Srinivas

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 7B A Plea For India (Poem) Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 7B A Plea For India (Poem)

We, Indians, are proud to be a strong nation,
our roots, we declare, cannot be shaken.
Then why these fights,
which leave us in poor plight?
Irrespective of our region,
forget the castes,
which makes us lose our charm.

Let’s ignore the selfish call of each region,
and listen for once to the call of the nation.
Why do we spend our time bickering
when so many tasks need finishing?
Don’t we have better things to do
than indulge in creating problems anew?

Is all this violence needed
with the people being cheated?
Who will return this only son
Whom she loves a ton?
Who will bring back his brother
whose ashes he is still to gather?

Where has all the love gone
which resided in the heart of all?
There is no reason to be proud,
and be on high cloud.
We have to go a long way,
we have to think seriously,
else we end up miserably.
Then let our minds throw out the rot,
and devote our time to pious thoughts.
Let us control the riots,
which leave us with no choice,
but to hang our heads in shame,
and say we have miserably failed.
We have the power to win,
so why not end this din?
Let us unite,
and fight against those who incite.
Let us not be misled.

Comprehension:

Question 1.
What do fights put us in ?
Answer:
The fights put us in severe sufferings. They make us feel shame of ourselves. The nation end up with lesser developments.

Question 2.
Why does the poet use ‘proud to be a strong nation’, and ‘hang heads in shame’, at the same time ?
Answer:
Our nation has Strong roots which are believed to be unshaken. At the same time we have a lot of conficts and riots, based on region, caste etc, which questions the unity of the nation. So the poet says that though we feel proud of our nation, we feel ashamed as well.

Question 3.
Who are cheats? Who are being cheated?
Answer:
Those who create the differences in the minds of the people and lead them to violence are cheats. They disturb the foundations of the country’s unity. The innocent people are being cheated.

Question 4.
What are the tasks to be finished, according to the poet?
Answer:
According to the poet, there are many tasks to be finished. We should work for a strong united nation. We should go forward and finish the tasks with dedication. We have to throw out the rot from our minds and develop pious thoughts. We should control riots, give the power to win and fight against the persons who incite us.

Question 5.
What is the central idea of the poem ?
Answer:
The poet aims at creating an awareness among the people, about the various evil elements which obstruct the unity and integrity of the nation. We should work hard to build a strong united nation with piety and dedication.

A Plea For India (Poem) Summary in English

The poet says that we, Indians are proud to be a strong nation, declaring our roots are never be shaken. But these plights, caused by fight make us lose our charm irrespective of
He suggests us to ignore the selfish call of region but to listen to the call of the nation. He reminds us that so many tasks need finishing and asks then why do we spend our time bickering. He exhorts to indulge in doing better things instead of creating problems ?

Now he recollects the misery of the victims of the violence who lost her only son, brother and crosses where has the Indian love gone – which resides in the hearts of all.
He says that there is no reason to be proud behaving in this way. He states that we should think seriously and warn us or else we have to end up miserably.

He advises us to throw out the rot and be pious. We should control the riots lest we should hang our heads in shame. We should have the power to win and end this din.
We should be united and fight against those who incite the violence which results in death. He asserts that if we are dedicated, our country will be united forever.

Glossary:

plight (n) = a difficult or sad situation;
selfish (adj) = caring only oneself;
bicker (v) = argue about things that are not important;
indulge (v) = to allow yourself to have or do something that you like;
violence (n) = rough and immoderate actions;
proud (adj) = feeling pleasure or satisfaction over something regarded as ‘ highly honourable;
pious (adj) = showing a deep respect for God and religion; ,
miserable (adj) = unhappy and unpleasant;
rot (n) = bad things
riots (n) = noisy, violent and uncontrolled public disorder;
din (n) = a loud / unpleasant noise that lasts for a long time;
incite (v) = encourage someone to be violent by making angry ;
roots (n) = basic source or origin of something
charm(n) = the power of quality of attracting others
ignore (v) = pay no attention to
on high cloud (idiom) = having strong feelings of happiness or satisfaction
end up (phr.v) = come to an end

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 7A My Childhood Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 7A My Childhood

Nation and Diversity:

Look at the picture and answer the questions that follow :

Question 1.
What does the picture signify ?
Answer:
The picture signifies religious harmony and the unity in diversity. In this picture, we see some Hindus and Muslims playing cricket together. We witness such kind of scenes everywhere in India. People in India have been living with the feelings of fraternity and integrity for ages. They forget their religions and cultural differences and live together peacefully.

Question 2.
Do you experience the theme reflected in the picture in your real life ? If not, what may be the possible reason for this ?
Answer:
I do experience the theme of religious harmony, as reflected in the picture. In our school, we all play and study together.

Oral Discourse:

Question.
Talk on – “Unity in diversity is the spirit of our nation.”
Answer:
Geographically, it is a land of contracts in numerous ways. It provides almost every type of climate, from extreme heat to extreme cold all the year round. The hilly regions in the North and elsewhere are as cold as some of the coldest parts of Europe. Certain areas in South are the hottest in the world. In Mumbai and Malwa, the climate is temperate though West Bengal is more humid.

India is a plural society. It is repository of multiplicity of cultures. Indian civilization, stretching over five thousand years, provides the most distinctive feature in the coexistence of unity in diversity.

India is said to be a synthesis of diverse social and cultural elements. A grand synthesis of cultures, religions and language of the people belonging to different castes and communities has upheld its unity and cohesiveness despite foreign invasions, and the Mughal and British rule.

National unity and integrity have been maintained even though sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of equalitarian social relations. It is this synthesis which has made India a unique mosaic of cultures. India is, in fact, a panorama of its own types without a parallel in other continents. Foreign invasions, immigration from other parts of the world and the existence of diverse languages, cultures and religions have made India’s culture tolerant, on the one hand, and a unique continuing and living culture with its specificity and historicity on the other.

Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity are the major religions Besides twenty two Constitutionally recognized languages, there are several hundred dialects There is diversity not only in regard to racial compositions, religious and linguistic distinctions but also in patterns of living, life styles, occupational pursuits, inheritance and succession of law and practices and rites related to birth, marriage, death etc.
The idea of unity of India is inherent in all its historical and socio-cultural facts as well as in its cultural heritage. India has one Constitution providing guarantees for people belonging to diverse religious, cultures and languages. It covers people belonging to all socio-economic strata.

India possesses varieties of social, economic, geographical conditions. In India there is unity in apparent diversities of race, religion, language, custom etc. The distinctive feature of India in its unity and diversity is also reflected in the social ethos.

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What were the disadvantages faced by Kalam in his childhood ?
Answer:
Abdul Kalam was born in a middle class family. His home town was the island town of Rameswaram. His parents were neither much educated nor wealthy.

Question 2.
“…………………. that forced Samsuddin to look for helping hand” What does ‘that’ refers to ?
Answer:
Kalam’s cousin Samsuddin was the distributer of the daily ‘Dinamani’ in Rameswaram. During the Second World War, the halt for the train at Rameswaram station was suspended. The News Paper bundles had to be used to come in the train thrown from the train, at the station. So, Samsuddin wanted someone’s help to catch the bundles. Here, ‘that’ refers to the necessity of a person to help Samsuddin catch the bundles of newspapers.

Question 3.
“I filled the slot”. What does the sentence mean ?
Answer:
The sentence means that Kalam helped his cousin Samsuddin in catching the news paper bundles thrown from the moving train, at the Rameswaram Railway station. During the second World War the emergency was declared. The first casualty came in the form of the suspension of the train halt at Rameswaram station. The newspapers were to be bundled and thrown out from the moving train on the Rameswaram Road between Rameswaram and Dhanuskodi. Samsuddin, the cousin of Kalam needed a helping hand to catch the bundles of newspapers. Then Kalam came forward to do that job.

Question 4.
If one wants to bring a change in the social system, what qualities should one possess?
Answer:
If one wants to bring a change in the social system, one should possess the qualities such as courage, patience, determination, equanimity, grit, perseverance etc. One should be optimistic and should dare to face the problems which could arise.

Question 5.
Events from the Ramayana and from the life of the Prophet were the bedtime stories my mother and grandmother would tell the children in our family.
Choose the most appropriate meaning for the underlined word from the options given below.
a) stories told by the bed side
b) stories told on the bed
c) stories told before getting sleep
Answer:
c) stories told before getting sleep

Question 6.
“Your Children are not your children ” What does it mean ? Do you agree with the statement or disagree ? Give reasons.
Answer:
The expression, “Your children are not your children” means that the children develop their own ideas as they are growing. These words were spoken by Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen in the context of his wife’s hesitation to send Kalam to Ramanathapuram. I totally agree with the statement as the children themselves develop their own thoughts naturally. The children have to be separated from their parents at some stage in life. They have to be let free so that they can realize their thoughts and set their goals.

Question 7.
As children, none of us ever felt any difference amongst ourselves because of our religious differences and upbringing. Choose the most appropriate meaning for the underlined word from the optious given below.
a) education
b) cared and trained
c) food and shelter
Answer:
b) cared and trained

Question 8.
Read the text and attribute the characteristics given in the box to the following women, conservative, sociable, kind, secular, generous, simple, tolerant, adamant, orthodox
a) Subramania Iyer’s wife
b) Ashiamma
Answer:
(a) Subramania Iyer’s wife – conservative, adament, orthodox

• conservative – She could not invite Kalam to her house.
• adamant – She refused to serve meal to Kalam.
• orthodox – She remained in the kitchen when Kalam was served meal by Subramania Iyer.

(b) Ashiamma – sociable, kind, secular, generous, simple, tolerant.

• sociable – She was friendly with all the people who visited her house.
• kind – She was kind with all the guests and family members.
• secular – Irrespective of the religious differences, Ashiamma fed all the people who came to her house.
• generous – She gave a secured emotional and material comforts to her children.
• simple – Ashiamma was a good partner to her husband and led a simple and happy life with him.
• tolerant – She was tolerant towards the visitors and her children.

Question 9.
Identify the features of the text “My childhood”
a) What type of a text is it ?
b) Reflections on the text
c) Anecdotes in the text.
Answer:
(a) The text is an autobiography.
(b) It mirrors the realities of life i.e., the divisions in the society and the reactions of various people to it and the pain it causes to the innocent ones. It shows that love, affection and kindness are above the false religious pride.
(c) (i) The situation in which Kalam earned money by selling tamarind seeds and catching
paper bundles from the running train.
(ii) Kalam’s friendship with Brahmin boys.
(iii) The ill-treatment of the new teacher towards Kalam and the warning given by Lakshmana Sastry to the new teacher not to show any discrimination that would spoil the minds of innocent children.
(iv) The hospitality of Sivasubramania Iyer.

Vocabulary:

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words often confused given in brackets.

Question 1.
Samsuddin helped me earn my first __________ (wages / income).
Answer:
wages

Question 2.
He received a proportion of his __________ (wages / income) from selling tamarind seeds.
Answer:
income

Question 3.
He is __________ (innocent / ignorant) about technology.
Answer:
ignorant

Question 4.
However he was found __________ (innocent / ignorant) of any crime.
Answer:
innocent

Question 5.
He lost all the wealth he had __________ (inherited /acquired) from his father because he __________ (inherited / acquired) bad habits.
Answer:
inherited, acquired

Question 6.
People from different backgrounds could __________ (mix /mingle) easily. __________ (mixed /mingled) group people do not come to an agreement.
Answer:
mingle, mixed

Question 7.
People in Rameswaram were very __________ (rigid / adamant) in terms of segregation of different social groups . Subramania Iyer __________ (rigidly / adamantly) opposed it.
Answer:
rigid, adamantly

Question 8.
The car collided with a __________ (stationary / stationery) vehicle when we went to buy some __________ (stationary / stationery) from the book stall.
Answer:
stationary, stationery

Question 9.
She was __________ (envelop /enveloped) in a huge white towel.
Answer:
enveloped

Question 10.
We sent an airmail __________ (envelop / envelope) abroad.
Answer:
envelope

Question 11.
The floor was __________ (laid / lied) with a newspaper.
Answer:
laid

Question 12.
He __________ (laid / lied) many times.
Answer:
lied

II. Tick (✓) the appropriate meaning of the underlined word in each sentence below.

Question 1.
Kalam’s father possessed great innate wisdom and a true generosity of sprit.
(a) hospitality
(b) nobility
(c) kindness
Answer:
(b) nobility

Question 2.
A sudden demand for tamarind seeds erupted in the market.
(a) started
(b) came up
(c) appeared suddenly
Answer:
(b) came up

Question 3.
Our family arranged boats for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site, situated in the middle of the pond.
(a) place
(b) ceremony
(c) feast
Answer:
(a) place

Question 4.
The new teacher could not stomach a Hindu priest’s son sitting with a Muslim boy.
(a) imagine
(b) permit
(c) tolerate
Answer:
(c) tolerate

Question 5.
He looked utterly downcast as I shifted to my seat in the last row.
(a) lonely
(b) sad
(c) disappointed
Answer:
(b) sad

Question 6.
Sastry bluntly asked the teacher to either apologise or quit the school.
(a) immediately
(b) angrily
(c) plainly
Answer:
(b) angrily

Question 7.
The small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different soical groups.
(a) strict
(b) firm
(c) strong
Answer:
(a) strict

Question 8.
Sivasubramania Iyer was not perturbed, nor did he get angry with his wife.
(a) disturbed
(b) disappointed
(c) pleased
Answer:
(a) disturbed

Question 9.
India’s freedom was imminent.
(a) expected
(b) necessary
(c) certain
Answer:
(c) certain

Grammar:

I. Read the following paragraph and note the underlined words.

. . .On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different social groups. However, my science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer, though an orthodox Brahmin with a very conservative wife, was something of a rebel. He did his best to break social barriers so that people from varying backgrounds could mingle easily.

Notice the underlined words or phrases in the above paragraph. They are called linkers or discourse markers. Noticing and understanding discourse markers help learners to understand the logical structure of what they read and listen to, the order of events and the attitude of the speaker or writer and what they refer to.

Think of the following:

1. What makes the writer use the linker ‘on the whole’ in the above paragraph ? Give reasons.
2. What purpose does the linker ‘however’ serve in the paragraph?
3. What does the wirter emphasize by using the linker ‘though’?
4. Why did the writer use the linkers?

Answer:

1. The writer used the linker’on the whole’ in order to summarise the previous incidents. When Kalam was separated from his close friend and orderd to sit in the last row by the new teacher, Lakshmana Sastry, the priest of the temple told the teacher that he should not spread the poison of social inequality and religious intolerance in the minds of innocent children. He bluntly asked the teacher to either apologize or quit the school and the island.
2. ‘However’ serves as a linker indicating the result of an action. The science teacher was a broadminded Brahmin while his wife was conventional and adamant of the beliefs.
3. The linker ‘though’ was used to indicate the inheritance of family culture in Iyer on par with his ideas of breaking social barriers inspite of different backgrounds.
4. The writer used the linkers to show the relationship between ideas. He used them to maintain the unity of the text and make it an effective one. The linkers were used to maintain logical sequence of the text.

Some useful information about “Linkers”.

Linkers are words that combine senteces and show the relationship between ideas. Linkers are used to tell the reasons and results, contrasts, comparisons, purposes, consequences, additions, exemplifications, successions, results, orders, conclusions, explanations, sequences etc.

(A) Here is a list of linkers, which is not exhaustive. Some of them can be used synonymously. Refer to a dictionary and group them in the following table according to the function they perform in a sentence or discourse.

Answer:

B. Fill in the blanks appropriate choices given in brackets.

Question 1.
I don’t want to go to a restaurant; __________ (besides / as a result), we can’t afford it.
Answer:
besides

Question 2.
A career in IT field is lucrative; __________ (similarly / at the same time), it is stressful and it can even be harmful to one’s health.
Answer:
at the same time

Question 3.
I understand your problems; __________ (although / however), I can’t help you.
Answer:
however

Question 4.
Transportation has developed a lot in India; __________ (likewise / whereas), the trade too has improved.
Answer:
likewise

Question 5.
Some of the students scored low ranks in the exams; __________ (so that/ consequently), the teacher arranged remedial classes.
Answer:
consequently

C. Complete the following paragraph by choosing the appropriate linking word.

Answer:

Linking words help us in many ways in writing. For example, they help us in presenting our ideas in a meaningful way. Secondly, they help us to introduce and develop the main idea of the paragraph. Thirdly, they help us to illustrate and add supporting details. Next, they help us in moving from one idea to another by binding one sentence with another. Finally, they help us to understand the ideas presented in the paragraph. However, using too many linking words ruins the structure and coherence of the paragraph.

D. Join the following sentences using the linkers given in brackets.

Question 1.
There were freezing temperatures. They trekked for hours. (in spite of)
Answer:
Inspite of the freezing temperatures, they trekked for hours.

Question 2.
It’s an interesting city. We’re going to visit it again. (such …. that)
Answer:
It is such an interesting city that we are going to visit it again.

Question 3.
We booked a holiday. We had very little money. (although)
Answer:
Although we had very little money, we booked a holiday.

Question 4.
The tour guide was informative. We didn’t need to read our guidebook, (so … that)
Answer:
The tour guide was so informative that we didn’t need to read our guidebook.

Question 5.
He didn’t like water. He booked a cruise. (In spite of the fact that)
Answer:
Inspite of the fact that he didn’t like water, he booked a cruise.

Question 6.
Preachers preach many good things. Many of them do not practise what they preach, though/eventhough.
Answer:
Preachers preach many good things, however many of them do not practise what they preach, though/eventhough

Question 7.
Jainulabdeen had no formal education and no wealth, (neither…nor)
Answer:
Jainulabdeen had neither formal education nor wealth.

Question 8.
The continental dimensions of the country account for the variations and diversities. There are several religious sects and beliefs, (besides)
Answer:
Besides there being several religious sects and beliefs, the continental dimensions of the country account for the variations and diversities.

II. Passive Voice without agent:

Observe the following sentences taken from the text.

I was born.
Emergency was declared.
I was asked to go and sit on the back bench

You might have learnt in your previous classes about active and passive voice constructions. Though the above sentences are in the passive the agent is not mentioned.

The agents are not mentioned in the following situations.

• When the agent is obvious
• When the agent is not known
• When it is not desirable to reveal the identity of the agent.

Pick out from the text some more passive constructions without agents and give reasons why the agent is not mentioned.

Answer:

1. All necessities were provided for (Agent is obvious)
2. The Newspapers now had to be bundled and thrown out from the moving train (Agent is unknown)
3. I was asked to go and sit on the back bench. (Agent is obvious)
4. Soon India was forced to join the Allied Forces. (Agent is not known)
5. Every child is born. (Agent is obvious)
6. Sivasubramaniya Iyer was not perturbed. (Agent is not known)
7. The house was built in the middle of the nineteenth century. (Agent in not known).

Some useful Notes on Passive Voice :
Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward. Here the subject is a ‘doer’. In the passive voice, the subject of ‘the sentence is not a doer’. It is shown with by + doer or is not shown in the sentence. Passive voice is used when the focus is on action but not on the subject. It is not important who does the action here.

Active voice :
It describes a sentence where the subject (doer) performs the action stated by the verb.
Eg : (1) Raju sells bangles.
(2) Rama kills Ravana
(3) They make kites.

Passive Voice :
It describes a sentence where the subject (receiver or sufferer) is acted upon by the verb.
Eg : (1) Bangles are sold by Raju.
(2) Ravana is killed by Rama.
(3) Kites are made by them.

Rules we follow when we change the sentence from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice :
(i) Only a transitive verb (the verb with an object after it) has active and passive forms. Intransitive verbs don’t have passive forms. So we can’t change a sentence with an intransitive verb in to passive voice.
(ii) When we change the voice, the subject becomes the object and the object becomes the subject.

(iii) The subject (agent) of the active verb is made a ‘by + object’ in the possive sentence.
Eg: The CM inaugurated the exhibition (AV)
The exhibition was inaugurated by the CM. (PV)

(iv) The passive voice is mainly expressed by using ‘be’ verb along with a past participle of the main verb. The following table provides passive forms of the verb ‘write’.

