors.

Question 6.
Find the values of x and y so that the vectors \(2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{j}} \text { and } x \hat{\mathbf{i}}+y \hat{\mathbf{j}}\) are equal.
Solution:
Given \(2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}=x \hat{i}+y \hat{j}\)
Comparing coefficients of \(\hat{i} \text { and } \hat{j}\) on both sides, we have x = 2 and y = 3.

Question 7.
Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and terminal point (- 5, 7).
Solution:
Let \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) be the vector with initial point A(2, 1) and terminal point B(-5, 7)
⇒ PV (Position Vector)of point A(2, 1)is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OA}}=2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}\) and P.V. of point B (-5, 7) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OB}}=-5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+7 \hat{\mathrm{j}}\)
∴ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) = PV of point B – PV of point A = \((-5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+7 \hat{\mathrm{j}})-(2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}})=-5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+7 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\hat{\mathrm{j}}\)
⇒ \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}=-7 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+6 \hat{\mathrm{j}} .\)
∴ By definition, scalar components of the vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) are -7 and 6 and vector components of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}\) are \(-7 \hat{\mathrm{i}} \text { and } 6 \hat{\mathrm{j}} .\)

Question 8.
Find the sum of the vectors \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}, b=-2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k}\) and \(\vec{c}=\hat{\mathrm{i}}-6 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-7 \hat{\mathrm{k}} .\)
Solution:
Given vectors \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}, \vec{b}=-2 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+5 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{c}=\hat{i}-6 \hat{j}-7 \hat{k} .\)
∴ \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}+\vec{c}=(1-2+1) \hat{i}+(-2+4-6) \hat{j}+(1+5-7) \hat{k}=0 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}-\hat{k}=-4 \hat{j}-\hat{k}\)

Question 9.
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{k}} .\)
Solution:
We know that a unit vector in the direction of the vector
\(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k} \text { is } \hat{a}=\frac{\vec{a}}{|\vec{a}|}=\frac{\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{1+1+4}} \Rightarrow \hat{a}=\frac{\hat{i}+\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{6}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \hat{i}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \hat{j}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}} \hat{k} .\)

Question 10.
Find the unit vector in the direction of vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{PQ}}\), where P and Q are the points (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6), respectively.
Solution:
Given points are P(1, 2, 3) and Q(4, 5, 6)
∴ Position vector of the point P(1, 2, 3) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}=\hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
and position vector of point Q(4, 5, 6) is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}=4 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+5 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+6 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\) where O is the origin.
∴ \(\overrightarrow{P Q}=\overrightarrow{O Q}-\overrightarrow{O P}=(4 \hat{i}+5 \hat{j}+6 \hat{k})-(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k})=3 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}\)
∴ a unit vector in the direction of vector \(\overline{\mathrm{PQ}}=\frac{\overline{\mathrm{PQ}}}{|\overline{\mathrm{PQ}}|}=\frac{3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{k}}}{\sqrt{9+9+9=27=9 \times 3}}\)
\(\frac{3(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})}{3 \sqrt{3}}=\frac{(\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})}{\sqrt{3}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{i}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{j}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \hat{k}\)

Question 11.
For given vectors, \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=-\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}}\). Find the unit vector in the direction of \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}} .\)
Solution:
Given vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}=2 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathbf{b}}=-\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
∴ \(\vec{a}+\vec{b}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k}-\hat{i}+\hat{j}-\hat{k}=\hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\)
∴ \(|\vec{a}+\vec{b}|=\sqrt{(1)^2+(0)^2+(1)^2}=\sqrt{2}\)
∴ A unit vector in the direction of \(\vec{a}+\vec{b} \text { is } \frac{\vec{a}+\vec{b}}{|\vec{a}+\vec{b}|}=\frac{\hat{i}+0 \hat{j}+\hat{k}}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{\hat{i}+\hat{k}}{\sqrt{2}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \hat{i}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \hat{k} .\)

Question 12.
Find a vector in the direction of vector \(5 \hat{\mathbf{i}}-\hat{\mathbf{j}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\) which has magnitude 8 units.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=5 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k} .\)
∴ A vector in the direction of vector \(\vec{a}\) which has magnitude 8 units = \(8 \hat{a}=8 \frac{\vec{a}}{|\vec{a}|}=\frac{8(5 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+2 \hat{k})}{\sqrt{25+1+4}}\)
= \(\frac{8}{\sqrt{30}}(5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\hat{\mathrm{j}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{k}})=\frac{40}{\sqrt{30}} \hat{\mathrm{i}}-\frac{8}{\sqrt{30}} \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{16}{\sqrt{30}} \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)

Question 13.
Show that the vectors \(2 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k} \text { and }-4 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}-8 \hat{k}\) are coilinear.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=2 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k} \text { and } \vec{b}=-4 \hat{i}+6 \hat{j}-8 \hat{k}=-2(2 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k})=-2 \vec{a}\)
Here, \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{b}}=-2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}=\mathrm{m} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}\) where m = -2 < 0
∴ Vectors \(\vec{a} \text { and } \vec{b}\) are coilinear (unlike because m = -2 < 0)

Question 14.
Find the direction cosines of the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}+3 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\)
Solution:
The given vector is \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k} \Rightarrow|\vec{a}|=\sqrt{i^2+2^2+3^2}=\sqrt{24}\)
\(\hat{a}=\frac{\vec{a}}{|\vec{a}|}=\frac{\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+3 \hat{k}}{\sqrt{14}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{14}} \hat{i}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{14}} \hat{j}+\frac{3}{\sqrt{14}} \hat{k}\)
We know that direction consines of a vectors \(\vec{a}\) are coefficients of \(\hat{\mathrm{i}}, \hat{\mathrm{j}}, \hat{\mathrm{k}} \text { in } \hat{\mathrm{a}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{14}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{14}}, \frac{3}{\sqrt{14}}\)
∴ Dc’s of the given vector = \(\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{14}}, \frac{2}{\sqrt{14}}, \frac{3}{\sqrt{14}}\right)\)