(v) Changes of Pronouns :

(vi) There is no passive form for the following tenses.
(a) present perfect continuous tense
(b) past perfect continous tense
(c) Future continuous tense
(d) Future perfect continuous tense
(e) Sentence contains Intransitive verb

EXAMPLES:

1. Simple Present Tense :

1. He sings a song. (AV)
A song is sung buy him. (PV)
2. They speak English. (AV)
English is spoken by them. (PV)
3. He loves me. (AV)
I am loved by him. (PV)

2. Present Continuous Tense :

1. I am writing a letter. (AV)
A letter is being written by me. (PV)
2. He is painting walls. (AV)
Walls are being painted by him. (PV)
3. She is helping them. (AV)
They are being helped by her. (PV)

3. Present Perfect Tense:

1. She has written a story. (AV)
A story has been written by her. (PV)
2. He has drawn pictures. (AV)
Pictures have been drawn by him. (PV)

4. Simple Past Tense:

1. She killed a snake. (AV)
A snake was killed by her. (PV)
2. He wrote poems. (AV)
Poems were written by him. (PV)

5. Past continuous Tense:

1. He was driving a car. (AV)
A car was being driven by him. (PV)
2. She was making kites. (AV)
Kites were being made by her. (PV)

6. Past Perfect Tense:

1. She had completed the task. (AV)
The task had been completed by her. (PV)

7. Simple Future Tense:

1. She will buy a car. (AV)
A car will be bought by her. (PV)

8. Future Perfect Tense :

1. You will have completed the course. (AV)
The course will have been completed by you. (PV)

(vii) . Demonstrative verbs have two objects (direct and indirect objects) after them. In that case, both objects can be moved to the subject position. So we can form two passive sentences from a sentence with a distransitive verb : in one sentence the direct object moves to the subject position and in the other indirect object moves to the subject position.

1.

We were taught English by Mr. Srinivas. (PV) (or)
English was taught to us by Mr. Srinivas. (PV)

2.
Nice presents were given to them. (By us). (PV) (or)
They were given nice presents. (By us) (PV)

(viii) Passive form for an imperative sentence.
Eg: Post the letter.
Let the letter be posted.

It is usually thought that the second sentence (beginning with ‘let’) is the passive form of the first one (an imperative sentence). In fact even the second sentence is an imperative sentence. The first sentence has only one main verb : Post. But the second sentence has two main verbs (‘let’ and ‘be’) and so it has two clauses – one imperative (let) and the other non finite clause (the letter be posted). A possible active sentence for the second sentence is : Let him post the letter.

(ix) Questions in Passive form :
Eg : (1) Are you writing a letter ? (AV)
Is a letter being written by you ? (PV)
(2) Have you played cricket ? (AV)
Has cricket been played by you ? (PV)
(3) Does she speak Telugu ? (AV)
Is Telugu spoken by her ? (PV)
(4) Who wrote the letter ? (AV)
By whom was the letter written ? (PV)
(5) Did you write the story ? (AV)
Was the story written by you ? (PV)

Passive Voice without agent:
(a) When the agent is unknown or unimportant, it is not used in the passive voice.
Eg: (1) Ram’s car has been stolen. (Unknown agent)
(2) She was advised to apply for a visa in advance. (Unimportant agent)

(b) When the subject of the active sentence is you, one, we, people etc. we use the passive voice with a generalised agent.
Eg: Internet is used for many different things.
(AV → we/people use Internet for many different things)

(c) When the agent is obvious, we don’t use the agent.
Eg: The thief has been arrested.
(AV → The police has arrested the thief)

(d) If we want to avoid naming the specific person responsible for the action, we don’t + use the agent.
Eg: It is decided to postpone the exams.

(e) If the emphasis is on the action and not on the pople who perform it, the agent is usually omitted.
Eg: The work has been completed with in a few days only.

Some more examples:
1. The purse was stolen. (Unknown agent)
2. Our army has been defeated. (Obvious agent)
3. Letters are delivered twice a week. (Obvious agent)
4. The rules should be obeyed. (Generalised agent)
5. He was dismissed from service. (Obvious agent)

III. Edit the following paragraph. It has some errors in the following areas like punctuation, spelling, tense, prepositions, articles.
he told me as if thinking aloud abul i know you have to go away to grow did the seagull not fly toward the son alone without a nest he quotes khalil gibran to my hesitant mother your children are not your children they are sons and daughters of lifes longing to itself they come to you but not from you may give them love but not your thoughts for they have there own thoughts
Answer:
He told me ‘as if thinking’ aloud, “Abul! I know you have to go away to grow. Does the seagull not fly across the sun, alone and without a nest?”. He quoted Khalil Gibran to my hesitant mother, “Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of life’s longing for itself. They come through you but not from you. You may give them your love but not your thoughts. For they have their own thoughts.”

Writing:

I. Diary entry
Imagine that you were one of the students who witnessed the humiliation done to Kalam in the classroom. Reflect on the incident and write your emotions in your diary.
Answer:
…………… day, …………date ……………year.
Time : 8:00 pm

As usual, it was a fine day to start with but for the lone incident, which had shook the whole class. The new teacher had asked Abdul, our Muslim friend, to go back and sit there. As usual he was sitting along with Ramanathe Sastry, a brahmin boy, his best friend. But the teacher, who seems to be an orthodox brahmin, couldn’t bear it. Both the boys were crying. Almost so was I. It was a shock. We couldn’t even accept him as a teacher. No, a teacher shouldn’t have done so. It was really very cruel.

Ramesh.

II. In the lesson, Kalam gave a brief description of his heritage.

Kalam says, “I don’t recall the exact number of people she (his mother) fed every day, but I am quite certain that far more outsiders ate with us than all the members of our family put together

This shows the heritage of hospitality and kindness.

Kalam says, “events from the Ramayana and from the life of the Prophet were the bedtime stories my mother and grandmother would tell the children in our family”.
This shows the heritage of secular spirit.

Read the entire text and identify aspects related to the heritage of Kalam and his village.
Answer:
1. I had three close friends in my childhood – Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Siva-
prakasan.
– This shows the heritage of universal brotherhood.

2. As children, none of us ever felt any difference amongst ourselves because of our religious differences and upbringing.
– This shows the heritage of unity in diversity.

3. During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, our family used to arrange boats with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site.
– This shows the heritage of communal equality.

4. Ramanadha Sastry looked utterly downcast as I shifted to my seat in the last row according to the instructions of new teacher.
– This shows the heritage of communal brotherhood.

5. Not only did the teacher regret his behaviour but the strong sense of convicton Lakshmana Sastry conveyed ultimately reformed this young teacher.
– This indicates the heritage of social equality and communal tolerance.

6. Sivasubramania Iyer did his best to break social barriers so that people from varying
backgrounds could mingle easily.
– This shows the heritage of social and economic equality and unity in diversity.

III. Here is a letter that Moses writes to his friend Ravi from the United States of America. Imagine yourself as Ravi and give a reply.
Answer:
Reply Letter,

10 – 12, Nidamanure,
Vijayawada Road,
India,
506 001

Dt: 27th January, 2015.

Hi, Moses Bridge,

It’s really great to hear from you that you plan to visit our country and the time to that you have selected for that also is the apt one – October, November.

Of course, we have a lot of festivals, whose roots running deep into our mythology, celebrated through out the year. But the month of October starts with a special celebration, Dussehara. It is immediately followed by Diwali, the festival of lights. Both these are celebrated with great pomp and glory. These two festivals are celebrated to comemmorate the success of goodness over evil, the ultimate success.

Dussehara is more religious in nature. The formal gathering, visit to temple, prayer, feast, and all. But Diwali, known as the festival of lights, is all about the entertainment with all the houses and walls decorated with lights and all are busy with a lot of crackers. I am sure, it could give you an unforgettable experience, forever. I hope that you will come to know more about the Indian rich cultural heritage, the people and their habits, their way of dressing, food they like, music and dance they like etc. during your visit to India.

Anyway, I’m not to go through all as the words couldn’t make it up all. Better be here to experience it all, the best! Expecting the confirmation of Dates of your visit, all the earliest.

Convey my regards to all,

Yours lovingly,
K.Ravi.

To

Moses Bridge,
St. Johns Enclave.
5 – 7/9, St. Pauls Avenue,
Washington D.C,
USA.

Listening:

A Speech by A.P.J Abdul Kalam

Dear friends,
“I have three visions for India. In 3000 years of our history, people from all over the world have come and invaded us, captured our lands, conquered our minds. From Alexander onwards, the Greeks, the Turks, the Moguls, the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Dutch, all of them came and looted us, took over what was ours. Yet we have not done this to any other nation. We have not conquered anyone. We have not grabbed their land, their culture, their history and tried to enforce our way of life on them. Why? Because we respect the freedom of others.

The is why my first vision is that of freedom. I believe that India got its first vision of this in 1857, when we started the war of independence. It is this freedom that we must protect and nurture and build on. If we are not free, no one will respect us. My second vision for India is development, for fifty years we have been a developing nation. It is time we saw ourselves as a developed nation. We are among top 5 nations of the world in terms of GDP. We have 10 percent growth rate in most areas. Our poverty levels are falling. Our achievements are being globally recognized today. Yet we lack the self confidence to see ourselves as a developed nation, self-reliant and self-assured. Isn’t this incorrect?.

I have a third vision. India must stand up to the world because I believe that unless India stands up to the world, no one will respect us. Only strength respects strength. We must be strong not only as a military power but also as an economic power. Both must go hand-in-hand. My good fortune was to have worked with three great minds. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai of the Dept, of Space, Prof. Satish Dhawan, who succeeded him and Dr. Brahm Prakash, father of nuclear material. I was lucky to have worked with all the three of them closely and consider this was the great opportunity of my life….

Why is the media here so negative? Why are we in India so embarrassed to recognize our own strengths, our achievements? We are such a great nation. We have so many amazing success stories but we refuse to acknowledge them. Why? We are the first in milk production. We are number one in Remote sensing satellites. We are the second largest producer of wheat and rice. Look at Dr. Sudharshan, he has transferred the tribal village into a self- sustaining, self driving unit. There are millions of such achievements but our media is only obsessed with failures and disasters…

Listen to an extract from speech by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at IIIT Hyderabad on 27th September 2011, carefully and answer the following questions.

I. Now answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who were the three great minds with whom the speaker worked ?
Answer:
Dr. Vikram Sara Bhai, Prof. Sathish Dhavan, Dr. Brahm Prakash were the three great minds with whom the speaker worked.

Question 2.
What dreams did Kalam talk about?
Answer:
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam talks about dreams with freedom and development, which could make India a developed nation.

Question 3.
India realised its first vision of freedom in 1857 (True / False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
We must be strong not only as A __________ but also as an __________.
Answer:
military power, economic power

Question 5.
Who is the father of nuclear material?
Answer:
Dr. Brahm Prakash is the father of nuclear material.

Oral Activity:

I. Role play
Read the episode of ill-treatment meted out to Kalam In paragraphs 6 and 7. Understand the character involved in the episode. Take the roles of the new teacher, Kalam, Ramanandha Shastry, Jainulabdeen and Laksmana Sastry. Picturize the episode In your mind and create appropriate dialogues and role play it.

Puplis : Good morning, sir!
New teacher : Very good morning, pupils. Sit down.
Puplis : Thank you sir!
New teacher : Now, introduce yourselves.
Kalam : I am APJ Kalam, sir,
Ramanatha Sastry : My name is Ramanatha Sastry, sir.
New teacher : Kalam, you have a cap on your head. Ithink you are a Muslim boy, but why do you sit beside that Brahmin boy, Ramanatha Sastry.
Kalam : Ramanatha Sastry is my close friend, sir, we daily sit here together in this front row, sir.
New teacher : No, no. You must follow social ranking. You should not sit beside a Brahmin as you are a Muslim. Go and sit on the back bench.
Ramanatha Sastry : Sir, sir, sir, … Please; don’t ask Kalam to sit in the last row. He is my best friend. Don’t separate us, sir.
(Kalam goes and sits in the last row. Both Kalam and Ramanatha Sastry are very sorrowful. They go home and tell their parents about the incident)
Lakashmana Sastry : Why are you so sad, my son?
Ramanatha Sastry : A new teacher has come to our school. When he has come to our V class, he has separated my best friend Kalam from me telling that it is the social ranking, dad.
Lakshmana Sastry : Is it? Don’t take it to your heart. I will come to your school and talk to your teacher.
Ramanatha Sastry : O.K. dad.
(The next day Lakshmana Sastry goes to the school).
Lakshmana Sastry : Good morning sir, are you the new teacher?
New teacher : Yes, I am.
Lakshmana Sastry : I am the father of Ramanatha Sastry.
New teacher : What can I do for you, sir?
Lakshmana Sastry : Yester day, you made Kalam sit in the last row. May I know why you did this?
New teacher : Kalam ¡s a Muslim boy; according to social hierarchy …
Lakshmana Sastry : Don’t think like that. You should not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance in the minds of innocent childf€n. We, the villagers, don’t like these things at all. You should either apologize or quit the school immediately.
New teacher : I am sorry sir. I won’t repeat it under any circumstances. Forgive me.
Lakshmana Sastry : It’s allright. I hope you won’t do such mistakes in future.

II) Group discussion
Conduct a group discussion on how ‘National festivals’ promote natonal integrity.
You may use the following points for discussion.
a) kind of festival
b) nature of celebration
c) secular aspect of celebration

Points to remember:
i Each group will have a moderator to monitor / regulate the discussion.
i Each member of a group should take his / her turn and speak clearly, briefly and pinpointedly and use polite language.
i While speaking make an eye contact with others. i Give time to the others and listen to them.
i If a member wants to say or add a point, he/she has to raise his/her hand and politely seek permission of the moderator.
i The moderator has to connect the ideas expressed by the members and finally sum up.

Member of Group 1:
Answer:
I am very glad to start today’s group discussion about how ‘National festivals’ promote national integrity. I would go for ‘Independence Day’.

Member of Group 2:
‘Independence Day’ acts as an important unifying force. It is celebrated by all Indians and in all parts of the country, regardless of language, religion or culture.

Member of Group 3 :
Our country is secular one. This means that each citizen of our country has the right to practise his or her religion. The government can’t show preference to one religion at the expense of another.

Member of Group 4:
National integration is the awareness of a common identity amongst the citizens of a country. Though we belong to different castes, religions and regions and speak different languages, we recognize the fact that we are all one – Are are Indians.

Member of Group 1:
National integrity is very important in building up of a strong and prosperous nation.

Member of Group 3:
On the occasioin of ‘Independence Day’, we recall the sacrifices made by our freedom fighters which we remember forever. When we recall their heroic deeds, the feeling of oneness occupies all our thoughts.

Member of Group 1:
‘Independence Day’ rewinds us of our common nationality. People belong to different races, communities, castes and regions gather at one place and celebrate the national festival with great enthusiasm.

National integration indicates the feeling of common identity amongst the people of country even after being from different races, cultures, religions or regions in order to build a strong and developed nation. It promotes the unity in diversity and feeling of oneness amongst people to a great level. It brings a type of racial and cultural similarity among people of different community. Along with other factors, National Festivals act as an important unifying force. Independence Day is the festival that is celebrated by all Indians and in all parts of the country, regardless of language, religion or culture. It is celebrated all over India with great pomp and enthusiasm.

Study Skills:

The following graph shows the female-male sex ratio in rural and urban areas comparing with the national average. Read the following graph and write a paragraph comparing the female-male sex ratio in rural and urban areas in India comparing with the national average. Comment on the reasons and its consequences.

Answer:
Sex ratio is a term used to define number of females per 1000 males. It is a great source to find the equality of males and females in a society at a given period of time. According to the graph given above, it is revealed that the population ratio in India is 943 femals per 1000 males in 2011. When we have a look at rural area, the population ratio is 949 females per 1000 males in 2011. In urban area, the population ratio is 929 femals per 1000 males in 2011. Indian sex ratio has shown some improvement in the last 10 years. The number of women in rural area, for every thousand males has decreased gradually from 1901 to 1991.

In the same way, sex ratio in India has decreased gradually from 1901 to 1991. In the above two cases, the sex ratio has gradually increased from 1991 to 2011. When we observe urban area, it is known that the sex ratio declined regularly from 1901 to 1941 and then raised up to 1951 and again decreased till 1961. Then it was all increase up to 2011.

The major cause of the decrease of the female birth ratio in India is considered to be the violent treatements meted out to the girl child at the time of the birth. The main cause of the decline of the sex ratio in India is due to the biased attitude which is meted out to the women. The main cause of this gender bias is inadequate education. Lack of education and poverty in rural area as leads to gender bias.

My Childhood Summary in English

In this lesson, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam recalls some of his boyhood days and incidents. He was born in a middle class family in the island town of Rameswaram. His father was Jainulabdeen and mother Ashiamma. His childhood was a calm and peaceful one.

During the Second World War, (1939-1945) he used to collect tamarind seeds which had much demand and sold them. He helped his cousin Samsuddin to catch the bundles of The Dinamani daily, which were thrown from the train, at the Rameswaram Railway station. Thus he carried his memorable first wages.

Like his three brothers and sister, he had inherited the qualities like honesty, self-discipline etc from his father and goodness and kindness from his mother. His close friends were Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. They never had any religious difference felt among them.

The stories from Ramayana and the life of Prophet were well told to the children. During the annual Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, his family used to arrange boats with special platform, for carrying the idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site in the middle of the pond, called Rama Tirtha.

When he was studying in fifth class in Rameswaram Elementary School, a new teacher couldn’t tolerate a muslim boy sitting beside a Brahmin boy. He asked Kalam to go back and sit. Being hurt, both the boys complained the same to their parents. Laksmana Sastry, father of Ramanadha Sastry, summoned the teacher and boldly made him to render his apology for spreading the poision of communal intolerance.

Sivasubrammania Iyer, the science teacher, though he was an orthodox Brahmin, he was against class/religious oased social discrimination. He wanted Kalam to develop himself that he would be on par with highly educated people of the big cities. Once he invited Kalam for meals. But his wife was not willing to serve him the food. Iyer himself served Kalam the food. Kalam was again invited to have dinner at Iyer’s house. Kalam hesitated but Iyer insisted saying that one should face such situation if one wants to change the situations. But this time Iyer’s wife served him the food.

After the Second World War, India’s freedom was imminent and Gandhiji had declared that Indians would build their own India. Kalam asked his father the permission for higher studies in Ramanathapuram, which was granted. When his mother was hesitant, his father quoted Khalil Gibran to her convincing that nobody’s children were their own children. They were the sons and daughters of Life’s longing for itself. They come through their parents but not from them. They may give them their love, but not their thoughts as the children have their own thoughts.

About the Author:

Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, was born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu. He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO’s launch vehicle programme, particularly the PSLV configuration and for the development and operationalisation of AGNI and PRITHVI missiles and for building indigenous capability in critical technologies through networking of multiple institutions.

In his literary pursuit four of Dr. Kalam’s books – “Wings of Fire”, “India 2020 – A Vision for the New Millennium”, “My Journey” and “Ignited Minds – Unleashing the power within India” have become household names in India and among the Indian nationals abroad. Dr. Kalam received honorary doctorates from 30 universities and institutions. He was awarded the coveted civilian awards – Padma Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the highest civilian award Bharat Ratna (1997). Dr. Kalam became the 11th President of India on 25th July 2002.