Question 15.
Find the direction c„osines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, -3) and B (-1, -2, 1), directed from A to B.
Solution:
Given points A (1, 2, -3) andB (-1, -2, 1) ⇒ \(\overrightarrow{O A}=\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-3 \hat{k}, \overrightarrow{O B}=-\hat{i}-2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\)
\(\overrightarrow{A B}=\overrightarrow{O B}-\overrightarrow{O A}=(-1-1) \hat{i}+(-2-2) \hat{j}+[1-(-3)] \hat{k}=-2 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+4 k\)
\(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}|=\sqrt{(-2)^2+(-4)^2+4^2}=\sqrt{4+16+16}=\sqrt{36}=6\)
∴ A unit vector along AB = \(\frac{\overline{A B}}{|\overrightarrow{A B}|}=\frac{-2 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}+4 \hat{k}}{6}=-\frac{2}{6} \hat{i}-\frac{4}{6} \hat{j}+\frac{4}{6} \hat{k}=\frac{-1}{3} \hat{i}-\frac{2}{3} \hat{j}+\frac{2}{3} \hat{k} .\)
∴ Direction Cosines of the vector \(\frac{-1}{3}, \frac{-2}{3}, \frac{2}{3}\)

Question 16.
Show that the vector \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\) is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ.
Solution:
Let \(\vec{a}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k}\)
\(|\overrightarrow{\mathbf{a}}|=\sqrt{1^2+1^2+1^2}=\sqrt{3}\)
Thus, the DCs of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}} \text { are }\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)\)
Now, α β and γ be the angles formed by \(\vec{a}\) with the positive directions of x, y and z axes respectively.
Then, cosα = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\), cosβ = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\), cosγ = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
Hence, the vector is equally inclined to OX, OY and OZ.

Question 17.
Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P(2, 3, 4) and Q(4, 1, -2).
Solution:
The position vector of the midpoint R is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OR}}=\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}+\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}}{2}=\frac{(2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+4 \hat{\mathrm{k}})+(4 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{k}})}{2}\)
\(=\frac{(2+4) \hat{i}+(3+1) \hat{j}+(4-2) \hat{k}}{2}=\frac{6 \hat{i}+4 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}}{2}=3 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+\hat{k}\)

II.

Question 1.
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose position vectors are \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}+2 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} \text { and }-\hat{\mathbf{i}}+\hat{\mathbf{j}}+\hat{\mathbf{k}}\) respectively in the ratio 2 : 1.
(i) internally
(ii) externally
Solution:
Position vectors of P and Q are given as \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}=\hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\hat{\mathrm{k}} \text { and } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{OQ}}=-\hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}+\hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
i) The position vector of R which divides the line joining two points P and Q internally in the ratio
2 : 1 is \(\overline{O R}=\frac{2(-\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k})+1(\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k})}{2+1}=\frac{-2 \hat{i}+2 \hat{j}+2 \hat{k}+\hat{i}+2 \hat{j}-\hat{k}}{3}\)
= \(\frac{-\hat{\mathrm{i}}+4 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\hat{\mathrm{k}}}{3}=\frac{-1}{3} \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{4}{3} \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{1}{3} \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)
ii) The position vector of R which divides the line joining two points P and Q externally in the 2 : 1 is \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OR}}=\frac{2(-\hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}}+\hat{\mathrm{k}})-1(\hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\hat{\mathrm{k}})}{2-1}=\frac{-2 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{k}}-\hat{\mathrm{i}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+\hat{\mathrm{k}}}{1}=-3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+3 \hat{\mathrm{k}}\)

Question 2.
Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, \(\vec{a}=3 \hat{i}-4 \hat{j}-4 \hat{k}, \quad \vec{b}=2 \hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k}\) and \(\vec{c}=\hat{\mathbf{i}}-3 \hat{\mathbf{j}}-5 \hat{\mathbf{k}}\) respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Let \(\overline{\mathrm{OA}}=3 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-4 \overline{\mathrm{j}}-4 \overline{\mathrm{k}}, \overline{\mathrm{OB}}=2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-\overline{\mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}}, \overline{\mathrm{OC}}=\overline{\mathrm{i}}-3 \overline{\mathrm{j}}-5 \overline{\mathrm{k}}\)
\(\overline{A B}=\overline{O B}-\overline{O A}=(2 \bar{i}-\bar{j}+\bar{k})-(3 \bar{i}-4 \bar{j}-4 \bar{k})=-\bar{i}+3 \bar{j}+5 \bar{k} \Rightarrow|\overline{A B}|=\sqrt{1+9+25}=\sqrt{35}\)
\(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}=\overline{\mathrm{OC}}-\overline{\mathrm{OB}}=(\overline{\mathrm{i}}-3 \overline{\mathrm{j}}-5 \overline{\mathrm{k}})-(2 \overline{\mathrm{i}}-\overline{\mathrm{j}}+\overline{\mathrm{k}})=-\overline{\mathrm{i}}-2 \overline{\mathrm{j}}-6 \overline{\mathrm{k}} \Rightarrow|\overline{\mathrm{BC}}|=\sqrt{1+4+36}=\sqrt{41}\)
\(\overline{C A}=\overline{O A}-\overline{O C}=(3 \bar{i}-4 \bar{j}-4 \bar{k})-(\bar{i}-3 \bar{j}-5 \bar{k})=2 \bar{i}-\bar{j}+\bar{k} \Rightarrow|\overline{C A}|=\sqrt{2+1+1}=\sqrt{6}\)
Here \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OC}}|=(\sqrt{41})^2=41=35+6=|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{AB}}|^2+|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{CA}}|^2\)
∴ Points A, B, C are the vertices of a right angled triangle.

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 12 Linear Programming Exercise 12a Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Linear Programming Solutions Exercise 12a

I. Solve the following Linear Programming Problems graphically:

Question 1.
Maximise Z = 3x + 4y subject to the constraints : x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints,
x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 and is given by the shaded region.
The comer points of the feasible region are
O(0, 0), A(4, 0) and B(0, 4) .

The value of Z at these points are as follows:

Thus, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point B(0, 4)

Question 2.
Maximise Z = x + y, subject to x – y ≤ -1, -x + y ≤ 0, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
x – y ≤ -1, -x + y ≤ 0, and x, y ≥ 0, is given by the shaded region.

There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.

Question 3.
Define Objective function
Solution:
Objective function : The Linear function Z = ax + by, where a, b are constants, which has to be maximized or minimized in the LPP is called a linear objective function.

Question 4.
Define Constraints
Solution:
Constraints: The linear inequalities or equations or restrictions on the variables of a linear programming problem are called constraints.

Question 5.
Define Optimal Solution
Solution:
Optimal (feasible) solution : The point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.

Question 6.
Any point outside the feasible region is called _________.
Solution:
an infeasible point

II.

Question 1.
Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Minimise Z = – 3x + 4 y subject to x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2v ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The corner points of the feasible region are
O(0, 0), A(4, 0), B(2, 3), C(0, 4).
The value of Z at these comer points are as follows:

Thus, the minimum value of Z is -12 at the point A(4, 0)

Question 2.
Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximise Z = 5x + 3y subject to 3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The corner points of the feasible region are
O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B\(\left(\frac{20}{19}, \frac{45}{19}\right)\) , C(0, 3).
The value of Z at these comer points are as follows:

Thus, the minimum value of Z is \(\frac{235}{19}\) at the point B.

Question 3.
Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Minimise Z = 3x + 5y such that x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 2, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 2, and x, y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The feasible region is unbounded, the comer points of the feasible region are A(3, 0), B\(\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)\) and C(0, 2)
The values of Z at these comer points are as follows:

As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z. For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
Since, feasible region has no common point with 3x + 5y < 7
Thus, the minimum value of Z is 7 at \(\left(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)\)

Question 4.
Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximise Z = 3x + 2y subject to x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + y ≤ 15, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, x + 2y ≤ 10, 3x + y ≤ 15, and x, y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

Since, the comer points of the feasible region are A(5, 0), B(4, 3), C(0, 5).
The value of Z at these comer points are as follows:

Thus, the minimum value of Z is 18 at the point B(4, 3)

Question 5.
Solve the Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Minimise Z = x + 2y subject to 2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, and x, y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The comer points of the feasible region are A(6, 0), B(0, 3)
The value of Z at these comer points are as follows:

Here the values of Z at points A and B is same.
If we take any other point such as (2, 2) on line x + 2y = 6, then Z = 6.
Thus, the minimum value of Z occurs at more than 2 points.
Thus, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, x + 2y = 6.

Question 6.
Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10 y subject to x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥60, x – 2y ≥ 0, and x, y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The comer points of the feasible region are A(60, 0), B(120, 0), C(60, 30) and D(40, 20)
The values of Z at these comer points are as follows:

The minimum value of Z is 300 at A (60, 0) and the
maximum value of Z is 600 at all the points on the line segment joining B( 120, 0) and C(60, 30).

Question 7.
Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Minimise and Maximise Z = x + 2y subject to x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x – y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200; x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints,
x + 2y ≥ 100, 2x – y ≤ 0, 2x + y ≤ 200 and x, y ≥ 0 is given by the shaded region.

The corner points of the feasible region are
A(0, 50), B(20, 40), C(50, 100) and D(0, 200)
The values of Z at these comer points are as follows:

The minimum value of Z is 400 at A (0, 50), B(20, 40) and the maximum value of Z is 400 at D(0, 200)

Question 8.
Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Maximise Z = – x + 2y, subject to the constraints: x ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 5, x + 2y ≥ 6, x, y ≥ 0.
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the given system of constraints is shown by the shaded region in the graph.
The feasible region is unbounded.

The values of Z at corner points A(6, 0), B(4, 1), C(3, 2) are as follows:

As the feasible region is unbounded, hence Z = 1 may or may not be the maximum value.
For this, we graph the inequality, -x + 2y > 1, and check whether the resulting half plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.
The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible region.
Thus, Z = 1 is not the maximum value. Hence Z has no maximum value.

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 10 Vector Algebra Exercise 10a Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Vector Algebra Solutions Exercise 10a

I.

Question 1.
Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north.
Solution:
Given displacement 40 km and 30° East of North direction.

The required vector: Displacement vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\) (say) such that \(|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}|\) = 40 and vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\) makes an angle 30° with North in East-North quadrant.

Question 2.
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
i) 10 kg
ii) 2 meters north-west
Solution:
i) 10 kg is a measure of mass and hence a scalar. (∵ 10 kg has no direction, it has only magnitude).
ii) 2 meters North-West is a measure of velocity and hence is a vector.

Question 3.
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
i) 40°
ii) 40 Watt
Solution:
i) 40° is a measure of angle and, therefore, a scalar.i.e. (It has only magnitude)
ii) 40 Watt is a measure of power and hence a scalar, (i.e., 40 watt has no direction)

Question 4.
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
i) 10^-19 coulomb
ii) 20m/s²
Solution:
i) 10^-19 coulomb is a measure of electric charge and hence a scalar. (It has magnitude only)
ii) 20 m/sec² is a measure of acceleration and hence a vector.

Question 5.
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.
i) time period
ii) velocity
Solution:
i) Time-scalar
ii) Velocity-vector

Question 6.
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities
i) force
ii) distance
Solution:
i) Force-vector
ii) Distance-scalar

Question 7.
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities,
i) work done
ii) displacement
Solution:
i) Work done – scalar.
ii) displacement – vector

II.

Question 1.
In the adjacent figure (a square), identify the following vectors.
i) Coinitial
ii) Equal
iii) Collinear but not equal

Solution:
i) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{d}\) have same initial point and hence coinitial vectors.
ii) \(\vec{b}\) and \(\vec{d}\) have same direction and same magnitude.
Hence \(\vec{b}\) and \(\vec{d}\) are equal vectors.
iii) \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{c}\) have parallel suports, so that they are collinear. Since they have opposite directions, they are not equal. Hence \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{c}\) are collinear but not equal.

Question 2.
Answer the following as true or false.
i) a and -a are collinear.
ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.
Solution:
i) True. [∵ Collinear vectors has either same or opposite directions)
ii) False. [∵ \(\vec{b}\) and 2\(\vec{b}\) are collinear vectors but \(|2 \overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|=2|\overrightarrow{\mathrm{a}}|\)]
iii) False. [∵ \(\hat{\mathbf{i}}=|\hat{\mathbf{j}}|=1\) but vectors \(\hat{\mathbf{i}} \text { and } \hat{\mathbf{j}}\) are not collinear, infact they are perpendicular.
iv) False, [∵ Vectors \(\vec{a}\) and \(\vec{a}\) ≠ \(-\vec{a}\)(= (-1)\(\vec{a}\) = m\(\vec{a}\)) are collinear
vectors and \(|\vec{a}|=\mid-\vec{a}\) but we know that \(\vec{a} \neq-\vec{a}\) because theey are opposite].

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 9 Differential Equations Exercise 9f Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Differential Equations Solutions Exercise 9f

I.