Glossary:

erstwhile (adj) = former; .
innate (adj) = existing in one from birth ;
generosity (n) = noble mindedness;
undistinguished (adj) = not very interesting, successful or attractive ;
ancestral (adj) = belongs to forefathers ;
austere (adj) = severely simple and plain ;
isolated (adj) = separated from others ;
Allied Forces (n) = The combined forces of Great Britain, France, Soviet Union and the United States of America, in the second World war.;
casualty (n) = A misfortune as a result of an event;
slot (n) = a niche, a gap ;
surge (n) = sudden increase ;
inherit (v) = to recieve by succession ;
Orthodox (adj) = following closely the traditional beliefs and practices of a religion;
downcast (adj) = dejected/depressed ;
summon (v) = to order somebody to come to you ;
intolerance (n) = inability of tolerate (to allow/exist) ;
bluntly (adv) = honestly and directly in a rough way ;
regret (v) = to feel sorrow about for a fault ;
conviction (n) = the act of finding somebody guilty of crime ;
segregation (n) = the policy/ act of separating people ;
conservative (adj) = Opposed to great / sudden social change ;
rituals (n) = a series of actions, specially as a part of religious ceremony ;
perturb (v) = to make worried / anxious ;
confront (v) = to deal with a problem / situation ;
imminent (adj) = unavoidable;

optimism (n) = a feeling that good thing will happen ;
hesitant (adj) = holding back doubtful ;
formal (adj) = strict, proper;
possessed (v) = owned
ideal (adj) = perfect, suitable
spirit (n) = character, strength
rather (adv) = slightly
limestone (n) = a type of white stone
inessential (adj) = not necessary
secure (adj) = safe
materially (adj) = related to money and possessions
princely (adj) = not very large
erupted (v) = raised suddenly
suspension (n) = temporary halt
priest (n) = a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies
idol (n) = a statue that is worshipped as a god.
lasting (adj) = durable, to have an effect for a long time
rigid (adj) = firm
rebel (n) = a person who does not obey but fights against established authority. –
barriers (n) = hurdle, obstruction
varying (adj) = different
mingle (v) = mix, combine
on par with = equal to
horrified (v) = greatly feared
dine (v) = eat
pure (adj) = sacred
unprecedented (adj) = never known before
seagull (n) = a bird which lives at seacoast (a web footed sea bird)
longing (n) = an eager desire

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 11 Principles of Metallurgy will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 11 Principles of Metallurgy

Question 1.
In the polling, of the process taking place is ………………………. . ( )
(A) oxidation
(B) calcination
(C) reduction
(D) metal-metal displacement
Answer:
(A) oxidation

Question 2.
The smelting process involves. ( )
(A) reduction of the ore
(B) blast furnace
(C) the metal or metal sulphide in the molten state
(D) all of these
Answer:
(D) all of these

Question 3.
In the blast furnace after smelting we get – ( )
(A) wrought Iron
(B) cast iron
(C) pig iron
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) pig iron

Question 4.
Calcination is useful for the ore ( )
(A) Fe₂O₃
(B) CuFeS₂
(C) ZnCO₃
(D) ZnS
Answer:
(C) ZnCO₃

Question 5.
The formula of magnetite is ( )
(A) Fe₃O₄
(B) Fe₂O₃
(C) FeCO₃
(D) Al₂O₃
Answer:
(A) Fe₃O₄

Question 6.
The sulphate ore among the following ( )
(A) bauxite
(B) pyrolusite
(C) Argentite
(D) horn silver
Answer:
(C) Argentite

Question 7.
The place where the ore Is kept in the furnace for heating purpose is ( )
(A) hearth
(B) chimney
(C) firebox
(D) body
Answer:
(A) hearth

Question 8.
Far smelting the most suitable furnace is …………………………. . ( )
(A) open-hearth
(B) muffle
(C) blast
(D) all
Answer:
(C) blast

Question 9.
If the ore contains impurities possessing wetting difference, the most suitable dressing method is ( )
(A) liquation
(B) washing with water
(C) hand picking
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(D) froth floatation

Question 10.
If there Is difference In colour, size etc. of ore particles, then the suitable dressing method is ……………………….. . ( )
(A) hand picking
(B) liquation
(C) washing with water
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(A) hand picking

Question 11.
Malachite Is ……………………… ore of copper. ( )
(A) chloride
(B) carbonate
(C) oxide
(D) silicate
Answer:
(A) chloride

Question 12.
The slag formed during extraction of iron in blast furnace Is …………………… . ( )
(A) CaSO₄
(B) CaSiO₃
(C) CaSO₄ 1/2H₂O
(D) CuSO₄.5H₂O
Answer:
(B) CaSiO₃

Question 13.
The most pure form of iron Is …………………….. . ( )
(A) pig iron
(B) steel
(C) wrought iron
(D) cast iron
Answer:
(C) wrought iron

Question 14.
Coating of zinc on Iron artides to prevent rusting is called …………………….. . ( )
(A) plating
(B) galvanizing
(C) annealing
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) galvanizing

Question 15.
The alloy of iron used to make utensils is ( )
(A) nichrome
(B) Alnico
(C) duralumin
(D) stainlessted
Answer:
(D) stainlessted

Question 16.
Litharge is ………………….. ore of lead. ( )
(A) oxide
(B) chloride
(C) sulphide
(D) carbonate
Answer:
(A) oxide

Question 17.
The alloy used as heating element In electrical appliances is ( )
(A) tungsten
(B) alnico
(C) nichmme
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) nichmme

Question 18.
The alloy of iron used In making railway tracks is ( )
(A) seel
(B) nichrome
(C) cobalt
(D) alnico
Answer:
(A) seel

Question 19.
Gangue + flux → ………………………… . ( )
(A) alloy
(B) slag
(C) anode mud
(D) residue
Answer:
(B) slag

Question 20.
An example of a highly reactive metal. ( )
(A) Ag
(B) Pb
(C) Cu
(D) Na
Answer:
(D) Na

Question 21.
An example of a low-reacting metal. ( )
(A) Ca
(B) K
(C) Au
(D) Fe
Answer:
(C) Au

Question 22.
The process of extraction of metals from their ores is called ( )
(A) Isomerism
(B) metallurgy
(C) stoichiometry
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(B) metallurgy

Question 23.
Group I A elements In the periodic table are called ( )
(A) alkali metals
(B) alkaline earth metals
(C) rare earth metals
(D) metalloids
Answer:
(A) alkali metals

Question 24.
The number of molecules of water of crystallization present in Epsom salt.( )
(A) 10
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 2
Answer:
(C) 7

Question 25.
The percentage of Aluminium oxide present in Bauxite Is ( )
(A) 30%-40%
(B) 50%-70%
(C) 75%-90%
(D) 10%-20%
Answer:
(B) 50%-70%

Question 26.
The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth’s crust are called. ( )
(A) allotropes
(B) double compounds
(C) minerals
(D) manures
Answer:
(C) minerals

Question 27.
Rock salt is …………………………. . ( )
(A) NaOH
(B) Na₂CO₃
(C) NaNO₃
(D) NaCl
Answer:
(D) NaCl

Question 28.
The ore of manganese ( )
(A) pyrolusite
(B) galena
(C) pitchblende
(D) bauxite
Answer:
(A) pyrolusite

Question 29.
The oxide ore of thorium Is ( )
(A) Monozite
(B) Litarge
(C) Haematite
(D) Pitchblende
Answer:
(A) Monozite

Question 30.
Steel is an alloy of ( )
(A) Fe + Cu
(B) Fe + Al
(C) Fe + C
(D) Fe+Ni+Cr+Mn
Answer:
(C) Fe + C

Question 31.
A compound which is not an ore of Iron Is ( )
(A) Magnesite
(B) Haematite
(C) Limonite
(D) Magnetite
Answer:
(A) Magnesite

Question 32.
The slag formed In the extraction of iron In blast furnace is ( )
(A) SiO₂
(B) CH₃COONa
(C) CaSiO₃
(D) Na₂SiO₃
Answer:
(C) CaSiO₃

Question 33.
The sulphide ore of iron is ……………………… . ( )
(A) Magnetite
(B) Iron pyrites
(C) Pyrolusite
(D) Haematite
Answer:
(B) Iron pyrites

Question 34.
The process in which the ore is mixed with flux and fuel and strongly heated is ……………. . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) smelting
(C) roasting
(D) froth floatation
Answer:
(B) smelting

Question 35.
The place inside the blast furnace where the ore is kept for heating purposes. ( )
(A) chimney
(B) firebox
(C) cup-cone arrangement
(D) hearth
Answer:
(D) hearth

Question 36.
The name of the furnace employed to extract iron from its ore. ( )
(A) reverberatory furnace
(B) retort furnace
(C) open-hearth furnace
(D) blast furnace
Answer:
(D) blast furnace

Question 37.
The furnaces in which there is no direct contact between the hearth and fire box are ……………… . ( )
(A) blast furnaces
(B) open-hearth furnaces
(C) retort furnace
(D) reverberatory furnaces
Answer:
(C) retort furnace

Question 38.
During smelting, haematite Is ( )
(A) oxidised
(B) promoted
(C) reduced
(D) precipitated
Answer:
(C) reduced

Question 39.
A pyrochemical process in which the ore Is heated in the presence of air or oxygen below its melting point. ( )
(A) roasting
(B) smelting
(C) calcination
(D) distillation
Answer:
(A) roasting

Question 40.
A mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically and conveniently is called …………………… . ( )
(A) Crystal
(B) allotrope
(C) ore
(D) residue
Answer:
(C) ore

Question 41.
A process in which the ore is strongly heated in the absence of air or oxygen is ………………. . ( )
(A) roasting
(B) calcination
(C) smelting
(D) evaporating
Answer:
(B) calcination

Question 42.
This is not a ore of iron ( )
(A) limonite
(B) magnetite
(C) siderite
(D) magnesite
Answer:
(D) magnesite

Question 43.
The smelting process involves ( )
(A) the metal or metal sulphide in the molten state.
(B) reduction of the ore
(C) the blast furnace
(D) all of these
Answer:
(D) all of these

Question 44.
Calcination is useful for the ore. ( )
(A) Fe₂O₃
(B) ZnS
(C) CuFeS₂
(D) ZnCO₃
Answer:
(D) ZnCO₃

Question 45.
In the polling, the process taking place is ( )
(A) oxidation
(B) reduction
(C) calcination
(D) metal displacement
Answer:
(B) reduction

Question 46.
Cinnabar among the following is …………………… . ( )
(A) HgS
(B) HgO
(C) Hg(CO₃)₂
(D) HgS₂
Answer:
(A) HgS

Question 47.
In the blast furnace after smelting we get – ( )
(A) wrought iron
(B) chrome steel
(C) pig iron
(D) stainless steel
Answer:
(C) pig iron

Question 48.
The oxide ore of Aluminium is ( )
(A) magnesite
(B) carnalite
(C) bauxite
(D) dolomite
Answer:
(C) bauxite

Question 49.
Examples of corrosion are : ( )
(A) rusting of iron
(B) tarnishing of silver
(C) green coating on copper vessels
(D) all the above
Answer:
(D) all the above

Question 50.
The process of separation of low boiling metals such as Zn, Hg from high boiling metals during purification is called. ( )
(A) distillation
(B) poling
(C) magnetic separation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(A) distillation

Question 51.
During extraction of Na from brine, the anode used in the electrolytic cell is …………….. . ( )
(A) steel
(B) nickel
(C) graphite
(D) copper
Answer:
(C) graphite

Question 52.
During extraction of sodium metal from NaCI solution, the cathode is made up of ………… . ( )
(A) nickel
(B) aluminium
(C) graphite
(D) steel
Answer:
(D) steel

Question 53.
During purification of crude metal, the molten metal is stirred with logs of green wooden ……………………… . ( )
(A) poling
(B) liquation
(C) electrolysis
(D) distillation
Answer:
(A) poling

Question 54.
The impure copper obtained from ore during extraction of copper is called ( )
(A) Bronze
(B) phosphor bronze
(C) brass
(D) blister copper
Answer:
(D) blister copper

Question 55.
If the ore particles and the impurities differ in colour, size and shape etc., the process of concentration of ore adopted is ……………………. . ( )
(A) washing
(B) hand picking
(C) froth floatation
(D) magnetic separation
Answer:
(B) hand picking

Question 56.
The method adopted to purify low melting metals by heating and making them flow on a slopy surface is called. ( )
(A) liquidation
(B) poling
(C) distillation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(A) liquatlon

Question 57.
The process used to concentrate the ores which have no wetting property is – ( )
(A) washing
(B) hand picking
(C) froth floatation
(D) magnetic separation
Answer:
(A) washing

Question 58.
Galeria is an ore of ………………………. . ( )
(A) Zn
(B) Pb
(C) Hg
(D) Al
Answer:
(B) Pb

Question 59.
The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is ……………………. . ( )
(A) Oxygen
(B) Aluminium
(C) Zinc
(D) Iron
Answer:
(A) Oxygen

Question 60.
The reducing agent in thermite process is ……………………. . ( )
(A) Al
(B) Mg
(C) Fe
(D) Si
Answer:
(A) Al

Question 61.
Which of the following metals can replace copper from a solution of copper sulphate ( )
(A) Silver
(B) gold
(C) zinc
(D) platinum
Answer:
(C) zinc

Question 62.
Which one of the following elements occurs in free state ( )
(A) phosphorus
(B) sulphur
(C) silicon
(D) gold
Answer:
(D) gold

Question 63.
The reactivity of metals Al, Ag and Cu increase in the order of ( )
(A)Al>Cu>Ag
(B)Ag>Cu>Al
(C)Ag>Al>Cu
(D)Cu>Ag>Al
Answer:
(A)Al>Cu>Ag

Question 64.
Which of the following methods Is suitable for preventing an iron article from rusting ( )
(A) applying grease
(B) applying paint
(C) coating of zinc
(D) all the above
Answer:
(B) applying paint

Question 65.
The formula of carnallite is ………………………… . ( )
(A) KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O
(B) MgCO₃
(C) MgSO₄.7H₂O
(D) CaCO₃.MgCO₃
Answer:
(A) KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O

Question 66.
………………………. group are called chalcogens. ( )
(A) 13th
(B) 14th
(C) 15th
(D) 16th
Answer:
(D) 16th

Question 67.
During electrolysis of sodium chloride ………………………… gas liberates at the anode. ( )
(A) Hydrogen
(B) Chlorine
(C) Oxygen
(D) Nitrogen
Answer:
(B) Chlorine

Question 68.
Low boiling metals are purified by ……………………… method. ( )
(A) poling
(B) liquation
(C) distillation
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(C) distillation

Question 69.
Rusting of iron is due to …………………….. . ( )
(A) formation of iron oxide
(B) formation of silver sulphide
(C) formation of iron sulphide
(D) formation of iron chloride
Answer:
(A) formation of iron oxide

Question 70.
The substance added to remove the Impurity is ………………………… . ( )
(A) Gangue
(B) Flux
(C) Fuel
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Flux

Question 71.
The part of furnace where we keep fuel for burning is …………………….. . ( )
(A) hearth
(B) chimney
(C) firebox
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) firebox

Question 72.
In ……………………….. furnaces, there Is no direct contact between the hearth and firebox. ( )
(A) Blast
(B) Retort
(C) Reverberatory
(D) None of these
Answer:
(B) Retort

Question 73.
The gas released in calcination is ……………………… . ( )
(A) O
(B) NO₂
(C) SO₂
(D) CO₂
Answer:
(D) CO₂

Question 74.
The method suitable to enrich the sulphide ores is …………………… . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) distillation
(C) roasting
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(C) roasting

Question 75.
The method suitable for purification of low boiling metals is ……………………. . ( )
(A) calcination
(B) distillation
(C) roasting
(D) electrolysis
Answer:
(B) distillation

Question 76.
Aluminium Is profitable to extract from ……………………. . ( )
(A) hematite
(B) lime stone
(C) cinnabar
(D) bauxite
Answer:
(D) bauxite

Question 77.
Copper do not displace ………………….. from dilute acids. ( )
(A) H₂
(B) O₂
(C) SO₄
(D) H⁺
Answer:
(A) H₂

Question 78.
To extract the metal, the metallic oxide should be ( )
(A) oxidized
(B) burned
(C) electrolysed
(D) reduced
Answer:
(D) reduced

Question 79.
Thermite process involves the reaction of metal oxides with …………………. . ( )
(A) aluminium
(B) copper
(C) oxygen
(D) heat
Answer:
(A) aluminium

Question 80.
Suitable impurities are added to the ore to decrease Its ……………………… . ( )
(A) boiling point
(B) freezing point
(C) melting point
(D) conductivity
Answer:
(C) melting point

Question 81.
The process of obtaining the pure metal from the impure metal Is called …………………. the metal. ( )
(A) extraction
(B) calcination
(C) refining
(D) purification
Answer:
(C) refining

Question 82.
Tarnishing of silver Is due to formation of ………………………. . ( )
(A) Silver oxide
(B) silver hydride
(C) silver sulphide
(D) silver nitrate
Answer:
(C) silver sulphide

Question 83.
Development of green coating on copper is due to ………………….. . ( )
(A) copper oxide
(B) copper sulphate
(C) cupric oxide
(D) copper carbonate
Answer:
(D) copper carbonate

Question 84.
Auto reduction possible with ……………………… ores. ( )
(A) carbide
(B) oxide
(C) sulphide
(D) chloride
Answer:
(C) sulphide

Question 85.
…………………… Is used to carry out pyrochemical process. ( )
(A) furnace
(B) heater
(C) magnetic wheels
(D) winnowing machines
Answer:
(A) furnace

Question 86.
…………………………… furnace has both furnace and hearth separated. ( )
(A) blast
(B) reverberatory
(C) open-hearth
(D) none
Answer:
(B) reverberatory

Question 87.
……………… furnace contains a big chamber for both fuel and ore. ( )
(A) blast
(B) reverberatory
(C) open-hearth
(D) roasting
Answer:
(A) blast

Question 88.
………………. reaction Is used In Joining railings of railway tracks. ( )
(A) Pyrochemical
(B) Smelting
(C) Calcination
(D) Thermite
Answer:
(D) Thermite

Question 89.
The metals which do not burn oxidise even on surface are …………………. . ( )
(A) Silver
(B) gold
(C) platinum
(D) all
Answer:
(D) all

Question 90.
Blister copper is purified by …………………… method. ( )
(A) distillation
(B) liquation
(C) poling
(D) electrolytic refining
Answer:
(C) poling

Question 91.
The ore of calcium metal among the following is …………………… . ( )
(A) Bauxite
(B) Limestone
(C) Rock salt
(D) Haematite
Answer:
(B) Limestone

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 6C A Tale of Three Villages Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 6C A Tale of Three Villages

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions briefly.

Koko Village, Nigeria

Question 1.
Why were the large empty drums placed outside Mr. Nana’s house?
Answer:
Some chemical factories of Italy unloaded metal drums of poisonous chemical near a stream that the villagers get their drinking water from. There were such large empty metal drums outside Mr. Nana’s house. These drums might have failen down and rolled or been rolled by playful children.

Question 2.
What harm can the pyramid of identical drums cause to the villagers?
Answer:
The slimy contents of various colours are leaking out from the drums and flowing down on to the African earth and into the stream which is a source of drinking water to the villagers. They may cause health hazards.

Question 3.
Why was the Chief smiling as the lorries drove away?
Answer:
The chief was given a brown bag by those who came there. Probably it would have been the bribe for him, to allow them to place the drums there. The cheif might have colluded with an Italian businessman to allow him to dispose the toxic wastage drums there.

Question 4.
Was Thomas Agonyo correct in his findings? Justify your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, Thomas Agonyo was correct in his findings. The drums were filled with poisonous chemicals, which had caused the death of many people in the village.

Question 5.
Why didn’t the people move from their place?
Answer:
The people in the village didn’t move from the place because they have no other choice.

Question 6.
There is a repetition of sentences with ‘some’ in the passage. Read the passage again and write down the sentences and the function of ‘some’ in each one of them. Do you find any other repetitions in the passage? If yes, mention it.
Answer:
Some of them are badly corroded, their slimy contents of various colours – grey, dark green, bright orange, etc. – leaking out, down, bn to the baked African earth and into the stream. Some have fallen down and rolled – or been rolled by playful children – into the bush. Some are smoking In the midday heat. Some are swelling, as if their contents are bursting to get out. Some have already burst.

In the above passage, the word ‘some’ is used to describe the positions of the metal drums in the village.

Other repetitions:

1. “They came on a Wednesday”, said Sunday, “Many, many big lorries “
2. They took all day unloading them.
3. They gave the Chief a brown paper bag -I saw him smiling as the lorries drove away.

Other such repetitions:

1. We have asked the government to take the drums away, but they do nothing….
2. We have written to Italy, but they do nothing.
3. We have no money to buy land.
4. We have no choice.
5. We have to stay here.

II. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Nana’s house is _________
a) picturesque, colourful and noisy.
b) with mud walls and a rusting corrugated iron roof.
Answer:
b) with mud walls and a rusting corrugated iron roof.

Question 2.
_________ is visible on the empty metal drums.
a) bright red paint flaking away
b) skull and crossbones symbol
Answer:
b) skull and crossbones symbol

Question 3.
The important conclusion Thomas Agonyo gave is that _________.
a) the drums had come from Italy.
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals
Answer:
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals

III. Write the adjectives or adjective phrases that describe the happy and gloomy situations in the village.

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Question 1.
The people in this village were affected by chemical factories. Where, in your opinion, should the factories be built? Why ?
Answer:
The location of factories that are dealing wjth dangerous chemicals need to be located in the outskirts. Outskirts being not much populated areas, people won’t be much affected by the effect of the chemicals, and the companies also will find enough space to build the treatment plants, so that the.pollution could be well controlled.

Question 2.
If it is necessary to build factories near the villages, what precautions should be taken to keep the villagers safe?
Answer:
It should be made clear that the unit does not affect the normal life of the people, in anyway.
The farms and the land area in the region should not be damaged.
Proper waste recycling / management system should be established and maintained properly.
Proper health and medical facilities, along with that of pure drinking water, should be provided. Special ask ponds must be there for the discharged chemicals.

Question 3.
The narrator said at the end, “There is so much they didn’t tell you, I thought”- what was that so much that was not told, according to you?
Answer:
Vijayasama sighed and reported to the narrator that the leather industry management didn’t tell them that the chemicals would be dumped in open fields and into their rivers. They didn’t tell them that their women would have to walk ten kilometers for drinking water every day and they would get ulcer and sores on their bodies.

But the narrator thinks that they don’t know some more hidden hazards till now. They don’t know there won’t be any life in Ponnimanthuri village on one day. They will either be died or been forcibly evacuated. By keeping this view the narrator said like that at the end.

Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR)

Question 1.
What measures should the government have taken when the nuclear reactor was installed beside the village?
Answer:
The government should make it sure that the safety measures regarding the plant is fool proof.

Question 2.
_________ is visible on the empty metal drums.
a) bright red paint flaking away
b) skull and crossbones symbol
Answer:
b) skull and crossbones symbol

Question 3.
The important conclusion Thomas Agonyo gave is that _________.
a) the drums had come from Italy.
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals
Answer:
b) the drums contained poisonous chemicals

III. Write the adjectives or adjective phrases that describe the happy and gloomy situations in the village.
Answer:

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Question 1.
The people in this village were affected by chemical factories. Where, in your opinion, should the factories be built? Why ?
Answer:
The location of factories that are dealing wjth dangerous chemicals need to be located in the outskirts. Outskirts being not much populated areas, people won’t be much affected by the effect of the chemicals, and the companies also will find enough space to build the treatment plants, so that the pollution could be well controlled.

Question 2.
If it is necessary to build factories near the villages, what precautions should be taken to keep the villagers safe?
Answer:
It should be made clear that the unit does not affect the normal life of the people, in anyway.
The farms and the land area in the region should not be damaged.
Proper waste recycling / management system should be established and maintained properly.

Proper health and medical facilities, along with that of pure drinking water, should be provided. Special ask ponds must be there for the discharged chemicals.

Question 3.
The narrator said at the end, “There is so much they didn’t tell you, I thought”- what was that so much that was not told, according to you?
Answer:
Vijayasama sighed and reported to the narrator that the leather industry management didn’t tell them that the chemicals would be dumped in open fields and into their rivers. They didn’t tell them that their women would have to walk ten kilometers for drinking water every day and they would get ulcer and sores on their bodies.

But the narrator thinks that they don’t know some more hidden hazards till now. They don’t know there won’t be any life in Ponnimanthuri village on one day. They will either be died or been forcibly evacuated. By keeping this view the narrator said like that at the end.

Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR):

Question 1.
What measures should the government have taken when the nuclear reactor was installed beside the village?
Answer:
The government should make it sure that the safety measures regarding the plant is fool proof.
They need to keep a safety line area kind of thing so that the people won’t get settle very close to the reactor.
The people in the villages nearby should be made aware of the different warnings and enough training and drilling should be given for them.
Rehabilitation, medical assistance etc should be arranged in a reachable area, in case of emergencies.

Question 2.
What havoc can radioactive dust cause?
Answer:
Radioactive dust causes vomits and hair fall. People grow thin and sores appear all over the body. Within days deaths occur on a large scale. The fields will become barren. There will be no birds or animals. The affected towns or villages will never be suitable places to live. The people who never die will have to move to other places.

Question 3.
Pick out the words/expressions/images that describe the tragedy caused by the radioactive dust.
Answer:
A week later the children began to vomit. Their hair fell out. They couldn’t eat. They grew so thin, and sores appeared all over their little bodies. Two weeks after that, all three died – all three on the same day.” She broke down now and cried quietly, as she had done so many times before.

It was a ghost town. No one lived there anymore. They had either died or forcibly evacuated. The fields were barren. Nothing grew. Nothing ever would again. There was no bird song. No rabbit peered at me. No cow endlessly chewed. No horse neighed.

Question 4.
What is the common theme that runs through the assorted narratives presented under the title ‘A Tale of Three Villages’? Substantiate your answer with evidences from the three Texts?
Answer:
The common theme that runs through the three texts provided are how a section of people bear the effects of pollution, which was not caused by them, but has to suffer. The industries/ Developed Regions etc often find someone unprivileged or under privileged to suffer for them.

The Koko Village in Nigeria is facing the problems caused by the dangerous chemicals in the barrels dumped by Italy.

Ponnimanthuri Village bears the wound of the environmental issues caused by the leather factories that got developed in the region.

Chernobyl, in Ukraine was an accident, which caused huge leakage of Atomic elements from the Nuclear Reactor.

Comprehension:

Koko Village, Nigeria:

Quantifiers as the name implies are a type of determiners which denote imprecise quantity. They differ from numbers or numerals which indicate precise quantity.

Example:
I’ve got some apples in my basket and some water in my bottle.
I haven’t got any apples in my basket, nor any water in my bottle.
Generally quantifiers are used before nouns.
Some, any, all, no, no one, both, each, every, several are some of the quantifiers. “Some” is usually thought of as the positive counterpart to “any” in many circumstances. “Any” can be used before countable and uncountable nouns usually in questions and negative sentences.

Example:

• Are you bringing any friends with you?
• I am bringing some friends with me.

Quantifiers come before nouns. Some of the quantifiers you find in the text are:

some, any, no. You also find numerals. Pick out the nouns along with quantifiers and numerals and write them down and analyze the meaning they convey.
Answer:

1. Any other African village → like the other African villages
2. Some of them → a few drums in the heap of drums.
3. Some of them are badly corroded → a few drums got rusted
4. Some have fallen down and rolled – or been rolled by playful children → a few drums are rolled down from the enormous pyramid of drums.
5. Some are smoking in the midday heat → a few drums among the heap of drums are smoking due to chemical reaction.
6. Some are swelling, as if their contents are bursting to get out → a few drums are bulged and ready to burst.
7. Some have already burst → a few drums are already burst.

Fill in the blanks appropriately with the following quantifiers:

no, any, all, some, each, several and every.

Question 1.
_________ ordinary person is bothered about climatic changes. If we talk of _________ changes, people look at us as if we don’t have _________ work. In fact, it is such a grave problem that _________ person has to think about. _________ scientists feel alarmed because the ozone layer is depleting. In addition, _________ people believe that the global warming is creating climatic problems. But _________ single individual shows concern for it.
Answer:
No, any, any, each, every, All, several, no, any

Question 2.
_________ meteorologists predict that the world will get warm between 2 to 4 degrees Celsius by the year 2030. The scientists believe that _________ year _________ polar ice will melt and cause rainfall, increase in the sea level and also temperature will be affected. _________ people disagree with the theory that the human activity is having an effect on the world’s climate. _________ scientists need to monitor the Earth’s atmosphere and human being needs to care for the air, water and plant life that influence world’s weather.
Answer:
some, every, some Several, All, each and every.

3. People who disagree with the theory that there is a direct relationship between the human activity and climate believe that the world climate has gone through _________ changes since the earth and its atmosphere first formed. So for _________ argument there is a counter argument. _________ individual differs with the other in _________ way or the other.
Answer:
several, any, Every, some

Ponnimanthuri Village, India:

Write the following sentences in reported speech:

Question 1.
“I can remember the time.” she said wistfully, “when all the fields around this village were green and the harvests good.”
Answer:
She wistfully said that she could remember the time when all the fields around that village had been green and harvests good.

Question 2.
“They said that factories need leather to make shoes, handbags and clothes. They
said our men folk would get jobs. They said we would all become rich.”
Answer:
It was reported that they had said that the factories needed leather to make shoes, handbags and clothes, their menfolk would get jobs and they would all become rich.

Writing:

Out of the three villages you have read about, choose one village of your choice (you may also choose a completely different one). You are a T.V. reporter. You need to go to one of the villages and from there you have to report orally to the news channel what all you find there. How would you report?

Write the script – the dialogue between you and the T.V newsreader.
Answer:
The beginning is given below:
T.V. News Reporter : Our correspondent reports from Koko village – What is the situation there? How do you find the village? What are the people around saying?
Answer: :
T.V. News Reporter : Our correspondent repotrs from Koko village – What is the situation there? How do you find the village? What are the people around saying?
Raju : The situation here is a bit serious. The villagers are all gathered here.
T.V. News Reporter : Could you please tell why they are gathered there?.
Raju : Of course. They are all called here by a student, from the University in Lagos. He has called all of them here.
T.V. News Reporter : For what are they gathered there?
Raju : It is said that some Italian company had dumped very serious poisonous waste here in the village. But they are uneducated and they never knew the consequence and are suffering now.
T.V. News Reporter : Is the issue so serious?
Raju : Yes it is. Already the lives of some thirteen people are lost. The
children are sick too.
T.V. News Reporter : Then how did they get the thing imported there?
Raju : It is learnt that the village leader then was bribed and got the dumping done.
T.V. News Reporter : Ok, what do they demand now?
Raju : They want nothing less than removal of the waste drums from there.
T.V. News Reporter : Are they to create any kind of problems.
Raju : No, the proceedings are going on. They hope that the government shall realise their trouble and do act accordingly.
T.V. News Reporter : Ok, thank you, Mr. XYZ, we will be right back.
Raju : People hope the government take necessary steps and remove the drums from there. Over to the studio with cameraman Bhaskaran.

Project Work:

Talk to your grandparents about life fifty years ago. Talk to them as to how the plants, animals and water bodies were cared for or not cared. Seek the views of the elders and fill in the table.

Answer:

I. Based on the information you have gathered in the last column of the table, discuss in groups how best the youngsters can help save/ protect the environment. List the specific recommendations.
Answer:

1. We need to plant and take care of more trees.
2. We need to take a resolution that we shall live an eco-fnendly life.
3. We shall work together to reduce pollution.
4. We need to develop alternate sources of energies.
5. We need to reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels.
6. We need to urge the industrial units to be more ecofriendly.
7. We should conserve vegetation.
8. Deforestation should be discouraged and afforestation shuld be encouraged.
9. Pollution levels should be brought down.
10. Ecological balance should be maintained.
11. Global warming should be checked.
12. Dumping industrial or solid wastes into water should be prohibited.
13. Laws should be powerful aiming at the conservation of wild life both in animals and birds.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

A Tale Of Three Villages Summary in English

1. Koko Village, Nigeria
Koko Village in Nigeria is a highly polluted area. The village is like any other African village-picturesque, colourful and noisy. The village was converted as a dumpyard by the European nation – Italy. Some years back, some lorries came and dumped a large number of poisonous wastes in huge metal drums. As the poor people in the region never knew what they were, they were made to suffer the effect of all. Some months later, Thomas Agonyo, a bright student from the village, who had gone to a University in Lagos, came back and called a meeting of the villagers. In that meeting he revealed that the drums have poisonous chemicals. They realised that the chemical waste had already taken the lives of about thirteen people in the village in the past five years.

2. Ponnimanthuri Village, India
Vijayasamma, a native of Ponnimanthuri village recalls that her village was very beautiful before the establishment of the factories in her area. The fields around the village were green and they produced good crops. When she looks at the factories established in the tanneries, where animal skins are processed into leather, she becomes very angry. She looks at the black tanneries and the thick black smoke that emerges from the huge chimneys of the factories.

She says that they were told that the factories were for making leather bags, shoes, clothes etc. The poor villagers were trapped with the onset of jobs. But they didn’t reveal the amount of poisonous chemicals that these factories were going to release into the atmosphere of the village, and its after effects. Now, the farms became useless, as the chemical wastes were dumped there, and the women need to walk up to 10 kilometers. As a result of the pollution they have ulcers and skin diseases. But she, with much sad, says that they won’t buy any leather shoes or handbags.

3. Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR)
Vorobyov village is located near the Chernobyl Nuclear plant and the given event is related to the fatal incident that happened in that reactor, on 26th April, 1986. Natasha Revanko still remembers the date because of the reason that it was her mother’s birthday. They heard some explosions. They ran out to the garden to witness a cloud of white smoke rise from the reactor. Days passed, the children playing found fine white dust setting down, which they with played. Later came the announcements not to deal with them as they were highly radioactive. Also, there were instructions to wash the houses and yards. Even roads were washed.

Weeks passed, children started to vomit. They couldn’t eat, their hair fell out, they became thin and their skin developed sores. A week later, on the same day, they died. The narrator has nothing to do, but to walk through the ghost town, with barren farm lands, with many such mothers. Nothing grew there, no animals were found. Soon, Natasha helped him to get the bus marked Moscow. Before parting, she said that she would like to see the graves and the house before her death.

Glossary:

1. Koko Village, Migeria :
picturesque (adj) = pretty but old fashioned
rusting (adj) = becoming covered with rust
corrugated (adj) = shaped into a series of regular waves
flaking (v) skull and cross = breaking as thin small pieces
bones (n) = symbol to show that something is dangerous
corroded (adj) = rusted
corroded (v) = destroyed something by chemical action
slimy (adj) = covered with unpleasant thick liquid
baked (adj) = cooked without any extra fat or liquid
swelling (v) = the condition of being larger or rounder than normal
enormous (adj) = very large, wide
frowning (v) = bringing eyebrows together to show anger
clearing (n) = an open space in a forest.

2. Ponnimanthuri Villaae, India:

wistfully (adv) = thinking sadly about that we would love to have
harvests (n) = yields from crop
outstretched = spread out as far as possible
monsters (n) = large, frightening imaginary creatures
spluttered (v) = spoke quickly and with difficulty
fist (n) = a tightly closed hand
ominous (adj) = suggesting that something bad to happen in future
horizon (n) = the point where sky appears to meet sea or earth
shroud (n) = thick cover
menfolk (n) = men
tanning (n) = process of making animal skin into leather
chimney (n) = a structure to carry smoke or steam up away
ulcer (n) = a sore area inside the body
trailed off (phr. v.) = became gradually quieter and stopped

3. Vorobyov Village, Ukarine (formerly USSR):

explosion (n) = a sudden violent burst and sound of it
apron (n) = a piece of clothing that covers the front part of the clothes
radioactive dust (n) = the dust coming out of a radioactive reaction
slid(v) = moved smoothly over a wet surface
pinched (adj) = pale and thin because of worry or illness
pale (adj) = white because of illness
sores (n) = painful, red places on the body (wound)
broke down (phr.v.) = lost control of feelings and started crying
evacuated (v) = moved people to a safe place
barren (adj) = land not good enough for crops
peer (v) = look closely when we cannot see clearly

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 10 Electromagnetism will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 10 Electromagnetism

Question 1.
If nduced emf is ‘e’, ΔΦ is change in flux and Dt is time then, mathematical form of’e’is ……………………. . ( )
(A) ΔΦ/t²
(B) Δt/ ΔΦ
(C) ΔΦ × Δt
(D) ΔΦ/Δt
Answer:
(D) ΔΦ/Δt

Question 2.
‘The induced current will appear in such a direction that it opposes the changes in the flux in the coil” …………………. this is called : ( )
(A) Ampere’s swimming rule
(B) Maxwell’s cork screw rule
(C) Lenz’s law
(D) Faraday’s law of magnetic induction
Answer:
(C) Lenz’s law

Question 3.
Right hand rule helps us to find the …………………….. of magnetic force exerted by field on current carrying wire : ( )
(A) magnitude
(B) direction
(C) both A & B
(D) change of emf
Answer:
(B) direction

Question 4.
The magnetic force ‘F’ when direction of electric current is at an angle ‘θ’ to magnetic field Is given by, f = ( )
(A) ILB cos θ
(B) ILB tan θ
(C) ILB sin θ
(D) LLB cot θ
Answer:
(C) ILB sin θ

Question 5.
To increase the speed of an electric motor we have to : ( )
(A) reduce the number of turns of coil
(B) increase the number of turns of coil
(C) increase the current in the coil
(D) both B and C
Answer:
(D) both B and C

Question 6.
The induced current is maximum when the direction of motion of the coil is ……………….. to the magnetic field. ( )
(A) at angle 60°
(B) parallel
(C) at angle 45°
(D) at right angles
Answer:
(D) at right angles

Question 7.
A coil of circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called ( )
(A) rheostat
(B) solenoid
(C) transformer
(D) galvanometer
Answer:
(B) solenoid

Question 8.
Mathematical representation of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is ………………… . ( )
(A) Φ = dE/dt
(B) Φ = -dE/dt
(C) E = dΦ/dt
(D) E = -dΦ/dt
Answer:
(D) E = -dΦ/dt

Question 9.
In starting the engine of an automobile, the work done by the battery is 3000 J and 250 coulombs of charge flows through the motor. The RD. between the terminals of the motor is ……………………… . ( )
(A) 75 V
(B) 18V
(C) 7.5 V
(D) 12 V
Answer:
(D) 12 V

Question 10.
Two electric bulbs A and B are connected in parallel in a circuit produce power of 12 W and 24 W respectively. The ratio of their filament resistances is ………………………… . ( )
(A) 2:1
(B) 1:2
(C) 1:1
(D) 1:3
Answer:
(A) 2:1

Question 11.
Lenz’s law does not violate the principle of ( )
(A) conservation of energy
(B) conservation of charge
(C) conservation of mass
(D) conservation of momentum
Answer:
(A) conservation of energy

Question 12.
If ’A’ is the area through which a flux f passes normally, then the magnetic flux density B Is given by ( )
(A)B=Q/A²
(B) B=QA
(C) B=Q/A³
(D) B=Q/A
Answer:
(D) B=Q/A

Question 13.
The unit of consumption of electrical energy in houses is ‘unlt It means ……………. .( )
(A) kilo-watt-hour
(B) joule-hour
(C) kilo joule
(D) mega watt
Answer:
(A) kilo-watt-hour

Question 14.
The unit commonly used to measure work done ( )
(A) ampere
(B) watt
(C) joule
(D) calorie
Answer:
(C) joule

Question 15.
There are ten 60w. bulbs in a house. If all G cnem arc hghted for 5 hours a day, the expenditure in a month of 30 days at ₹4.00 per unit is ……………… . ( )
(A) ₹ 36
(B) ₹ 360
(C) ₹ 3.60
(D) ₹ 72
Answer:
(B) ₹ 360

Question 16.
A.C. changes direction after every ( )
(A) 1/10th second
(B) 1/100th second
(C) 1/1000th second
(D) 0.1th second
Answer:
(B) 1/100th second

Question 17.
A rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated In a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each: ( )
(A) 2 revolutions
(B) one revolution
(C) half revolution
(D) 1/4th revolution
Answer:
(C) half revolution

Question 18.
The neutral wire is usually covered with : ( )
(A) green insulation
(B) red insulation
(C) black insulation
(D) blue insulation
Answer:
(C) black insulation

Question 19.
A current which changes direction after equal intervals of time is abbreviated as ( )
(A) A.C.
(B) D.C.
(C) F.C.
(D) I.C.
Answer:
(A) A.C.