Question 1.
Find the order and degree of \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+5 x\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2-6 y\) = log x
Solution:
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+5 x\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2-6 y=\log x \Rightarrow \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+5 x\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2-6 y-\log x=0\)
Highest order derivative present in differential equation is \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\). Its order is two.
Highest power raised to \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}\) is one. Its degree is one.

Question 2.
Find the order and degree of \(\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^3-4\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2+7 y\) = sin x
Solution:
\(\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^3-4\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2+7 y=\sin x \Rightarrow\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^3-4\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)^2+7 y-\sin x=0\)
Highest order derivative in differential equation is \(\frac{d y}{d x}\). Its order is one.
Highest power raised to \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) is three. Its degree is three.

Question 3.
Find the order and degree of \(\frac{d^4 y}{d x^4}-\sin \left(\frac{d^3 y}{d x^3}\right)=0\)
Solution:
Highest order derivative in differential equation is \(\frac{d^4 y}{d x^4}\). Its order is four.
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation. Degree is not defined.

Question 4.
Verify that xy = ae^x + be^-x + x² is implicit or explicit is a solution of the corresponding differential equation \(x \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+2 \frac{d y}{d x}-x y+x^2-2\) = 0
Solution:
Given Equation is xy = ae^x + be^-x + x² ⇒ y = \(a \frac{e^x}{x}+b \frac{e^{-x}}{x}+x\).
This in the form of y = f(x)
∴ It is explicit:
Given D.E is \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+2 \frac{d y}{d x}-x y+x^2-2=0\) = 0
Also xy = ae^x + be^-x + x² ……….(1)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
\(x \frac{d y}{d x}+y \cdot 1=a \frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x\right)+b \frac{d}{d x} \cdot\left(e^{-x}\right)+\frac{d}{d x}\left(x^2\right)\)
⇒ \(x \frac{d y}{d x}+y=a e^x-b e^{-x}+2 x\)
Also Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
\(x \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+\frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{d y}{d x}=a e^x+b e^{-x}+2\)
⇒ \(x \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+2 \frac{d y}{d x}=a e^x+b e^{-x}+2\) ……(2)
Now, we have to prove \(x \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+2 \frac{d y}{d x}-x y+x^2-2=0\) = 0
L.H.S = \(x \frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+2 \frac{d y}{d x}-x y+x^2-2\)
= ae^x + be^-x + 2 – (ae^x + be^-x + x²) + x² – 2 [using (1) and (2)]
= ae^x + be^-x + 2 – ae^x – be^-x – x² + x² – 2 = 0 = R.H.S.
Hence verified.

Question 5.
Verify that y = e^x (acosx + bsinx) is implicit or explicit is a solution of the corresponding differential equation \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}-2 \frac{d y}{d x}+2 y=0\)
Solution:
The given solution y = e^x (acosx + bsinx) is in the form y = f(x) and hence it is explicit.
Given D.E is \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}-2 \frac{d y}{d x}+2 y=0\). Also, y = e^x(a cos x + b sin x) ……(1)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
y = e^x(a cosx + b sin x) = ae^x cos x + be^x sin x
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=a \frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x \cos x\right)+b \frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x \sin x\right)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=a\left(e^x \cos x-e^x \sin x\right)+b\left(e^x \sin x+e^x \cos x\right)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=(a+b) e^x \cos x+(b-a) e^x \sin x\) ……..(2)
Again, Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=(a+b) \frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x \cos x\right)+(b-a) \frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x \sin x\right)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=(a+b) \cdot\left(e^x \cos x-e^x \sin x\right)+(b-a)\left(e^x \sin x+e^x \cos x\right)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=e^x[(a+b)(\cos x-\sin x)+(b-a)(\sin x+\cos x)]\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=e^x[a \cos x-a \sin x+b \cos x-b \sin x+b \sin x+b \cos x-a \sin x-a \cos x]\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=2 e^x(b \cos x-a \sin x)\) …………(3)
Now, we have to prove \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}-2 \frac{d y}{d x}+2 y=0\) L.H.S = \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}-2 \frac{d y}{d x}+2 y\)
= 2e^x(b cos x – a sin x) – 2[(a + b)e^x cos x + (b – a)e^x sinx] + 2e^x(a cos x + b sin x) [using (1), (2) and (2)]
= e^x[(2b cos x – 2a sin x) – (2a cos x – 2b cos x) – (2b sin x – 2a sin x) + (2a cos x + 2b sin x)]
= e^x[2b cos x – 2a sin x – 2a cos x – 2b cos x – 2b sin x + 2a sin x + 2a cos x + 2b sin x]
= e^x[0] = 0 = R.H.S
Thus, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.

Question 6.
Verify that y = xsin 3x is implicit or explicit is a solution of the corresponding differential equation \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+9 y-6 \cos 3 x\) = 0
Solution:
The given solution y = x sin3x is in the form y = f(x) and hence it is explicit.
Given D.E is \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+9 y-6 \cos 3 x\)
Also, y = x sin 3x ………………….(1)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{d}{d x}(x \sin 3 x)=\sin 3 x+x \cos 3 x(3)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\sin 3 x+3 x \cos 3 x\)
Again, Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
\(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=\frac{d}{d x}(\sin 3 x)+3 \frac{d}{d x}(x \cos 3 x)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=3 \cos 3 x+3[\cos 3 x+x(-\sin 3 x) \cdot 3]\)
⇒ \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}=6 \cos 3 x-9 x \sin 3 x\) ……………..(2)
Now, we have \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+9 y-6 \cos 3 x=0\)
L.H.S. = \(\frac{d^2 y}{d x^2}+9 y-6 \cos 3 x\)
= (6 cos 3x – 9x sin 3x) + 9x sin 3x – 6 cos 3x = 0 = RHS [using (1) and (2)]
Hence verified.

Question 7.
Verify that x² = 2y²log y is implicit or explicit is a solution of the corresponding differential equation \(\left(x^2+y^2\right) \frac{d y}{d x}-x y=0\).
Solution:
The given solution is in the form x = f(y) and hence it is explicit.
Given D.E is \(\left(x^2+y^2\right) \frac{d y}{d x}-x y=0\) Also, x² = 2y² log y ………..(1)
⇒ \(x=\frac{d y}{d x}(2 y \log y+y) \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{x}{y(1+2 \log y)}\) ……….(2)
Now, we have to prove \(\left(x^2+y^2\right) \frac{d y}{d x}-x y=0\)
L.H.S = \(\left(x^2+y^2\right) \frac{d y}{d x}-x y=0\) = (2y²log y + y²).\(\frac{x}{y(1+2 \log y)}\) – xy [using (1) and (2)]
= y²(1 + 2 log y).\(\frac{x}{y(1+2 \log y)}\) – xy = xy – xy = 0 = RHS

Question 8.
Find the general solution of the differential equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}+\sqrt{\frac{1-y^2}{1-x^2}}=0\)
Solution:
Given D.E is \(\frac{d y}{d x}+\sqrt{\frac{1-y^2}{1-x^2}}=0 \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}=-\frac{\sqrt{1-y^2}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}=-\frac{d x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
Integrating both sides, we get sin^-1y = -sin^-1x + C ⇒ sin^-1x + sin^-1y = C

II.

Question 1.
Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0, \(\frac{\pi}{4}\)) whose differential equation is sin x cos y dx + cos x sin y dy = 0.
Solution:
Given D.E is sin x cos ydx + cos xsin ysy = 0 ⇒ \(\frac{\sin x \cos y d x+\cos x \sin y d y}{\cos x \cos y}=0\)
⇒ tan xdx + tan ydy = 0 ⇒ log(sec x)+log(sec y) = logC
⇒ log(secx sec y)=log C ⇒ secx. secy = C
The curve passes through the point (0, \(\frac{\pi}{4}\))
⇒ 1 x \(\sqrt{2}\) = C ⇒ C = \(\sqrt{2}\) ⇒ sec x sec y = \(\sqrt{2}\) ⇒ sec x.\(\frac{1}{\cos y}=\sqrt{2}\) ⇒ cos y = \(\frac{\sec x}{\sqrt{2}}\)
The equation of the curve is sec x. sec y = \(\sqrt{2}\)

Question 2.
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
(1 + e^2x)dy + (1 + y²)e^xdx = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0.
Solution:
Given D.E is (1 + e^2x)dy + (1 + y²)e^xdx = 0 ⇒ \(\frac{d y}{1+y^2}+\frac{e^x}{1+e^{2 x}} d x=0\)
Integrating both sides, we get \(\tan ^{-1} y+\int \frac{e^x d x}{1+e^{2 x}}=C\) ….(1)
Let e^x = t ⇒ e^2x = t²
\(\frac{d}{d x}\left(e^x\right)=\frac{d t}{d x} \Rightarrow e^x=\frac{d t}{d x} \Rightarrow e^x=\frac{d t}{d x} \Rightarrow e^x d x=d t\)
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get
\(\tan ^{-1} y+\int \frac{d t}{1+t^2}=C \Rightarrow \tan ^{-1} y+\tan ^{-1} t=C \Rightarrow \tan ^{-1} y+\tan ^{-1}\left(e^x\right)=C\)
We have x = 0 at y = 1
Hence, tan^-1 1 + tan^-11 = C ⇒ \frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{\pi}{4}=C \Rightarrow C=\frac{\pi}{2}\(\)
Thus, tan^-1y + tan^-1(e^x) = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)

Question 3.
Solve the differential equation \(y e^{\frac{x}{y}} d x=\left(x e^{\frac{x}{y}}+y^2\right) d y\) (y ≠ 0)
Solution:

Integrating both sides, we get x = y + C ⇒ \(e^{\frac{x}{y}}\) = y + C

Question 4.
Solve the differential equation \(\left[\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x}}\right] \frac{d x}{d y}=1\) (x ≠ 0)
Solution:
Given D.E is \(\left[\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x}}\right] \frac{d x}{d y}=1 \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x}} \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x}}=\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}\)
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + Py = Q where P = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\) and Q = \(\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}\)
Now, IF = \(e^{\int P d x}=e^{\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} d x}=e^{2 \sqrt{x}}\)
The general solution of the given D.E is given by, y(IF) = ∫(Q × IF) + C
⇒ \(y e^{2 \sqrt{x}}=\int\left(\frac{e^{-2 \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}} x e^{2 \sqrt{x}}\right) d x+C \Rightarrow y e^{2 \sqrt{x}}=\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} d x+C \Rightarrow y e^{2 \sqrt{x}}=2 \sqrt{x}+C\)

Question 5.
Find a particular solution of the differential equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + y cot x = 4xcosecx (x ≠ 0), given that y = 0 when x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Solution:
Given D.E is \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + y cot x = 4x cosecx
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + Py = Q
where P = cot x and Q = 4xcosecx
Now, IF = \(\mathrm{e}^{\int \mathrm{Pdx}}=\mathrm{e}^{\int \cot \mathrm{xdx}}=\mathrm{e}^{\log |\sin \mathrm{x}|}=\sin \mathrm{x}\)
The general solution of the given D.E is given by,
y(IF) = \(\int(Q \times I F) d x+C \Rightarrow y \sin x=\int(4 x {cosec} x \cdot \sin x) d x+C\)
\(y \sin x=4 \int x d x+C \Rightarrow y \sin x=4 \cdot \frac{x^2}{2}+C \Rightarrow y \sin x=2 x^2+C\)
We have x = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) at y = 0
∴ \(2 \times \frac{\pi^2}{4}+C \Rightarrow C=-\frac{\pi^2}{2}\). Thus, y sinx = \(2x^2-\frac{\pi^2}{2}\), sin x ≠ 0

III.