Question 20.
When the live wire and neutral wire come into direct contact, It may cause ( )
(A) over loading
(B) low current
(C) direct current
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) overloading

Question 21.
This works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction: ( )
(A) motor
(B) computer
(C) cell phone
(D) generator
Answer:
(D) generator

Question 22.
The process by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor Is called ………………………. . ( )
(A) magnetic field induction
(B) electromagnetic induction
(C) chemical effect
(D) joule’s effect
Answer:
(B) electromagnetic induction

Question 23.
The direction of current Induced in a conductor in right-hand thumb rule is given by ( )
(A) index finger
(B) thumb
(C) middle finger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(C) middle finger

Question 24.
Two metallic half rings form the ………………………….. of an electric motor. ( )
(A) commutator
(B) axis
(C) armature
(D) rheostat
Answer:
(A) commutator

Question 25.
A stationary magnetic field is provided in a generator by ( )
(A) permanent horse-shoe magnet
(B) solenoid
(C) electromagnet
(D) ring-shaped magnet
Answer:
(A) permanent horse-shoe magnet

Question 26.
The rate of electrical work done is called – ( )
(A) electric potential
(B) electric power
(C) mechanical equivalent
(D) electrochemical equivalent
Answer:
(B) electric power

Question 27.
In a non-uniform magnetic field the net field in upper part of rotating coil is ( )
(A) weak
(B) average
(C) low
(D) strong
Answer:
(D) strong

Question 28.
This depends on the orientation of plane in the field : ( )
(A) magnetic flux
(B) magnetic induction
(C) strength of emf
(D) pole strength
Answer:
(B) magnetic induction

Question 29.
If V₀ be the value of A.C. emf, then V_rms = ( )
(A) V₀/2
(B) \(\sqrt{2}\) V₀
(C) \(\frac{2}{v_0}\)
(D) \(\mathrm{v}_0 \sqrt{2}\)
Answer:
(D) \(\mathrm{v}_0 \sqrt{2}\)

Question 30.
Electric power – P = ( )
(A) IΔt/ ΔΦ
(B) i²Δt /ΔΦ
(C) IΔt/Δt
(D) IΔΦ/Δt
Answer:
(D) IΔΦ/Δt

Question 31.
A quantity that has both direction and magnitude is ( )
(A) speed
(B) temperature
(C) electric current
(D) magnetic field
Answer:
(D) magnetic field

Question 32.
The total equal and opposite forces acting on the metal cap of a cool drink bottle when we turn It constitute ( )
(A) concurrent forces
(B) couple
(C) coincident forces
(D) attracting forces
Answer:
(B) couple

Question 33.
In the formula F=qvB, the letter ‘q’ stands for ( )
(A) flux density
(B) repulsive force
(C) charge
(D) velocity of charge
Answer:
(C) charge

Question 34.
The direction of magnetic field due to coil points towards you when the current in the coil is in ………………………. . ( )
(A) positive direction
(B) south direction
(C) anti-clockwise direction
(D) clockwise direction
Answer:
(C) anti-clockwise direction

Question 35.
When a conductor of length 1’ moves perpendicular to field ‘B’ with a speed ‘V’, then potential difference developed between the ends of the conductor is ( )
(A) BV
(B) B/V
(C) B/V²
(D) B²/V
Answer:
(B) B/V

Question 36.
To increase the speed of an electric motor. ( )
(A) reduce the number of turns in the coil
(B) increase the number of turns In the coil
(C) increase the current
(D) Both B&C
Answer:
(D) Both B&C

Question 37.
An electric motor working on A.C. does not require : ( )
(A) brushes
(B) commutator
(C) shaft
(D) electromagnet
Answer:
(B) commutator

Question 38.
The field lines in a magnetic field appear to be: ( )
(A) closed ellipses
(B) closed loops
(C) open loops
(D) closed hyperbolas
Answer:
(B) closed loops

Question 39.
The flux through the plane is given by, f = ( )
(A) BA sinθ
(B) BA tanθ
(C) BA cosθ
(D) BA/sinθ
Answer:
(C) BA cosθ

Question 40.
Magnetic flux density B = ( )
(A) Magnetic flux / Effective area
(B) Effective area I Magnetic flux
(C) Strength of field / Length of magnet
(D) Magnetic moment / Effective area
Answer:
(A) Magnetic flux / Effective area

Question 41.
Current carrying wire produces ( )
(A) charge
(B) magnetic field
(C) lightning
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) magnetic field

Question 42.
The statement current is defined as rate of flow of electrons through any cross-section: – Is this ( )
(A) always true?
(B) always false?
(C) true in some cases
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) true in some cases

Question 43.
Volt – ampere = ( )
(A) Watt
(B) Newton
(C) Farad
(D) Henry
Answer:
(A) Watt

Question 44.
A rectangular coil of wire, a soft iron core together constituted the ………………….. of an electric motor. ( )
(A) shaft
(B) commutator
(C) armature
(D) brushes
Answer:
(C) armature

Question 45.
The change in the magnetic flux in the cause of ( )
(A) induced magnetic moment
(B) Induced emf
(C) increase in resistance
(D) production chemical energy
Answer:
(B) Induced emf

Question 46.
The resulting magnetic lines of force formed around a straight conductor carrying a current are ……………………….. . ( )
(A) intersecting circles
(B) non Intersecting circles
(C) circles touching each other
(D) concentric circles
Answer:
(D) concentric circles

Question 47.
One of the factors that Increase the speed of an electric motor ( )
(A) area of armature
(B) thickness of shaft
(C) material armature
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) area of armature

Question 48.
The law of electro magnetic induction was proposed by – ( )
(A) Lenz
(B) Fleming
(C) Ampere
(D) Faraday
Answer:
(D) Faraday

Question 49.
A magnet is pulled away from a conducting coil in a circuit. The direction of the induced emf. in the coil can be found from: ( )
(A) Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
(B) Joule’s law
(C) Lenz’s law
(D) Fleming’s left-hand rule
Answer:
(A) Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Question 50.
An electric motor that works on D.C. requires : ( )
(A) shaft
(B) iron core
(C) commutator
(D) all
Answer:
(D) all

Question 51.
Current enters Into an electric motor through : ( )
(A) Call
(B) Brush and a half ring
(C) shaft
(D) armature
Answer:
(B) Brush and a half ring

Question 52.
In Fleming’s right-hand rule the finger that shows the direction of induced current is ( )
(A) middle finger
(B) thumb
(C) fore linger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(A) middle finger

Question 53.
When the current in the coil is in clockwise direction, the direction of magnetic field In coil points …………………. from you. ( )
(A) away
(B) towards
(C) towards right hand
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) away

Question 54.
An appliance that works on the principle of electro-magnetic induction is ( )
(A) solar cooker
(B) LPG stove
(C) induction stove
(D) Wicks stove
Answer:
(C) induction stove

Question 55.
The magnetic effect of current was discovered by ( )
(A) Faraday
(B) Henry
(C) Oersted
(D) Maxwell
Answer:
(C) Oersted

Question 56.
Electromagnetic induction is involved in ( )
(A) charging a body with positive charge
(B) production of current by relative motion between magnet and the coil
(C) rotation of the coil of an electric motor
(D) generation of magnetic field due to a current
Answer:
(B) production of current by relative motion between magnet and the coil

Question 57.
The device based on the principle of electromagnetic induction is ( )
(A) electric generator
(B) electric motor
(C) voltmeter
(D) ammeter
Answer:
(A) electric generator

Question 58.
Current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. The device based on thfs principle is ( )
(A) electrical generator
(B) electric motor
(C) electric bell
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) electric motor

Question 59.
A current is flowing in a circular loop of wire In clockwise direction. The magnetic field at the centre of the loop is ( )
(A) directed downward
(B) zero
(C) inversely proportional to the radius of the loop
(D) directed upward
Answer:
(A) directed downward

Question 60.
The device used for producing electric current is called a ( )
(A) generator
(B) galvanometer
(C) ammeter
(D) motor
Answer:
(A) generator

Question 61.
The effective length of the magnet is ( )
(A) the complete length of the magnet
(B) the distance between the two poles of the magnet
(C) the half of the length of the magnet
(D) the square of the length of the magnet
Answer:
(B) the distance between the two poles of the magnet

Question 62.
The conductivity of a magnetic substance for the lines of force with respect to air is called the ( )
(A) Magnetic Induction
(B) Magnetic permeability
(C) Magnetic flux density
(D) Intensity of magnetization
Answer:
(B) Magnetic permeability

Question 63.
The magnetic flux is expressed in ( )
(A) Dynes
(B) Oersted
(C) Gauss
(D) Weber
Answer:
(D) Weber

Question 64.
The magnetic lines of force, Inside a current-carrying solenoid, are ( )
(A) along the axis and are parallel to each other
(B) perpendicular to the axis and equidistance from each other
(C) circular and they do not intersect each other
(D) circular at the ends but they are parallel to the axis inside the solenoid
Answer:
(A) along the axis and are parallel to each other

Question 65.
The vertical component of the earths magnetic field is ( )
(A) zero at the magnetic pole
(B) zero at the geographic pole
(C) same everywhere
(D) zero at the magnetic equator
Answer:
(D) zero at the magnetic equator

Question 66.
A current-carrying loop lying in a magnetic field behaves like a ( )
(A) a magnetic dipole
(B) magnetic pole
(C) magnetic material
(D) non-magnetic material
Answer:
(A) a magnetic dipole

Question 67.
Power factor is one for ( )
(A) pure inductor
(B) pure capacitor
(C) pure resistor
(D) either an inductor or a capacitor
Answer:
(C) pure resistor

Question 68.
The AC voltage across a resistance can be measured using ( )
(A) a potentiometer
(B) a hot-wire voltmeter
(C) a moving-coil galvanometer
(D) a moving-magnet galvanometer
Answer:
(B) a hot-wire voltmeter

Question 69.
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that ( )
(A) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has permanent magnet
(B) DC generator will generate a higher voltage
(C) AC generator will generate a higher voltage
(D) AC generator has slip nngs while the DC generator has a commutator
Answer:
(D) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator

Question 70.
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit ( )
(A) reduces substantially
(B) does not change
(C) increase heavily
(D) vary continuously
Answer:
(C) increase heavily

Question 71.
The current n a generator armature is AC because ( )
(A) The magnetic field reverses at Intervals
(B) the current in the field coils is AC
(C) the rotation of the armature causes the field through it to reverse
(D) the commutator feeds current into ¡t in opposite directions every half cycle
Answer:
(C) the rotation of the armature causes the field through it to reverse

Question 72.
A DC generator is based on the principle of ( )
(A) magnetic effect of current
(B) heating effect of current
(C) energy dissipation
(D) electromagnetic conduction
Answer:
(D) electromagnetic conduction

Question 73.
For making strong electromagnet, the material of the core should be ( )
(A) brass
(B) laminated steel strips
(C) soft iron
(D) steel
Answer:
(C) soft iron

Question 74.
A soft iron bar is introduced Inside a current carrying solenoid. The magnetic field inside the solenoid ( )
(A) will increase
(B) will remain unaffected
(C) will become zero
(D) will decrease
Answer:
(A) will increase

Question 75.
A rectangular coil of copper wire is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the induced current changes once in each. ( )
(A) one revolution
(B) one fourth revolution
(C) half revolution
(D) two revolutions
Answer:
(B) one fourth revolution

Question 76.
The frequency of direct current is ( )
(A) zero
(B) 50 Hz
(C) 60 Hz
(D) 100 Hz
Answer:
(A) zero

Question 77.
Who invented electric generator? ( )
(A) Oersted
(B) Coulomb
(C) Rutherford
(D) Michael Faraday
Answer:
(D) Michael Faraday

Question 78.
Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic field induction and ……………………….. . ( )
(A) magnetic moment
(B) area
(C) magnetic intensity
(D) resistance
Answer:
(B) area

Question 79.
A current-carrying wire of length L is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Then the force acting on the wire with current I is …………………….. . ( )
(A) F = Bi
(B) F = Bl
(C) B = iF
(D) F = Bil
Answer:
(D) F = Bil

Question 80.
The magnetic field inside a ………………… is uniform. ( )
(A) current carrying conductor
(B) solenoid
(C) coil
(D) magnet
Answer:
(D) magnet

Question 81.
An AC generator ¡s provided with ………………………. slip rings which rotate with the coil. ( )
(A) one
(B) three
(C) two
(D) four
Answer:
(C) two

Question 82.
The moving part of the electnc motor is called ………………………. . ( )
(A) magnets
(B) shaft
(C) armature
(D) carbon brushes
Answer:
(B) shaft

Question 83.
SI unit of magnetic field strength is ……………….. . ( )
(A) tesla
(B) weber
(C) amp/m²
(D) volt
Answer:
(A) tesla

Question 84.
The laws of induction were given by ( )
(A) Faraday
(B) Kirchoff
(C) Lenz
(D) Lorenz
Answer:
(C) Lenz

Question 85.
The energy resides ¡n a current carrying inductor In the form of …………………….. . ( )
(A) resistance
(B) heat
(C) magnetic field
(D) thermal energy
Answer:
(C) magnetic field

Question 86.
The direction of motion of a conductor, kept in a magnetic field is given by ………………… . ( )
(A) Kirchoffs rule
(B) Lenz’s law
(C) Flemimng’s left hand rule
(D) Flemming’s right hand rule
Answer:
(C) Flemimng’s left hand rule

Question 87.
Which of the following consists soft iron core ? ( )
(A) electric generator
(B) solenoid
(C) dynamo
(D) electnc motor
Answer:
(B) solenoid

Question 88.
The direction of induced emf as indicated by ( )
(A) Lenz’s law
(B) Fleming’s right hand rule
(C) both 1&2
(D) none of these
Answer:
(C) both 1&2

Question 89.
The principle on which a generator works is ( )
(A) Fleming’s right hand rule
(B) Joule’s law
(C) Maxwell’s cork screw rule
(D) Ampere’s swimming rule
Answer:
(A) Fleming’s right hand rule

Question 90.
In fleming’s left hand rule, the finger that indicates the direction of motion of coil is ……………… . ( )
(A) middle finger
(B) thumb
(C) index finger
(D) little finger
Answer:
(B) thumb

Question 91.
The instrument used In our daily life to convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy is …………………. . ( )
(A) Electric bulb
(B) Electric motor
(C) Generator
(D) Induction stove
Answer:
(B) Electric motor

These TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits with Answers Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding will help students to enhance their time management skills.

TS 10th Class Physical Science Bits Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding

Question 1.
An ionic bond is also called : ( )
(A) metallic bond
(B) electrovalent bond
(C) coordinate covalent bond
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) electrovalent bond

Question 2.
An example of an ionic compound : ( )
(A) MgCl₂
(B) NH₃
(C) H₂O
(D) all of these
Answer:
(D) all of these

Question 3.
The negative ion formed from chlorine atom is called : ( )
(A) cation
(B) anion
(C) neutral ion
(D) all of these
Answer:
(B) anion

Question 4.
The scientist who proposed the ionic bond is : ( )
(A) Lewis
(B) Rutherford
(C) Lavoiser
(D) Kossel
Answer:
(D) Kossel

Question 5.
The bond formed when two atoms share their valency electrons between them is ………………… . ( )
(A) Ionic
(B) Covalent
(C) Electrovalent
(D) Metallic
Answer:
(B) Covalent

Question 6.
The ion whose configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶ is : ( )
(A) calcium ion
(B) potassium ion
(C) fluoride ion
(D) sodium ion
Answer:
(D) sodium ion

Question 7.
The factor that does not change when an atom is changed into ion: ( )
(A) charge
(B) atomic number
(C) no of electrons
(D) chemical property
Answer:
(D) chemical property

Question 8.
The number of electron pairs in the bond formation of oxygen molecule ( )
(A) 1
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 2
Answer:
(C) 6

Question 9.
An example of a covalent molecule: ( )
(A) Mgo
(B) Na₂S
(C) NaCl
(D) HCl
Answer:
(D) HCl

Question 10.
The electron present in outermost energy level of an atom is called ( )
(A) far most electron
(B) bond electron
(C) valence electron
(D) unpaired electron
Answer:
(A) far most electron

Question 11.
The bond present in oxygen molecules ( )
(A) ionic
(B) coordinate covalent
(C) sigma
(D) double
Answer:
(B) coordinate covalent

Question 12.
The reaction in which atoms combine to form a molecule is ( )
(A) exothermic
(B) endothermic
(C) reduction
(D) pyro-chemical total
Answer:
(B) endothermic

Question 13.
The total number of electrons In the bond formation of Nitrogen molecule :
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 2
Answer:
(D) 2

Question 14.
An example of a linear molecule: ( )
(A) SO₃
(B) CO₂
(C) H₂S
(D) H₂O
Answer:
(C) H₂S

Question 15.
The equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two atoms which form a covalent bond is called : ( )
(A) bond strength
(B) bond angle
(C) bond space
(D) bond length
Answer:
(D) bond length

Question 16.
In sodium chloride crystal the coordination number of Na is ( )
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
Answer:
(D) 8

Question 17.
The atoms possessing the following properties form cations ( )
(A) low ionization energy
(B) low electron affinity & low electro negativity
(C) high atomic size
(D) all the above
Answer:
(A) low ionization energy

Question 18.
The atoms of elements with: ( )
(A) high I.P & high electron affinity
(B) small atomic size
(C) high electronegativity
(D) all the above
Answer:
(C) high electronegativity

Question 19.
The number of electrons that a neutral sodium atom should lose in order to form a cation : ( )
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 6
(D) 3
Answer:
(B) 2

Question 20.
Group VII A elements are called: ( )
(A) noble elements
(B) alkali metals
(C) halogens
(D) alkaline earth metals
Answer:
(C) halogens

Question 21.
Which of these elements belongs to Group VI A In periodic table? ( )
(A) N
(B) O
(C) P
(D) F
Answer:
(D) F

Question 22.
The number of C-H covalent bonds present in Methane molecule. ( )
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 6
Answer:
(B) 3

Question 24.
The bond length In atoms between H-H molecules in (in A°) ( )
(A) 0.96
(B) 1.95
(C) 1.42
(D) 0.74
Answer:
(A) 0.96

Question 25.
The bond dissociation energy between H-O in H20 molecule (in KJ/mol)( )
(A) 298
(B) 460
(C) 390
(D) 151
Answer:
(B) 460

Question 26.
The bond dissociation energy between Cl-Cl in Cl2 molecule is (In KJ mol^-1) ( )
(A) 243
(B) 159
(C) 436
(D) 390
Answer:
(D) 390

Question 27.
The shape of NH₃ molecule is ( )
(A) tetra hedral
(B) trigonal pyramidal
(C) hexagonal
(D)’V-shaped
Answer:
(C) hexagonal

Question 28.
The bond angle in img of water molecule is ( )
(A) 109°28′
(B) 120°
(C) 107°48′
(D) 104°31’
Answer:
(B) 120°

Question 29.
In HCl molecule ‘1s’ orbital of H atom overlaps the following bond of chlorine atom: ( )
(A) 1p
(B) 2p
(C) 3p
(D) 3d
Answer:
(A) 1p

Question 30.
The phenomenon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of equal energy which are present in outer shells of atoms is called : ( )
(A) chronic
(B) hybridization
(C) grafting
(D) intermixing
Answer:
(B) hybridisation