Question 1.
Prove that x² – y² = c (x² + y²)² is the general solution of differential equation (x³ – 3xy²) dx = (y³ – 3x²y) dy, where c is a parameter.
Solution:
(x³ – 3xy²) dx = (y³ – 3x²y) dy ⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{x^3-3 x y^2}{y^3-3 x^2 y}\) …(1)
This is a homogenous equation, to simplify it,
Let y = vx …………(2)



Taking square root on both sides
⇒ (x² – y²) = C²(x² + y²)² ⇒ (x² – y²) = k(x² + y²)² where, k = C²

Question 2.
Show that the general solution of the differential equation \(\frac{d y}{d x}+\frac{y^2+y+1}{x^2+x+1}=0\) is given by (x + y + 1) = A (1 – x – y – 2xy), where A is parameter.
Solution:


⇒ \(2 \sqrt{3}(x+y+1)=C_1(2-4 x y-2 x-2 y) \Rightarrow 2 \sqrt{3}(x+y+1)=C_1 \times 2(1-2 x y-x-y)\)
⇒ \(\sqrt{3}(x+y+1)=C_1(1-x-y-2 x y)\)
⇒ \((x+y+1)=\frac{C_1}{\sqrt{3}}(1-x-y-2 x y) \Rightarrow(x+y+1)=A(1-x-y-2 x y)\) [Where A = \(\frac{C_1}{\sqrt{3}}\)]

Question 3.
Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that y = -1, when x = 0. (Hint: put x – y = t)
Solution:
GivenD.E is (x – y)(dx + dy) = (dx – dy) ⇒ (x – y + 1)dy = (1 – x + y)dx
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1-x+y}{x-y+1} \Rightarrow \frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{1-(x-y)}{1+(x-y)}\) ……………(1)
Let x – y = t ……..(2)
⇒ \(\frac{d}{d x}(x-y)=\frac{d t}{d x} \Rightarrow 1-\frac{d y}{d x}=\frac{d t}{d x} \Rightarrow 1-\frac{d t}{d x}=\frac{d y}{d x}\) ……..(3)
Using (1), (2) and (3)
⇒ \(1-\frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{dx}}=\frac{1-\mathrm{t}}{1+\mathrm{t}} \Rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{dt}}{\mathrm{dx}}=1-\left(\frac{1-\mathrm{t}}{1+\mathrm{t}}\right)\)
⇒ \(\frac{d t}{d x}=\frac{(1+t)-(1-t)}{1+t} \Rightarrow \frac{d t}{d x}=\frac{2 t}{1+t}\)
⇒ \(\left(\frac{1+t}{t}\right) d t=2 d x \Rightarrow\left(1+\frac{1}{t}\right) d t=2 d x\)
Integrating both sides, we get ⇒ t + log|t| = 2x + C
⇒ (x – y) + log |x – y| = 2x + C ⇒ log|x – y| = x + y + C
We have x = 0 at y = -1
⇒ log 1 = 0 – 1 + C ⇒ C = 1 ⇒ log|x – y| = x + y + 1

Question 4.
Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x + 1)\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2e^-y – 1 given that y = 0 when x = 0.
Solution:

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 13 Probability Exercise 13c Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Probability Solutions Exercise 13c

I.

Question 1.
Probability that A speaks truth is \(\frac{4}{5}\). A coin is tossed. A reports that a head appears. Find the probability that it is actually a head
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the events such that
E₁ : A speaks truth
E₂ : A speaks false
Let X be the event that a head appears.
P(E₁) = \(\frac{4}{5}\)
P(E₂) = 1 – P(E₂) = 1 – \(\frac{4}{5}\) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
If a coin is tossed, then it may result in either head (H) or tail (T).
The probability of getting a head is 1/2 whether A speaks truth or not.
∴ P(X|E₁) = P(X|E₂) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
The probability that there is actually a head is given by P(E₁|X) .
P(E₁|X) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(X \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(X \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) \cdot P\left(X \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{4}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{4}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{4}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{4}{5}+\frac{1}{5}\right)}=\frac{\frac{4}{5}}{1}\)
= \(\frac{4}{5}\)

Question 2.
Suppose that 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. A grey haired person . is selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
Solution:
Given, 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair.
Thus, percentage of people with grey hair = (5 + 0.25)% = 5.25%
Probability that the selected haired person is a male = \(\frac{5}{5.25}\) = \(\frac{20}{21}\)

Question 3.
Suppose that 90% of people are right-handed. What is the probability that at most 6 of a random sample of 10 people are right-handed?
Solution:
A person can be either right-handed or left-handed.
Given, 90% of the people are right-handed.
∴ p = P(right-handed) = \(\frac{9}{10}\)
∴ q = P(left-handed) = 1 – p = 1 – \(\frac{9}{10}\) = \(\frac{1}{10}\)
Using binominal distribution, the probability that more than 6 people are right-handed is given by
\(\sum_{r=7}^{10}{ }^{10} C_r p^r q^{n-r}=\sum_{r=7}^{10}{ }^{10} C_r\left(\frac{9}{10}\right)^r \times\left(\frac{1}{10}\right)^{10-r}\)
∴ the probability that at most 6 people are right handed
= 1 – P (more than 6 are right-handed) = 1 – \(\frac{4}{5}\) ¹⁰C_r(0.9)^r × (0.1)^10-r

II.

Question 1.
An urn contains red and black halls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted and is returned to the urn. Moreover 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the urn and then a hail is drawn at random. What is the probability (hat the second ball is red?
Solution:
The urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls.
Let a red ball be drawn in the first attempt.
∴ P (drawing a red ball) = \(\frac{5}{10}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
If two red balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 7 red and 5 black balls.
∴ p (drawing a red ball) = \(\frac{7}{12}\)
Let a black ball be drawn ¡n the first attempt.
∴ p (drawing a black ball in the first attempt) = \(\frac{5}{10}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
If two black balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 5 red and 7 black balls.
∴ P (drawing a red ball) = \(\frac{5}{12}\)
Thus, probability of drawing second ball as red
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × \(\frac{7}{12}\) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × \(\frac{5}{12}\)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)(\(\frac{7}{12}\) + \(\frac{5}{12}\)) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 1
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 2.
A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the events of selecting first bag and second bag respectively.
P(E₁) = P(E₂) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Let A be the event of getting a red ball.
⇒ P(A|E₁) = P (drawing a red ball from first bag) = \(\frac{4}{8}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
⇒ P(A|E₂) = P (drawing a red ball from first bag) = \(\frac{2}{8}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
The probability of drawing a ball from the first bag, given that it is red, is given by P(E₁|A)|
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{4}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}}=\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{\frac{3}{8}}\)
= \(\frac{2}{3}\)

Question 3.
Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is a hostlier?
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the events that the student is a hostlier and a day scholar respectively and
A be the event that the chosen student gets grade A.
P(E₁) = 60% = \(\frac{60}{100}\) = 0.6
P(E₂) = 40% = \(\frac{40}{100}\) = 0.4
P(A|E₁) = P (student getting an A grade is a hostler) = 30% = 0.3
P(A|E₂) = P (student getting an A grade is a day scholar) = 20% = 0.2
The probability that a randomly chosen student is a hostler, given that he has an A grade, is given by P(E₁|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{0.6 \times 0.3}{0.6 \times 0.3+0.4 \times 0.2}\)
= \(\frac{0.18}{0.18+0.08}\) = \(\frac{0.18}{0.26}\)
= \(\frac{18}{26}\) = \(\frac{9}{13}\)