Question 31.
The number of B-F bonds in BF₃ is ( )
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) many
Answer:
(B) 2

Question 32.
The compound which has polar covalent bond is ( )
(A) NaCl
(B) HCl
(C) O₂
(D) N₂
Answer:
(A) NaCl

Question 33.
Since the forces of attractions among covalent molecules are ………………… most of the covalent compounds are gases or liquids at room temperature. ( )
(A) weak
(B) strong
(C) balanced
(D) none of these
Answer:
(B) strong

Question 34.
The type of bond that forms between two atoms depends is ……………… . ( )
(A) number of protons
(B) number of neutrons
(C) number of valence electrons
(D) number of paired electrons
Answer:
(C) number of valence electrons

Question 35.
The noble gas that has no octet configuration is ………………… . ( )
(A) Ar
(B) Rn
(C) Xe
(D) He
Answer:
(C) Xe

Question 36.
The type of overlap that takes place in NH₃ molecule is ( )
(A) s-s
(B) s-p
(C) p-p
(D) lateral
Answer:
(D) lateral

Question 37.
The bond formed due to overlap of orbitals is known as: ( )
(A) Ionic bond
(B) hydrogen bond
(C) covalent bond
(D) metallic bond
Answer:
(B) hydrogen bond

Question 38.
The number of s bonds in nitrogen molecule is ( )
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
Answer:
(C) 2

Question 39.
The bond formed between two atoms having the same electro-negative value ( )
(A) ionic bond
(B) hydrogen bond
(C) metallic bond
(D) Covalent bond,
Answer:
(B) hydrogen bond

Question 40.
The substance which has the highest melting point among the following: ( )
(A) NH₃
(B) CsF
(C) H₂O
(D) CHCl₃
Answer:
(A) NH₃

Question 41.
Strongest among the following bonds. ( )
(A) single bond
(B) double bond
(C) triple bond
(D) hydrogen bond
Answer:
(D) hydrogen bond

Question 42.
The bond formed when the orbitals undergo ‘end on end’ overlap is ( )
(A) N₂
(B) O₂
(C) H₂O
(D) H₃
Answer:
(A) N₂

Question 43.
A triple bond is present in the following molecule: ( )
(A) N₂
(B) O₂
(C) H₂O
(D) H₂
Answer:
(C) H₂O

Question 44.
The shape of water molecule is ………………………….. . ( )
(A) pyramidal
(B) tetra hedral
(C) trigonal bi pyramidal
(D) ‘v-shaped
Answer:
(C) trigonal bi pyramidal

Question 45.
Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another lead to the formation of ( )
(A) Ionic bond
(B) Covalent bond
(C) Metallic bond
(D) none
Answer:
(A) Ionic bond

Question 46.
s – s overlap is found In ( )
(A) Cl₂
(B) F₂
(C) H₂
(D) N₂
Answer:
(B) F₂

Question 47.
The number of valency electrons in carbon atom (Z=6) is ( )
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 6
Answer:
(A) 1

Question 48.
p-p overlap is found In: ( )
(A) Br₂
(B) H₂
(C) HCl
(D) HBr
Answer:
(B) H₂

Question 49.
A molecule which has double bond : ( )
(A) Cl₂
(B) C₂H₄
(C) C₂H₂
(D) N₂
Answer:
(C) C₂H₂

Question 50.
An ionic compound among the following is ………………………. . ( )
(A) CaH₂
(B) HCl
(C) H₂O
(D) H₂S
Answer:
(D) H₂S

Question 51.
Number of electrons present In the penultimate shell of magnesium atom. ( )
(A) 2
(B) 8
(C) 18
(D) 32
Answer:
(B) 8

Question 52.
If the atomic number is 12, what kind of bond does it form with the other kind of atoms ? ( )
(A) covalent bond
(B) coordinate bond
(C) doesn’t form bond at all
(D) ionic bond
Answer:
(B) coordinate bond

Question 53.
Which of the following molecules show lone pair of electrons? ( )
(A) BeCl₂
(B) HCl
(C) NH₃
(D) PCl
Answer:
(C) NH₃

Question 54.
Which of the following pairs of molecules show triple bond? ( )
(A) C₂H₂ ; Cl₂
(B) C₂H₂; N₂
(C) NH₃; C₂H₄
(D) F₂, O₂
Answer:
(B) C₂H₂; N₂

Question 55.
A bond formed between a metal and non metal is …………………….. . ( )
(A) metallic bond
(B) ionic bond
(C) covalent bond
(D) hydrogen bond
Answer:
(D) hydrogen bond

Question 56.
In sodium chloride crystal each of Na⁺ ion is surrounded by ……………….. Cl ions. ( )
(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 6
(D) 7
Answer:
(B) 5

Question 57.
bond is present between the two oxygen atoms in oxygen molecule. ( )
(A) single
(B) double
(C) triple
(D) hydrogen
Answer:
(D) hydrogen

Question 58.
Which one is the inert gas of the following
(A) Sodium
(B) Potassium
(C) Oxygen
(D) Neon
Answer:
(D) Neon

Question 59.
In the formation of MgCl₂ number of electrons transferred from Mg to Cl is
(A)1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Answer:
(B) 2

Question 60.
Factors affecting the formation of the ionic bond ( )
(A) atomic size
(B) ionization energy
(C) electron affinity
(D) all the above
Answer:
(A) atomic size

Question 61.
The bond angle In water molecules is ………………………… . ( )
(A) 180°
(B) 120°
(C) 109°28′
(D) 104°28′
Answer:
(C) 109°28′

Question 62.
Covalent compounds are generally soluble in ………………………… . ( )
(A) polar solvents
(B) non-polar solvents
(C) concentrated acids
(D) all solvents
Answer:
(A) polar solvents

Question 63.
Which of the following molecules contains a triple bond? ( )
(A) N₂
(B) C₂H₄
(C) PH₃
(D) CCl₄
Answer:
(B) C₂H₄

Question 64.
Which of the following can lose two electrons to attain the configuration of argon? ( )
(A) Mg
(B) Br
(C) Ca
(D) S
Answer:
(D) S

Question 65.
The formation of a chemical bond is accompanied by ( )
(A) decrease in energy
(B) increase in energy
(C) Neither decrease nor increase in energy
(D) The repulsion forces overcoming the attraction forces
Answer:
(B) increase in energy

Question 66.
Which one amongest the following is the weakest? ( )
(A) H-bond
(B) Vander Waals forces
(C) Three electrons bond
(D) Ion-dipole interaction
Answer:
(C) Three electrons bond

Question 67.
Which of the following is an ionic compound? ( )
(A) CO₂
(B) HCl
(C) H₂O
(D) CaO
Answer:
(C) H₂O

Question 68.
Covalent bond is formed by ( )
(A) electron transfer
(B) electron sharing
(C) electron donation
(D) electron acceptance
Answer:
(B) electron sharing

Question 69.
The number of valency electrons in carbon atom (z = 6) is ………………….. . ( )
(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 6
Answer:
(A) 0

Question 70.
The total number of electrons that take part in forming the bonds in N₂ is ………………… .
(A)2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 10
Answer:
(C) 6

Question 71.
Electrons in ………………………. shell are called valence electrons. ( )
(A) innermost
(B) outermost
(C) present in nucleus
(D) free
Answer:
(A) innermost

Question 72.
Except ………………………………. gas all other noble gases have octet In their valence shell.
(A) He
(B) Ne
(C) Ar
(D) Kr
Answer:
(B) Ne

Question 73.
Valence bond theory was proposed by …………………………… . ( )
(A) Lewls
(B) Milliken
(C) Sidgwick and Powell
(D) Bohr
Answer:
(B) Milliken

Question 74.
In ………………………. bonding the valence electrons are shared among all the atoms of the metallic elements. ( )
(A) covalent
(B) Ionic
(C) hybrid
(D) triple
Answer:
(C) hybrid

Question 75.
The chloride ion has a …………………. charge. ( )
(A) positive
(B) negative
(C) no charge
(D) depends upon reaction
Answer:
(B) negative

Question 76.
Na⁺ and Cl^– ions combine together to form an ………….. solid. ( )
(A) covalent
(B) ionic
(C) metallic
(D) non-metallic
Answer:
(C) metallic

Question 77.
Noble gases exist as individual …………………….. . ( )
(A) solids
(B) molecules
(C) atoms
(D) gases
Answer:
(C) atoms

Question 78.
The chlorine atom can ……………………… one electron to become a chloride ion. ( )
(A) lose
(B) gain
(C) retain
(D) donate
Answer:
(C) retain

Question 79.
Two atoms of nitrogen form a nitrogen molecule by sharing pairs of electrons. ( )
(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four
Answer:
(A) one

Question 80.
The chemical formula of ferric carbonate is …………………… . ( )
(A) Fe₂(CO₃)₂
(B) Fe(CO₃)₃
(C) Fe₂(CO₃)₃
(D) Fe₂CO₃
Answer:
(B) Fe(CO₃)₃

Question 81.
The chemical formula of zinc phosphate is ……………………….. . ( )
(A) Zn₃(PO₄)₃
(B) Zn₃PO₄
(C) Zn(PO₄)₃
(D) Zn(PO₄)₃
Answer:
(A) Zn₃(PO₄)₃

Question 82.
Molecular formula of methane is ………………………. . ( )
(A) CH₃
(B) CH₄
(C) C₂H₄
(D) C₂H₆
Answer:
(B) CH₄

Question 83.
H₂ molecule has the configuration of the inert gas …………………. . ( )
(A) He
(B) H₃O⁺
(C) H⁺
(D) OH^–
Answer:
(C) H⁺

Question 84.
A sigma bond is formed by ……………………….. overlap of orbitals. ( )
(A) axial
(B) co-axial
(C) side-way
(D) without overlapping
Answer:
(C) side-way

Question 85.
A pi bond is formed by …………………… overlap of orbitals. ( )
(A) axial
(B) lateral
(C) without overlapping
(D) can’t form
Answer:
(D) can’t form

Question 86.
………………………. overlap is present in F₂ molecule. ( )
(A) s-s
(B) s-p
(C) p-p
(D) none
Answer:
(D) none

Question 87.
The number of valence shell &ectrons that a group LA element loses to get octet configuration : ( )
(A) 7
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 2
Answer:
(C) 1

Question 88.
Noble gases belong to the following group : ( )
(A) Group VII A
(B) Group V A
(C) Group III A
(D) Group VIII A
Answer:
(D) Group VIII A

Question 86.
Any species attains stability when It has …………………….. number of electrons in its valence shell ( )
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 8
Answer:
(D) 8

Question 87.
The force of attraction between any two atoms or a group of atoms that results in a stable entity is known as : ( )
(A) chemical bond
(B) crystalline bond
(C) crystal lattice
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) chemical bond

Question 88.
AH₂ is formed when element A’ reacts with hydrogen. Then the number of electrons in valence shell of ‘A’ are generally ………………………. . ( )
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 8
Answer:
(A) 2

Question 89.
Ionic compound in the following is ……………………. . ( )
(A) C₂H₆
(B) HCl
(C) NaCl
(D) H₂
Answer:
(C) NaCl

Question 90.
Number of moles of Oxygen need to produce 4 moles of water on reacting with 4 moles of Hydrogen gas is ……………………….. . ( )
(A) 1 mole
(B) 2 moles
(C) 3 moles
(D) 4 moles
Answer:
(B) 2 moles

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 5C Abandoned (Poem) Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 5C Abandoned (Poem)

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following Questions:

Question 1.
Why are the shrieks of the baby unheard?
Answer:
Because the baby is dropped in a dustbin which is far away to the public, it may be also cold night. And the baby is also covered around with a paper / cloth. Thus the shrieks of the baby are unheard.

Question 2.
“An outcast of destiny” What is meant by this expression?
Answer:
The expression mean that the baby is an outcast by the destiny. Outcasting means rejecting.

Question 3.
What are the physical features of the baby?
Answer:
The physical features of the baby are half eaten fingers, the foul smelling body, cyanosed lips, and sea-blue nose.

Question 4.
‘Easy rats’here means _______
a) easily available rats.
b) the rats that move easily.
c) the rats that are caught easily.
d) lazy rats.
Answer:
c) the rats that are caught easily.

Question 5.
Who are gnawing at the baby’s ears? Rats or a cat?
Answer:
The rats are gnawing at the baby’s ears.

Question 6.
Which of the following statements are true?
a) The cat was eating the baby,
b) The rats were eating the baby.
c) The rats were strong enough to drive away the cat.
d) The baby was dead by the time the cat came.
e) The rats left the baby to the cat.
Answer:
b) The rats were eating the baby.
d) The baby was dead by the time the cat came.
e) The rats left the baby to the cat.

Question 7.
Can you guess who abandoned the baby?
Answer:
Yes, I can guess that the illegal parents or the poor parents abandoned the baby.

Question 8.
Why do people abandon babies?
Answer:
There are so many reasons the people abandon the babies.
Here, I would like to give some of them. They are

1. Some of the poor parents may abandon babies due to poverty.
2. The illegal parents may abandon the babies due to the fear of society.
3. Some parents may abandon the handicaped babies.
4. Some parents may abandon the diseased babies.
5. Some parents may abandon the female babies, (gender discrimination)

Question 9.
What leads to a bloody chaos?
Answer:
The coming of cat for the lazy rats leads to a bloody chaos. It leads to the killing of the baby.

Question 10.
Comment on the line ” The only sin of the infant — Being Born.”
Answer:
This goes out to the little babies innocent, tiny, tender souls who have been abandoned
by their families or their parents. There are so many babies found abandoned in trash cans and garbage bins on the streets in India for no fault of theirs. Few are saved but most die a painful death crying into the cold night. Doomed to death even before they could learn to live. The poet questions us whether it was their sin to be born into this world as infants.

Project Work:

Collect information about people who tought against social evil. Prepare a short note on the difficulties and oppositions they had to face to fight against the social evils. Discuss in the group the similarities in the problems they faced and the solutions they found to tackle them.

Answer:

A short Note

Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India. He founded Atmiya Sabha and Brahma Samaj. He fought against ‘Sati’, and played a key role in abolition of ‘Sati’.

He fought for the rights of women. He is known as the Maker of Modern India. He was a great scholar and an independent thinker. He was born on May 22, 1772 in village Radhanagar in the district of Hoogly in Bengal. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was against idol worship and orthodox Hindu rituals. He stood firmly against all sorts of social bigotry, conservatism and superstitions. But his father was an orthodox Hindu Brahmin.

This led to differences between Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his father. Following differences, he left the house. He wandered around Himalayas and went to Tibet. After his return, he compaigned for rights of women including the right for widows for remarry and the right for women to hold property. He actively opposed Sati system and the practice of polygamy.

Difficulties and Problems faced by Social reformers and Solutions they found :

India is privileged to have a number of great souls like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, DayanandSaraswathi, Eshwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Kandukuri Veerasalingam etc. They managed to bring revolutions by making radical changes in the society. Some of the reformers took up the challenges of breaking the jinx of prevaling caste-system.

Some of them fought against child marriages, sati, polygamy and some others fought for women education, their upliftment and widow remarriages. Their activities and thoughts guided the nation to a new beginning. All the social reformers faced many problmes in the process of reforming the society. The faced opposition from their own families as well as from outside.

Yet, they didn’t give up their efforts. With great determination and dedication, they, continued their efforts in bringing the reforms. Because of their efforts only, present society is leading a peaceful and harmonious way of life. Though many of the social reformers faced difficulties they found a solution to get rid of them and went on with their works.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick ( ✓ ) in the appropriate box.

Answer:

Abandoned (Poem) Summary in English

The poem “Abandoned” is written by Dr. Suraya Nasim. Her poems are simple and easy to read and understand. The prescriptions she writes are from the brain but the poems she writes are definitely from her heart. This poem definitely derived from her heart.

In the beginning of the poem we see a little baby crying for help in a dustbin. The little baby is abandoned as an orphan to the garbage bin by unknown parents. Its tiny fingers are eaten by mosquitoes and insects. There are so many bacteria around the body of little baby which gives bad smell. The little baby has been crying for help since all the night, but nobody hears its cry and help it. In the bitter cold-night the little baby is dead.

It looks as outcast of destiny. It is clear from the context that the baby has struggled for breathing all the night. Because the baby was covered with tattered(torn) papers around the body. Due to the waste matter which lies in the dust bin along with the baby, its lips, nose and fingers are poisoned. There is a black cat at the edge of holed bin, searching for rats which are eating the baby’s body. When cat jumps upon, the rats run away. Finally the baby has left alone in dustbin as a dead one. Thus we can understand Being Born is a sin.

About the Author:

The poetry Dr. Suraya Nasim writes is straight from the heart. It has no fixed pattern. It doesn’t follow any particular rule. The poems come as a flow. Her poems are simple and easy to read and hopefully easier to understand. English was one of her favuorite subjects in school along with science. The prescriptions she writes are from the brain but the poems she writes are definitely from her heart. Her poems were nominated for the Booker Award in 2013.

Glossary:

abandoned (v) = left something or somebody for ever.;
irradiating (v) = sending rays of light upon ; light up;
shriek (n) = a short, loud high cry;
hysteria (n) = uncontrolled excitement;
eerie (adj) = causing a feeling of mystery and fear.;
destiny (n) = power believed to control events;
crap (n) = solid waste;
cyanosed (adj) = a deep greenish blue coloured;
gnawing (v) = biting steadily at something;
tattered (adj) = torn, old generally poor condition;
foul (adj) = very unpleasant.
outcast (n) = someone who is not accepted by the people they live among, or who has been forced out of their home.
labored (adj) = difficult
crap (m) = solid waste
freeze (n) = extremely cold.
filthy (adj) = very dirty.
chaos (n) = a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way.
screech (v) = to give a harsh high pitched cry;
ensue (v) = to happen afterwards or as a result, to follow;
grasp (n) = a firm hold or grip;

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 4C A Tribute Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 4C A Tribute

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions briefly.

Question 1.
Have you ever seen any of the films in which Savitri acted? List them. Which of them do you like most?
Answer:
I have seen many of the films of Savitri. Missamma, Maya Bazar, Devatha, Gundamma Katha are some of the films I have seen. I like Missamma the most.

Question 2.
Savitri’s qualities and her acting have been mentioned in the tribute. Which of Savitri’s qualities fascinate you most?
Answer:
Savitri was blessed with natural charm and magnificent acting. Her expressive eyes were able to convey a wide range of feelings. Her mischievous look captivates anyone. Her look of fake anger provokes, the look filled with real anger pierces the heart. The look of passion waiting for her lover, the pain filled look when her love fails, the confident look that seems ready to face any situation and myriad emotions are hidden in her eyes. She was a humane artiste. She was generous to the people who were in need. I like her humane quality most.

Question 3.
Why was Savitri taken away from her main role in the film, ‘Samsaaram’?
Answer:
In 1950 the noted director L.V.Prasad offered the role of a heroine in the film ’Samsaram’. On the sets, she was nervous, she had to repeat many takes and this proved a setback for her. So, the role was given to someone else.

Question 4.
How do you think Savitri was able to strike back after she was replaced from the main role in ‘Samsaaram’?
Answer:
Though, Savitri was replaced from the main role in ’Samsaaram1, she was able to strike back by acting the leading role in the film, ’Devadasu’ in 1953. Savitri, in the role of young Parvathi with curly hair, a lock of hair straying to her forehead, the large round black berry eyes looking out from an innocent face left an indelible imprint in the minds of all cine lovers. She left her mark in this evergreen Telugu classic. She established her credentials with ’Ardhangi’ in 1955.

Question 5.
The purpose of the tribute is …(choose the appropriate answer)
a) to sympathize with Savitri
b) to admire Savitri’s acting and her abilities.
c) to understand Savitri’s acting and qualities
d) to express different opinions about Savitri
Answer:
to admire Savitri’s acting and her abilities.

Project Work:

Collect the information about the people who are involved in making a film. Fill the details in the following table :

Question.
Name of the film:

Answer:

Question.
Write a report about the people from the above list and their contribution for the success of the movie by giving relevant examples to substantiate your opinion. Present the report to the class.
Answer:
The story of the movie ‘Dasavathaaram’, deals with the story of a research scientist, who is in pursuit of a biological weapon of mass destruction. His biggest challenge is to save it from falling into the hands of an ex-CIA officer, who wants it for evil purposes. And the struggles and all end well.

It was initially the idea of the lead actor Mr. Kamal Hasssan, which was developed into a complete script along with Sujatha Rangarajan. Thus the main part of the story script and screenplay were made ready. Mr. K S Ravikumar, a leading Tamil Director, has agreed to make the abstract contents in the script live, with his creative and imaginative skills.

The story, which was spread across centuries and generations, different cultures and covering very many social issues, required a huge amount of money and it was agreed by Mr. Venu Ravichandran to take care of the financial expenditures required for the shooting, remunerations and all – thus producing the film. The charecters being finalized, the leads were fixed, which includes an array of master actors, like Kamal Haasan, Asin, Mallika Sherawat, Jayaprada, Napoleon, Nagesh, Etc.

Songs are a very important component, which could easily deal with some quick sequences and high voltage emotional spans, which were done by Mr. Himesh Reshammiya, where as Mr. Devi Sri Prasad, a popular Musician from Andhra Pradesh, gave the background scores to add to the effect of the scenes.
The movie has Mr. Kamal Hassan in ten different roles, with unique and different features.

Ralis Khan & Michael Mosher had to put great effort and skill in makeup, to make the characters come out with great perfection. As the time span of the movie was stretched from 12th Century to 21st Century, Gauthami had a tough task in making the costumes, for sure. But was done excellently. David Anthony had done an amazing work with his team, in making the fights so live and vivid.

The toughest amongst all these would have been that of Mr. Ravi Varman, who was behind the Camera, in making it sure that each and every frame with all the pomp and glory, so that it could be a visual feat for the audience.

Post the production, the publicity department takes care of the distribution and publicity, so that the film is ready to be brought to the movie halls.

Self Assessment:

How well have I understood this unit?
Read and tick (✓) in the appropriate box.

Answer:

A Tribute Summary in English

On the occasion of Indian film industrys completing a hundred years in the year 2013, the Indian film industry recollected our favourite films, producers, directors, actors, and music and art directors. Our Telugu audience is also proud of many great producers, directors and artistes. Savitri is one such prestigious artiste.

Savitri had a little difficulty in entering the film field. When she was twelve, she was offered a role in the film, Agnipareeksha, but was finally dropped as she looked too young for the role. She was given a song sequence in ‘Pathala Bhairavi’. The effect of her performance was considerable and her expressions were beautiful. As a result, she was elevated to the role of a heroine by the noted director L.V.Prasad in the film ‘Samsaaram’ (1950). As she was nervous on the sets, the role was given to someone else and she was given a small role of less important.

In the film ‘Devadasu’ in 1953, Parvathi comes alive in Savithri. She portrayed Devada’s love and the role of a rich man’s wife marvellously. In the film Ardhangi in 1955, she gave a brilliant performance as a woman forced to marry an innocent person(ANR). She nurses him back to health. She also teaches a lesson to her mother-in-law who conspires against her husband. Her talent was in full form in ‘Missamma’, a hit comedy that established Savitri’s place firmly as a star.

Savitri was adored for the matchless ease in expression. Meena Kumari, the Heroine of Hindi films said that she usually got doubts about her own acting when she watched Savitri’s acting, ” Amitabh Bacchan felt that, “Savitri was one of the first actresses with unbelievable spontaneity”. Maya Bazar is another film that brought fame to Savitri. She played the role of Sasirekha, recollecting the 16-annas Telugu lass clad in parikini.

Savitri gets totally involved in whatever role she plays. “Chivaraku migiledi” is one such film. She played the role of a nurse in a psychiatry ward. The film became a milestone in her career. Savitri was awarded the title “Mahanati”. She also received the presidential award for her performance in “Chivaraku Migiledi”. She was the recipient of ‘Kalaimamani and Nadigayar Tilakam’ from Tamil film industry. She had nearly 300 films to her credit. She acted in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi films.

Savitri was a humane artiste. She was generous to the people who were in need. Once, she donated all the jewellery she was wearing to the Prime Minister’s fund. She left the world in 1981. Savitri is no more. But she is among us with her unforgettable roles.

Glossary:

magnum opus (n) = the greatest work;
16-annas Telugu lass(idiom) = a perfect Telugu girl;
Lion’s share (idiom) = major portion;
Zenith (n) = peak;
prestigious = having respect and admiration;
evinced = showed;
considerable = great in amount;
potential = the range of capabilities that someone has;
portrayed = showed in a picture by acting;
credentials = achievements;
conspire = to make secret plans to do harm;
magnificent = splendid, remarkable;
myriad = an extremely large number;
yesteryears = the recent past;

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 6B Or will the Dreamer Wake? (Poem) Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 6B Or will the Dreamer Wake? (Poem)

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Why does the poet say that these cubs could be the last ones ever to freely live and to roam and mate?
Answer:
Asiatic tigers are an endangered species on the world. The number of these tigers is getting reduced day by day. Deforesttion is vigorous due to indiscriminate efforts of human beings. In this way the habitat of tigers is reduced and the massive poaching in the past two years has wiped out the entire tiger population. If it is continued like that, certainly there is a chance of extinction of tigers. Thus, the poet says that these cubs could be the last ones ever to freely live and to roam and mate.

Question 2.
‘She waits for all the life she’s making’. What does the poet convey through this line?
Answer:
Due to global warming, the snow mountains are melting rather than the normal level. The glaciers are decreasing in length, year by year. So the white bear snuffles for its existence. The poet conveys through this line that the white bear is also in the list of endangered species as the environment is degrading and the white bear waits for all the life she’s making for the rehabilitation of the environment.

Question 3.
Why does the thrush weave her nest?
Answer:
The Thrush weave her nest to hold here clutch for a long wait to find here partner.

Question 4.
The child could sing the final whale song/ says the poet. Why does she say so?
Answer:
The whale the creature lives in the Antarctic Ocean or the South Ocean, is to be the last one on the world. The human beings dump all kinds of wastes into rivers, lakes and seas causing water pollution. This affects the plants and animals living in the water. Thus the whale has became one of the endangered species deep in Ocean south. They are now in danger of extinction. So, the poet says so.

Question 5.
The poet says ‘This could be our last true moment’ (last stanza). Is it true? In what way(s)?
Answer:
With all these kinds of species about to be vanished from the world, the moment that we live on this world would be the last of its kinds. In that sense, it is true. This may be our waking as we drown because only few species are in the list of endangered species at present. If this degradation continues, many species will become extincted.

Question 6.
What do you think the poem is about?
Answer:
The poem is about endangered species on this earth. It tells us how human beings’ indiscriminate activities lead to the extinction of many species.

Question 7.
What does the grandchild in this poem symbolize?
Answer:
The Grandchild symbolizes the future generations, who are yet to be born on this world. As we live on this earth, the future generations also have the right to be on this earth. The difference would be that they won’t have many of the provisions.

Question 8.
Who is the dreamer here? Who is being referred to?
Answer:
Human beings are the dreamers here. According to the poet they don’t think at all about the extinction of many species.

Question 9.
What according to you is the poem ‘Or Will the Dreamer Wake’ about? Justify your answer quoting lines from the poem.
Answer:
Medora Chevalier warns the reader to awake an environmental destruction through this poem. Tiger growls in pain in the east about its cubs’ future. White bear snuffles on melting glaciers in the north. Bird thinks about its eggs in the west. Whale sings in doubt in the south. Poet’s grandchild asks “That was the moment! And did the dreamer wake?”
Through his grandchild, poet turns the poem in a different direction to give message.

Listening:

Listen to the talk by an environmentalist on saving the trees and tick (3) the correct options that will complete the statements.

A Talk by an Environmentalist

As you all know, to the North of India we have snow-covered mountain ranges as boundaries to our country. They are the Himalayas. You know the Himalayas are also affected by the environmental pollution. You must be wondering as to how the Himalayas get affected. The Himalayas are huge, cool ice formations surrounded by beautiful habitation.

Do you know what happens if the Himalayas die? The whole of India will turn into a desert. Can you guess what felling of trees lead to? It leads to deforestation. Specially in the Himalayan region if the trees in the forest are cut down that will give way for warming of the atmosphere and with the result melting of the Himalayas.

Do you know when the movement for the protection of the Himalayas started? It started way back in 1970s and 1980s. The movement was for the resistance to the destruction of forests throughout India. Later it became organized and known as Chipko movement.

The architect of the movement to protect the Himalayas is a renowned person -Sunderlal Bahuguna. He was the follower of Mahatma Gandhi in many ways. He started the movement to resist the destruction of forests in the Himalayan region.

Do you know how the movement got its name? The name (Chipko) came from a word meaning ’embrace’. In the movement, the villagers hugged the trees and thus saved them by putting their bodies in the way of the contractors’ axes.

Question 1.
The Himalayas are affected by _________.
a) environmental pollution
b) melting of snow
Answer:
a) environmental pollution

Question 2.
Himalayas are protected _________.
a) by hugging trees
b) by stopping deforestation
Answer:
b) by stopping deforestation

Question 3.
The name of the movement that started in 1970s and 1980s is _________.
a) the resistance to the destruction of forests
b) Chipko movement
Answer:
b) Chipko movement

Question 4.
The person who started the movement is _________.
a) Sunderlal Bahuguna
b) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
a) Sunderlal Bahuguna

Question 5.
Chipko means _________.
a) to embrace
b) putting the bodies in the way of the contractors axes.
Answer:
a) to embrace

Study Skills:

Read the following essay and fill the coloumns in the table given after it with the correct information.

Pollution in India

Pollution in India is very high and thus it is one of the most polluted countries in the world. The reasons for high pollution in India can be attributed to the fact that it is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide. Coal powered plants and increased number of vehicles on the roads are also increasing pollution. With the economy of India growing, pollution in India is also growing.

Air, water, environment, sound and soil can all be contaminated. Air contamination leads to air pollution. Similarly water pollution, environment pollution, sound pollution and soil pollution are caused due to the pollutants in them. Each of these pollutions will affect the people in their own ways.

Air pollution:

If the level of pollutants in the air is in such quantities that are injurious to human, animal and plant life then we can say air pollution has taken place. Air pollution is caused due to a variety of reasons like increased number of vehicles, smoke from burning fuels and factories. Industrialization and modernization are to be blamed for the present situation of air pollution.

Industries such as thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petrochemicals and mines emit chemical pollutants into the air causing air pollution. The air pollution is causing reduction of ozone layer which is important to protect earth from ultra violet rays that come from the sun.

Water Pollution:

Water is being contaminated by various foreign matters. Water is thus losing its quality. Water is polluted in various ways. It can be polluted by industrial waste, agricultural waste, and landfills. Nearly 80% of wastages from cities and towns in India are diverted to rivers.

In this way rivers are getting polluted and water is becoming unfit for usage by human beings. Aquatic animals are also dying due to this pollution, water from sewarages is also directed into the rivers which cause development of various bacteria in the water making them not even suitable for bathing.

Noise pollution:

Noise pollution is mainly caused by transportation and construction system. Noise pollution not only causes damage to the environment but shows negative effect on human health. Human beings who are exposed to noise pollution will develop high BP,stress, hearing loss, sleep disturbances and aggression. Using noise barriers, driving the vehicles slowly, using special tyres etc can help lower sound pollution.

The problem of noise pollution should be paid more attention. Though noise pollution is a major issue, no laws are existing in many cities of the world to control it. Noise pollution in seas and oceans is also increasing due to ship traffic and oil drilling. This is affecting the hearing sense of animals.

Soil pollution:

Soil is being polluted by pesticides, oil and fuel dumping, landfill wastes, industrial wastes etc. Chemical wastes from factories are being directly dumped on the soil and it is contaminating the soil. Increasing urbanization, decrease in agricultural lands, increase in domestic wastage, agricultural activities, industrial activities are all contributing to soil pollution in India.

Plastic factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, animal farms, coal fired power plants, nuclear waste, disposal activities are the main sources of soil pollution. Effects of soil pollution are dangerous. They may cause acid rains which can kill trees and other plants. It disrupts the balance of nature. Soil pollution is also dangerous to wildlife. Pesticides used more than required can damage the crops and poison birds, animals and fishes.

Or will the Dreamer Wake? (Poem) Summary in English

Medora Chevalier is a 21st century poet. She is a well-known writer of present day. She writes about contemporary themes. In this poem – “Or will the Dreamer Wake?” She writes about how the animals would become extinct if they are not protected.

The poet deals with four endangered species from different parts of the world. To start with east, the poet thinks of the Asiatic tiger. The poet thinks that the tigress is heard only by the huge trees. She growls in pain. She has the next generation in her. The cubs that she is to give birth to would be the last ones to live and mate freely on this earth. Our grand children would only read of the animal called tiger in their books.

Then the poet thinks of the Polar Bear in the Northern Arctic Region, Which is snuffling down in her hair the gleaming snow under its feet. In the den she has under the crashing glaciers, she has her cubs. These cubs would be the last Polar Bear Cubs in the world. Generations later, the kids would study about an animal called Polar Bear and its existence. They may need the help of a wake up from a dream to understand it.

In the West, there are the yellow Thrush Warbles, who also is facing the same problem of extinction. Warbles are a species of small noisy birds in USA. The Warbles holds her nest for a long time, in search of a partner. At last it got a partner and she had laid eggs as well. She was frightened that these eggs which are to be hatched are to be the last one to fly, to sing and to mate. The generations to emerge are not to hear the song of the Warbles.

In the South, the South Ocean, or the Antarctic Ocean, which has a lot of Whales in it. There are a thousand other creatures in the ocean, which are waiting for a glorious moment, which she gives birth to the calf. That child would be last whale to swim across the oceans and shake them. Our grand children may study about the giant creatures on the world once were the whales.

Where we stand now is the centre, where the four directions join together. The path may lead us to ups or downs. The world now seems to be bright. This is the last brightness that we have on.this world. This would be the last true moment that we are to have, to make our choices. The poet is clear that the present bday human beings did not wake up to respond to protect the endangered species even now by saying, “And did the dreamer wake?”.

About the Author:

Medora Chevalier is a 21st century poet. She is a well-known writer of present day. She writes about contemporary themes. In this poem – “Or will the Dreamer Wake?” she writes about how the animals would become extinct if they are not protected.

Glossary:

Plaintive (adj) = sad
Growls = to utter a deep guttural sound of anger or hostility
Roam = towanderoverorthrough
Snuffle (v) = to breathe noisily
Gleaming (adj) = shining softly
Glacier (n) = a large mass of ice which usually moves slowly down a mountain
Warbles (v) = to sing with a high continuous but quickly changing sound
Clutch = to seize with or as with the hands or claws
Birth fills (n) = the process of giving birth to a baby
Solemn (adj) = very serious and not happy

Telangana SCERT TS 10th Class English Guide Pdf Unit 6A Environment Textbook Questions and Answers.

TS 10th Class English Guide Unit 6A Environment

Bio-Diversity:

Question 1.
What do you see in the first picture? Do you like it? If not, why not?
Answer:
In the first picture, there is a lot of garbage dumped on a river bank. The entire place looks very dirty, and it is not the usual river bank scene, one does expect. No, I do not like the place for the simple reason of the unhealthy atmosphere and the ugliness of the place.

Question 2.
How is the second picture different from the first? Do you feel good about it? Give reasons for your view.
Answer:
The second picture is of a beautiful countryside, with a lot of greenery and well designed houses. I do love it and would like to live there as well, just because of the beauty it holds. It is very healthy as well.

Oral Discourse:

Question.
Debate – “Human beings cannot live on this earth without causing threat to the nature.”
Answer:
The unity of man and nature. Human beings live in the realm of nature, they are constantly surrounded by it and interact with it. The most intimate part of nature in relation to man is the biosphere, the thin envelope embracing the earth, its soil cover, and everything else that is alive.

Our environment, although outside us, has within us not only its image, as something both actually and imaginatively reflected, but also its material energy and information channels and processes. This presence of nature in an ideal, materialised, energy and information form in man’s Self is so organic that when these external natural principles disappear, man himself disappears from life. If we lose nature’s image, we lose our life.

Everything, from each separate cell of a living organism to the organism as a whole, generates bioenergy. Just as the bioenergy of the separate cell goes beyond its boundaries, so the bioenergy of the organs and the organism as a whole extends beyond their boundaries, forming a luminous aura.

As the ancient acupuncture therapists intuitively established, bioenergy and bioinformation move along special channels (meridians) forming a complex structure, in which all the components of the living whole interact both with themselves and with the external world. Energy-information interactions are a vital dimension of any living system, including that of man as the highest stage in the hierarchy of the structures of existence known to science.

Man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the water he drinks, the food he eats, and the flow of energy and information. And many of his troubles are a response to the natural processes and changes in the weather, intensified irradiation of cosmic energy, and the magnetic storms that rage around the earth. In short, we are connected with nature by “blood” ties and we cannot live outside nature. During their temporary departures from Earth spacemen take with them a bit of the biosphere.

Nowhere does nature affect humanity in exactly the same way. Its influence varies. Depending on where human beings happen to be on the earth’s surface, it assigns them varying quantities of light, warmth, water, precipitation, flora and fauna. Human history offers any number of examples of how environmental conditions and the relief of our planet have promoted or retarded human development.

Comprehension:

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How are people’s basic needs connected with the environment?
Answer:
People’s basic needs are clean drinking water, food, energy (which is mostly firewood), building material, fodder for the animals. And all these come from the environment. Hence we know that people’s basic needs are connected with environment.

Question 2.
Wangari Maathai has described the environment of her childhood in the interview. Is the environment of her childhood different from the environment you live in? If yes, in what ways?
Answer:
Yes, the childhood environment of Wangari Maathai is entirely different from the environment I live in at present. Her childhood environment was very pristine, very beautiful and very ’ green whereas my environment includes all the human made things and the natural things like plants and trees are scarcely found. Her environment is pollution free one with fresh air whereas mine is damaged because of comfortable means of living and indiscriminate destruction of forests.

Question 3.
According to Maathai, how are women responsible for the protection of the environment?
Answer:
Women are the people who have led the movement started by Maathai. They work in the farms, and they are the people who have taken the initiative to plant the trees. They are the people who have collected the seeds, planted them in the broken pots, grown them into saplings, taken care of them, planted them in the soil and protected them for the next few years, so that they do grow well. Thus women are responsible for the protection of the environment.

Question 4.
What is the specific message of Wangari Maathai?
Answer:
The specific message of Wangari Maathai is to plant a tree and take care of it. According to her, planting a sapling means planting a future for ourselves, for our children, birds, animals and so on. A tree planted is a symbol, something which is going to last long, even after our death.

Question 5.
List the transformations that Wangari Maathai was able to bring about over the years. Which one of them is the biggest in your opinion? .
Answer:
The ability of ordinary, illiterate women in planting trees and protecting the trees led to their financial and social independence. Having a sense of pride, a sense of dignity owing to their independence was an interesting transformation. Another transformation was that of the landscape. The places became dustfree. Another important transformation is the people were willing to fight for their rights. I think that every transformation is important. The first transformation is the biggest of all.

Question 6.
Maathai said, “When we plant a tree we plant hope.” What does she mean by this?
Answer:
She meant that a tree is a wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree, we plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.

Question 7.
Wangari Maathai in her interview with NHK Radio often repeats phrases /sentences probably to emphasize her point.
For example: referring to women-groups she says:
They’re the ones who plant.
They’re the ones who cultivate.
They’re the ones who produce food.
Pick out from the text (of her Interview) such repetitions and write them down and
find out what she is emphasizing in each context
Answer:
What is happening in Somalia’?
‘What is happening in the Sudan’?
‘What ¡s happening in West Africa’?
The above repetitions emphasize Wangari Maathai’s hope in creating a peaceful
environ ment.
‘We plant a tree, we plant a hope.’
‘We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds.’
‘We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.’
The above repetitions emphasize Wangari Maathai’s message to people insisting the
importance of rehabilitation of a peaceful environment.