Question 4.
In answering question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses. Let \(\frac{3}{4}\) be the probability that he knows the answer and \(\frac{1}{4}\) be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability \(\frac{1}{4}\). What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the respective events that the student knows the answer and he guesses the answer.
Let A be the event that the answer is correct. P(E₁) = \(\frac{3}{4}\), P(E₂) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
The probability that the students answered correctly, given that he knows the answer, is 1.
∴ P(A|E₁) = 1
Probability that the student answered correctly, given that he guessed, is 1/4.
∴ P(A|E₂) = 1/4
The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly, is given by P(E₁|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{3}{4} \times 1}{\frac{3}{4} \times 1+\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{3}{4}}{\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{16}}=\frac{\frac{3}{4}}{\frac{13}{16}}\)
= \(\frac{12}{13}\)

Question 5.
A laboratory blood lest is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e. if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test result is positive ?
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the respective events that a person has a disease and a person has no disease.
Since E₁ and E₂ are events complimentary to each other, P(E₁) + P(E₂) = 1
⇒ P(E₂) = 1 – P(E₁) = 1 – 0.001 = 0.999
Let A be the event that the blood test result is positive.
P(E₁) = 0.1% = — = 0.001 1 100
P(A|E₁) = P (result is positive given the person has disease) = 99% = 0.99
P(A|E₂) = P (result is positive given the person has no disease) = 0.5% = 0.05
Probability that a person has a disease, given that his test result is positive, is given by P(E₁|A)
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{0.001 \times 0.99}{0.001 \times 0.99+0.999 \times 0.005}\)
= \(\frac{0.00099}{0.00099+0.004995}\) = \(\frac{0.00099}{0.005985}\)
= \(\frac{990}{5985}\) = \(\frac{110}{665}\)
= \(\frac{22}{133}\)

Question 6.
There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin ?
Solution:
Let E₁, E₂ and E₃ be the respective events of choosing a two headed coin,
a biased coin, and an unbiased coin.
∴ P(E₁) = P(E₂) = P(E₃) = 1/3
Let A be the event that the coin shows heads.
A two-headed coin will always show heads.
∴ P( A|(E₁) = P( coin showing heads, given that it is a two headed coin) = 1
Probability of heads coming up, given that it is a biased coin = 75%
∴ P( A|E2 ) = P( coin showing heads, given that it is a biased coin) = 75/100 = 3/4
Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is always 1/2
∴ P( A|E₃ ) = P( coin showing heads, given that it is an unbiased coin) = 1/2
The probability that the coin is two – headed, given that it shows heads, is given by P(E,|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{3} \times 1}{\frac{1}{3} \times 1+\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{1}{3}\left(1+\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right)}=\frac{1}{\frac{9}{4}}\)
= \(\frac{4}{9}\)

Question 7.
An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers. 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers. The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
Solution:
Let E₁, E₂, and E₃ be the respective events that the driver is a scooter driver, a car driver, and truck driver.
Let A be the event that the person meets with an accident.
There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers, and 6000 truck drivers.
Total number of drivers 2000 + 4000 + 6000 – 12000
P(E₁) = P(driver is a scooter driver) = \(\frac{2000}{12000}\) = \(\frac{1}{6}\)
P(E₂) = P(driver is a car driver) = \(\frac{4000}{12000}\) = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
P(E₃) = P(driver is a truck driver) = \(\frac{6000}{12000}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
P(A|E₁) P(scooter driver met with an accident) = 0.01 = \(\frac{1}{100}\)
P(A|E₂) = P(car driver met with an accident)= 0.03 = \(\frac{3}{100}\)
P(A|E₃) = P(truck driver met with an accident) 0.15 = \(\frac{15}{100}\)
The probability that the driver is a scooter driver, given that he met with an accident, is given by P(E₁|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)+P\left(E_3\right) P\left(A \mid E_3\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{100}}{\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{100}+\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{3}{100}+\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{15}{100}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{100}}{\frac{1}{00}\left(\frac{1}{6}+1+\frac{15}{2}\right)}=\frac{\frac{1}{6}}{\frac{104}{12}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{52}\)

Question 8.
A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60% of the items of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further, 2% of the Items produced by machine A and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was produced by machine B?
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the respective events of items produced by machines A and B.
Let X be the event that the produced items was found to be defective.
∴ Probability of items produced by machine A, P(E₁) = 60% =
Probability of items produced by machine B, P(E₂) = 40% =
Probability that machine A produced defective items, P(X|E₁) = 2% = \(\frac{2}{100}\)
Probability that machine B produced defective items, P (X|E₂) =1 % = \(\frac{1}{100}\)
The probability that the randomly selected items was from machine B, given that it is defective, is given by P(E₂|X).
By using Bayes theorem, we have P(E₂|X) = \(\frac{P\left(E_2\right) \cdot P\left(X \mid E_2\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) \cdot P\left(X \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) \cdot P\left(X \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{1}{100}}{\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{2}{100}+\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{1}{100}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{2}{500}}{\frac{6}{500}+\frac{2}{500}}=\frac{2}{8}\)
= \(\frac{1}{4}\)

Question 9.
Two groups are competing for the position on (he Hoard of directors of a corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the respective events that the first group and the second group win the competition. Let A be the event of introducing a new product.
Probability that the first group wins the competition, P(E₁) = 0.6
Probability that the second group wins the competition, P(E₂) = 0.4
Probability of introducing a new product if the first group wins, P(A|E₁) = 0.7
Probability of introducing a flew product if the second group wins, P(A|E₂) =0.3
The probability that the new product is introduced by the second group is given by P(E₂|A)
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have P(E₂|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{0.4 \times 0.3}{0.6 \times 07+04 \times 0.3}\)
= \(\frac{0.12}{042+012}\) = \(\frac{0.12}{0.54}\)
= \(\frac{12}{54}\) = \(\frac{2}{9}\)

Question 10.
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
Solution:
Let E₁ be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and E₂ be the event that the outcome on the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4. P(E₁) = \(\frac{2}{6}\) = \(\frac{1}{3}\) and P(E₂) = \(\frac{4}{6}\) = \(\frac{2}{3}\)
Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
Probability of getting exactly one head by tossing the coin three times if she gets 5 or 6.
P(A|E₁| = \(\frac{3}{8}\)
Probability of getting exactly one head in a single throw of coin if she gets 1, 2, 3, or 4,
P(A|E₂) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with die, if she obtained exactly one head, is given by P(E₂|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₂|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) \cdot P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{3}{8}+\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{3}{8}+1\right)}=\frac{1}{\frac{11}{8}}\)
= \(\frac{8}{11}\)

Question 11.
A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% defective Items, where as the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for 30% of the time and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is produced, what is the probability that It was produced by A?
Solution:
Let E₁, E₂ and E₃ be the respective events that the time consumed by machine A, B, and C for the job.
P(E₁) = 5o% = \(\frac{50}{100}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\);
P(E₂) = 3o% = \(\frac{30}{100}\) = \(\frac{3}{10}\);
P(E₃) = 20% = \(\frac{20}{100}\) = \(\frac{1}{5}\)
Let X be the event of producing defective items. .
P(X|E₁) = 1% = \(\frac{1}{100}\);
P(X|E₂) = 5% = \(\frac{5}{100}\);
P(X|E₃) = 7% = \(\frac{7}{100}\)
The probability that the defective item was produced by A is given by P(E₁|X).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have
P(E₁|X) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(X \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(X \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(X \mid E_2\right)+P\left(E_3\right) \cdot P\left(X \mid E_3\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{100}}{\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{100}+\frac{3}{10} \times \frac{5}{100}+\frac{1}{5} \times \frac{7}{100}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{100}}{\frac{1}{100}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{2}+\frac{7}{5}\right)}=\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{17}{5}}\)
= \(\frac{5}{34}\)

Question 12.
A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn and are found to he both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ be the respective events of choosing a diamond cards and a card which is not diamond.
Let A denote the lost card.
Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamonds and 39 cards are not diamonds.
P(E₁) = \(\frac{13}{52}\) = \(\frac{1}{4}\)
P(E₂) = \(\frac{39}{52}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)
When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamonds cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 12 diamonds cards in ¹²C₂ ways.
Similarly, 2 diamonds cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ⁵¹C₂ ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one diamond card is lost, is given by P(A|E₁).
P(A|E₁) = \(\frac{{ }^{12} \mathrm{C}_2}{{ }^{51} \mathrm{C}_2}=\frac{12!}{2 \times 10!} \times \frac{2 \times 49!}{51!}=\frac{11 \times 12}{51 \times 50}=\frac{22}{425}\)
When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamonds cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 13 diamonds cards in ¹³C₂ ways whereas 2 cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ⁵¹C₂ ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one card is lost which is not diamond, is given by P(A|E₂)
P(A|E₂) = \(\frac{{ }^{13} \mathrm{C}_2}{{ }^{51} \mathrm{C}_2}=\frac{13!}{2 \times 11!} \times \frac{2 \times 49!}{51!}=\frac{13 \times 12}{51 \times 50}=\frac{26}{425}\)
The probability that the lost card is diamond is given by P(E₁|A).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have P (E₁| A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) \cdot P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) \cdot P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) \cdot P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{22}{425}}{\frac{1}{4} \times \frac{22}{425}+\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{26}{425}}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{22}{1700}}{\frac{100}{1700}}=\frac{22}{100}\)
= \(\frac{11}{50}\)

Question 13.
Suppose we have four boxes A,B,C and I) containing coloured marbles as given below:

One of the boxes has been selected at random and a single marble is drawn from it. If the marble is red, what is the probability that it was drawn from box A?, box B?, box C?
Solution:
Let R be the event of drawing the red marble.
Let E_A, E_B and E_C respectively denote the events of selecting the box A, B, C.
Total number of marbles = 40
Number of red marbles =15
∴ P(R) = \(\frac{15}{40}\) = \(\frac{3}{8}\)
Probability of drawing the red marble from box A is given by P(E_A|R).
∴ P(E_A|R) = \(\frac{P\left(E_A \cap R\right)}{P(R)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{40}}{\frac{3}{8}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{15}\)
Probability of drawing the red marble from box A is given by P(E_B|R).
∴ P(E_B|R) = \(\frac{P\left(E_B \cap R\right)}{P(R)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{6}{40}}{\frac{3}{8}}\)
= \(\frac{2}{5}\)
Probability of drawing the red marble from box A is given by P(E_C|R).
∴ P(E_C|R) = \(\frac{P\left(E_C \cap R\right)}{P(R)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{8}{40}}{\frac{3}{8}}\)
= \(\frac{8}{15}\)

Question 14.
Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?
Solution:
Let A, E₁ and E₂ respectively denote the events that a person has a heart attack, the selected person followed the course of yoga and meditation, and the person adopted the drug prescription.
∴ P(A) = 0.40
P (E₁) = P (E₂) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ⇒ P (A|E₁) = 0.40 × 0.70 = 0.28
⇒ P(A|E₂) = 0.40 × 0.75 = 0.30
Probability that the patient suffering a heart attack followed a course of meditation and yoga is given by P(E₁|A). By Baye’s theorem we have.
P(E₁|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{1}{2} \times 0.28}{\frac{1}{2} \times 0.28+\frac{1}{2} \times 0.30}\)
= \(\frac{14}{29}\)

Question 15.
Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag il contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One ball is transferred from Bag Ito Bag Ii and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so drawn is found lo be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred hail is black.
Solution:
Let E₁ and E₂ respectively denote the event that a red ball is transferred from bag I to II and a black ball is transferred from bag I to II.
P(E₁) = \(\frac{3}{7}\) and P(E₂) = \(\frac{4}{7}\) .
Let A be the event that the ball drawn is red.
When a red ball is transferred from bag I to II, P(A|E₁) = \(\frac{5}{10}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
When a black ball is transferred from bag I to II, P(A|E₂) = \(\frac{4}{10}\) = \(\frac{2}{5}\)
P(E₂|A) = \(\frac{P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}{P\left(E_1\right) P\left(A \mid E_1\right)+P\left(E_2\right) P\left(A \mid E_2\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\frac{4}{7} \times \frac{2}{5}}{\frac{3}{7} \times \frac{1}{2}+\frac{4}{7} \times \frac{2}{5}}\)
= \(\frac{16}{31}\)