II. Pick out the correct choice in each of the following:

Question 1.
We have allowed some people, especially those in power, to acquire a lot at the expense of the majority.
The underlined phrase means:
a) with a loss or damage to the majority
b) by spending money on the majority
Answer:
a) with a loss or damage to the majority.

Question 2.
What was the implication of the growth of exotic trees, such as the pines and the eucalyptus for the environment?
a) It increases timber business.
b) Forests were not able to contain water.
Answer:
b) Forests were not able to contain water.

Question 3.
When women started working with Maathai, they learnt___________________ .
a) to become very competent foresters.
b) to grow and transplant seedlings.
Answer:
a) to become very competent foresters.

Question 4.
Maathal’s efforts will inspire the people
a) to stop wasting their resources.
b) to use their resources miserly.
Answer:
a) to stop wasting their resources.

Vocabulary:

I. Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the words from the box that have the same meaning.

Question 1.
The government is trying to bring back normalcy in the riot-hit areas of the city.
Answer:
The government is trying to restore normalcy in the riot-hit areas of the city.

Question 2.
Wangari Maathai fought for the same privileges for men and women in Africa.
Answer:
Wangari Maathai fought for the equal rights for men and women in Africa.

Question 3.
I cannot hold my attention on any subject for a long time.
Answer:
I cannot sustain my attention on any subject for a long time.

Question 4.
The poster is offensive and disrespects women.
Answer:
The poster is offensive and degrades women.

Question 5.
Some people argue that the wealth in this world should be distributed fairly and reasonably among all.
Answer:
Some people argue that the wealth in this world should be distributed equitably among all.

Question 6.
After certain amount of growth the seedlings have to be taken out and shifted elsewhere for further growth.
Answer:
After certain amount of growth the seedlings have to be taken out and transplanted elsewhere for further growth.

Question 7.
She travels to all kinds of exciting locations all over the world.
Answer:
She travels to all kinds of exotic locations all over the world.

Question 8.
The Tirumala hills are covered by lush green plants.
Answer:
The Tirumala hills are covered by lush green vegetation.

Question 9.
The judge advised the disputing parties to settle through discussion.
Answer:
The judge advised the disputing parties to settle through negotiation.

Question 10.
The alcohol addict has to be put in a recovery centre for becoming a normal person.
Answer:
The alcohol addict has to be put in a rehabilitation centre for becoming a normal person.

II. Read the following sentence and notice the underlined words. What are the following persons called?

Wangari Maathai is an environmentalist and has a lot of interest in ecology.

In the above sentence ‘environmentalist’ stands for’a person who is concerned about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it’. ‘Ecology’ stands for ‘the study of relation of animals and plants to their surroundings. ‘Both the words stand for many words. So they are called ‘one-word substitutes’.

What are the following persons called?

Question 1.
A person who studies the human race, especially of its origins.
Answer:
Anthropologist

Question 2.
A person who studies the remains of buildings and objects found in the ground.
Answer:
Archaeologist

Question 3.
A person who studies birds scientifically.
Answer:
Ornithologist

Question 4.
A doctor who studies and treats heart diseases.
Answer:
Cardiologist

Question 5.
A scientist who studies the mind of a person.
Answer:
Psychologist

Question 6.
A person who studies languages.
Answer:
Linguist

III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the underlined words.

Question 1.
It is everyone’s duty to keep the environs clean, with the co-operation of the citizens the government can protect the _________.
Answer:
environment

Question 2.
The government of the day should show its capability by providing good _________ to people.
Answer:
governance

Question 3.
Wangari Maathai was successful in transforming women of Africa and the _________ made her happy.
Answer:
transformation

Question 4.
We must restore our environment and always try to ensure its _________.
Answer:
restoration

Question 5.
Natural resources in this world can be sustained if only there is _________ management of them.
Answer:
sustainable

Question 6.
Wangari Maathai is an environment activist. Her _________ led her to win Nobel Peace Prize.
Answer:
activities

Question 7.
We were trying to respond to the basic needs of the people in the rural areas. Our _________ was well received by them.
Answer:
response

Question 8.
In a developed country, the _________ is balanced.
Answer:
development

IV. Tick (✓) the meaning of the word underlined as suggested in the context.

Question 1.
‘For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree/ said Wangari Maathai.
a) a living thing with stem, roots, branches and leaves
b) put seeds in the ground to grow
Answer:
b) put seeds in the ground to grow

Question 2.
My uncle wants to build a chemical plant in Hyderabad.
a) a product
b) a factory
Answer:
b) a factory

Question 3.
Applicants must have a clean driving licence.
a) complete
b) never done anything wrong
Answer:
b) never done anything wrong

Question 4.
He thinks that he should either resign or come clean.
a) free from dirt
b) as not corrupt
Answer:
b) as not corrupt

Question 5.
Rest your hand on my shoulder.
a) the remaining part
b) support
Answer:
b) support

Question 6.
All our hopes rest on you.
a) support
b) depend
Answer:
b) depend

Question 7.
A publisher’s note says: all rights reserved.
a) authority
b) interests
Answer:
a) authority

Question 8.
I want this parcel to be sent right away.
a) immediately
b) completely
Answer:
a) immediately

Question 9.
He knew this was his last hope of winning.
a) final
b) most recent
Answer:
a) final

Question 10.
The last thing she needed was more and more work.
a) the only remaining part
b) most recent
Answer:
a) the only remaining part

Grammar:

I. Non-finite clauses
Read the following sentences and notice the underlined words.
1. Nightingale is a European singing bird.
2. The degraded environment is causing a lot of havoc.

Here, singing and degraded are non-finite verbs (participle form) and they are used as adjectives.
When you add -ing/-ed/-en to a verb and if it functions as an adjective then, it is a non- finite verb.

Read the following sentences and notice the underlined words.
I asked the foresters to come and teach them.
Non-finite verbs that use ‘to’ before them are called ‘infinitives’.

Non -finite clauses:-
Non -finite clauses are simply dependent clauses that use non- finite verbs. They don’t contain a finite verb. In these clauses the verb is in a participle or infinite form.

A. Underline the non-finite clauses in the following sentences.

Question 1.
Born in London, he became the citizen of U.K.
Answer:
Born in London

Question 2.
Having done his homework, he went out to play.
Answer:
Having done his homework

Question 3.
Recognized by his boss, he got an appreciation letter.
Answer:
Recognized by his boss

Question 4.
Encouraged by his father, Ravi got distinction in his final examination.
Answer:
Encouraged by his father

Question 5.
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.
Answer:
With the tree grown tall

Question 6.
We left the room and went home to search for the books.
Answer:
to search for the books

Question 7.
Do we have the money to buy that car?
Answer:
to buy that car

Question 8.
We were not able to get away until now.
Answer:
to get away until now.

Question 9.
Having read the book, I returned it to the Library.
Answer:
Having read the book

Question 10.
Jumping on his horse, the farmer rode to the market.
Answer:
Jumping on his horse

B. Observe how the following sentences have been rewritten to include nonfinite clauses.

1. Vincent Van Gogh, who was born in Holland in 1853, is one of the world’s most famous painters.
Born in Holland in 1853, Vincent Van Gogh is one of the world’s famous painters.

2. Although his talent was unrecognized throughout his life, it was much appreciated after his death.
Although unrecognized throughout his life, his talent was much appreciated after his death.

3. After he had failed in every career he had attempted, Van Gogh first turned to art to express his strong religious feelings.
Having failed in every career he had attempted, Van Gogh first turned to art to express his strong feelings.

Rewrite the following sentences to include non-finite clauses.

Question 1.
After he had decided to become a painter, in about 1880, he started to paint studies of peasants and miners.
Answer:
Having decided to become a painter, in about i880, he started to paint studies of peasants and miners.

Question 2.
During the next few years, which are known as his ‘Dutch period’, he produced paintings with rather dark greenish-brown colours.
Answer:
The next few years, known as his ‘Dutch period’, he produced paintings with rather dark greenish-brown colours.

Question 3.
In 1886, when he went to Paris to visit his brother Theo, he was immediately attracted to the Impressionist work he saw there. He decided to stay in Paris and continued his painting there.
Answer:
In 1886, after going to Paris to visit his brother Theo, after seeing and immediately getting attracted to the Impressionist work there, he decided to stay in Paris and continued his painting there.

Question 4.
He was encouraged by Pissaro to use more colour in his pictures and his subsequent paintings were bright and immensely colourful.
Answer:
Encouraged by Pissaro to use more colour in his pictures, his subsequent paintings were bright and immensely colourful.

Question 5.
After Van Gogh had moved to Arles in the south of France, in 1888, he worked frantically.
Answer:
Having moved to Arles in the south of France in 1888, Van Gogh worked frantically.

Question 6.
This frenzied activity, which was interrupted by bouts of deep depression and despair, produced the majority of his most famous paintings.
Answer:
Interrupted by bouts of deep depression and despair, this frenzied activity produced the majority of his most famous paintings.

Question 7.
One of these, which is called Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear, showing Van Gogh. He was wearing a bandage after cutting off his ear, committed suicide a year later in 1890.
Answer:
One of these called a Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear, shows Van Gogh, wearing a bandage after he had cut off his ear. A year later, in 1890, he committed suicide.

Question 8.
A lot is known about Van Gogh’s life and his feelings because of the hundreds of letters, ‘ which were written by him to his brother Theo and others.
Answer:
A lot is known about Van Gogh’s life and his feelings because of the hundreds of letters, written by him to his brother Theo and others.

Question 9.
His brother always encouraged him in his work because he believed in Van Gogh’s genius. He was the person closest to Van Gogh.
Answer:
Believing (believed) in Van Gogh’s genius, his brother, the closest person to Van Gogh always encouraged him in his work.

II. Reported speech

Apart from the ground rules that are laid down for reporting in traditional grammar ‘ books, there are certain other principles that are to be followed to make the speech appealing.

Suppose you want to tell somebody what Ram said. There are two ways of doing this:

You can repeat Ram’s words (direct speech).
Ram said,’I am feeling ill.

Or you can use reported speech:
Ram said that he was feeling ill.

It is not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report something and the situation hasn’t changed, you need not change the verb to the past:
Direct : Neelima said, ‘My new job is.very interesting.
Reported : Neelima said that her new job is very interesting.
(The situation hasn’t changed. Her job is still interesting.)

Direct : Ravi said, ‘I want to go to New York next year.
Reported : Ravi told me that he wants to go to New York next year.
(Ravi still wants to go to New York next year.)

You can also change the verb to the past:
Neelima said that her new job was very interesting.
Ravi told me that he wanted to go to New York the following year.

The past simple (did/saw/knew etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change to past perfect (had done/had seen/had known etc.):

Direct : Ravi said:’I woke up feeling.ill, so I didn’t go to work.”
Reported : Ravi said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didn’t go to work, or Ravi said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.

Look at the following conversation and notice how it is reported.

NHK Radio : How is peace connected to a good environment?
Wangari Maathai : Many wars that are fought in the world are fought over natural resources. Some wars are fought because the environment is so degraded that it is not able to support communities and so they fight over the little that is left. Others are fought because some people want to take a lot of the resources, to control them, and to keep many other people out.

Reported speech of the above conversation:
NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai how peace was connected to a good environment.

She answered that many wars that were fought in the world were fought over natural resources. Some wars were fought because the environment was so degraded that it was not able to support communities and so they fought over the little that was left. Others were fought because some people wanted to take a lot of the resources, to control them, and to keep many other people out.

A. Write the following in Reported Speech:
NHK Radio : What is the one thing we can do ?
Wangari Maathai : For me, my greatest activity is to plant a tree. I think that a tree is a wonderful symbol for the environment and when we plant a tree we plant hope. We plant the future for ourselves, for our children, for the birds. We plant something that will last, long after we are gone.

Answer:
NHK Radio asked Wangari Maathai what was the one thing that they could do. She answered that the greatest activity was to plant a tree for her. She thought that tree was a wonderful symbol for the environment and when they planted a tree they planted hope. They planted the future for themselves, for their children, for the birds. They planted something that would last, long after they were gone.

B. Report the following dialogue:
Man : I’m doing a survey on shopping habits.
Woman : OK. As long as it doesn’t take long.
Man : How often do you eat hamburgers?
Woman : Never. I’m a vegetarian. I don’t eat any animal products.
Man : Right! Can I just ask you a personal question? Are you wearing leather shoes?
Woman : Yes, lam.
Man : Don’t you think that’s rather hypocritical?
Woman : No, not really.
Man : Oh, that’s amusing.

Answer:
The man said that he was doing a survey on shopping habits. Acknowledging it the woman said that she would answer the questions if they didn’t take much time. The man asked her how often she ate hamburgers. The woman replied that she never ate as she was a vegetarian and she didn’t eat any animal products. Then, the man sought her to permit to ask personal question and enquires if she was wearing leather shoes. The woman said that she was. The man asked her if she didn’t think that was rather hypocritical. The woman said she really didn’t. Finally the man said that her statement was only amusing.

Writing:

You have read the interview with Wangari Maathai. You know how and what type of questions have been asked by the interviewer. Imagine that you have decided to interview someone concerned with environment. You may include the following:
1. issues relating to the environment
2. the causes
3. actions that could be taken to save the environment
Answer.
Mr. Gogoi is one of the famous environmental activists. He wants to protect the ecosystem. He mainly concentrates on anti-dam campaign. He uses the RTI act as an instrument for social mobilization. He also starts the anti-corruption movement. He resists the massive eviction drive throughout Assam. Given below is my interview with Mr. Gogoi.

I. Why are you protesting against the construction of large dams in northeastern India?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
The rivers have been flowing down since the hills from the ancient times to give us life and livelihood. Our farmers are hugely dependent on the rivers. Dams will destroy this strong bond between the river and the people. The ecology of Assam is part of the ecology ofArunachal Pradesh. Assam bears the cost of developmental projects in Arunachal Pradesh. One big dam is enough for all the people in the Northeast.

But the dams in Arunachal Pradesh are not being built to supply power for local people. They are being constructed to supply power to corporations. This is corporatization of water. Water should be a community resource. Before constructing a big dam, we should have a very proper, genuine scientific study on the river and the ecosystem. No such study was conducted.

I. Your anti-dam campaign has largely focused on the 2,000 megawatt Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric Project on the border of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, which is now roughly 50 percent completed. In 2011, you led a protest movement to block the turbines from reaching the construction site. How did you do that?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
KMSS, along with other organizations, succeeded in mobilizing the farmers and middle classes on the dam question. Hundreds of thousands of people had involved in the process. We chopped down huge trees on the road. We dug a trench. We blocked roads with electric poles. All the roads were blocked. The government accused us of being Maoists, Naxalites, and carrying on an armed struggle. But we are not. Ours is a ferocious resistance and we have put all our energy against this dam.

I. How do you use Right to Information requests to fight corruption and why is this method so important to your movement?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
First we get all the information we need for using the RTI and then we start to fight.
The base of our popularity comes from the use of the RTI Act as an instrument for social mobilization and our anti-corruption movement. The anti-corruption movement made KMSS possible. This is why the middle class has accepted us.

I. Last year, KMSS opened “fair price” vegetable stalls in Guwahati, the capital of Assam. What does this achieve?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
We tried to address two questions. The price of vegetables is high for consumers, but the farmers get very little for their crops. A farmer gets only get 1.5 rupees per kilogram of tomatoes but the consumer has to buy it for 30 to 40 rupees. The profit goes to the brokers, not to the producers. We wanted to establish a market that directly connects producers and consumers. We understand that this is a temporary experiment. But it shows that price control as well as profits to the producers can be provided by sincere state effort.

I. You recently announced plans to start a political party in 2015. Will you be contesting in the elections?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
In the next elections we are going to form a party, but not fight for parliamentary elections. The issue has been continuously debated within the organization. The party is for social and democratic reform and revolution. Till now, KMSS is a mass organization, and no mass organization can bring about serious change. Only a strong political party can achieve this.

I. The movement you led in 2002 against the forest department’s eviction drive launched you as an activist beyond student politics. What happened?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
There was a massive eviction drive by the Forest Department throughout Assam. I was one of the five students from Guwahati University, who went to Tengani area in Nambar Reserve Forest in Golaghat district. We found many houses burned and others demolished by the Forest Department’s elephants. We held a meeting and formed an organization to resist the eviction drive and my real movement was started.

On Aug. 7, 2002, we led a protest from Tengani to the district headquarters – in Golaghat 40 kilometers away. We went on foot, 10,000 to 15,000 people, starting at 4 a.m. In Golaghat town we fought against the police. After quarreling for an hour, the deputy commissioner came and he gave an assurance that no eviction drive would happen in Tengani area before discussing it with the people. It was the first time I spoke about land rights.

I. How was KMSS formed and what issues does it care about the most?
Answer:
Mr.Gogoi:
After two years in Tengani, we had an intense confrontation with the government.
The police and the ruling Congress party were strongly opposing us. We could not resist the government in such a small area, so we decided that we must spread the democratic mass movement all across Assam. On June 28, 2005, we began a bicycle procession with 200 people, split into two teams.

One went to lower Assam, and the other to upper Assam. We met many flood-affected people and people living in the forests in every district of Assam. This was a big source of learning for us, and we connected with many local organizations and NGOs throughout the state. After one month, we gathered in Tezpur town and formed the KMSS.

We demand land reforms in Assam. Land must be distributed to peasants and farmers. Our second demand is for community rights over natural resources. And third is to find a solution to problems of flooding and erosion. Also, we want 100 percent irrigation in paddy fields.
(This interview has been slightly edited and condensed.)

Environment Summary in English

(Wangari Muta Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan , environmental and political activist In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women’s rights. In 1986, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, and in 2004, she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for “her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace”. The given lesson is an excerpt from her interview with NHK Radio (Japan).

Wangari Maathai says that the efforts of the Green Belt Movement were to respond to the basic needs of the people in the rural areas. She says that Kenya had undergone severe environmental degradation due to the attitude of the colonial rulers. Kenya, which was colonialised by the British had a lot of indigenous forests in the forested mountains which worked as water to wers.

These forests were cleared for establishing commercial plantations of exotic species of trees like the Pines and Eucalyptus. Though these movements have had its say in the commercial timber industry, it happened at the cost of the local biological diversity. These trees, which grew faster extracted water from the soils and precipitated that back to the atmosphere. The result was severe water shortage, drying up of underground water resources, severe changes in the rain patterns and the greater loss of local bio-diversity.

This was well reflected in the very first United Nations Conference for Women in Mexico in 1975, many of the women were saying, “We need food, we need water, we need clean drinking water, we need fodder for our animals.” This was the turning point from where Wangari Maathai started her movement.

Her first attempt was to make the people plant and take care of the indigenous plants and trees, by growing the seeds and then transplanting them. Even that had some troubles as the women were not trained for that. As the training attempt with the help of the foresters failed, she inspired the ladies to use the common sense, and grow plants in pots and all. These trees can grow and meet the needs, as the trees grow faster in the tropical regions. People need trees for fire wood and building purposes.

Wangari Maathai is of the opinion that the people of the nation do ask for the basic needs of people in the rural areas; and people are asking for clean drinking water, for food, for energy (which is mostly firewood), for building material, for fodder for the animals. All these need to come from the nature. Once it gets degraded then the life of common people gets into trouble. She also feels that planting trees is not just the solution, for there are some other things to be done as well.

For this, the government needs to organize programmes and take care of them. Though there were movements or wars, they were for the sake of their supremacy or the control over it, but not for the sake of the environment. According to her, the theme is like an African stool, with three legs and the basin on which you sit. The three legs: one leg is peace, the other leg is good governance, and the third leg is sustainable management of resources. When you have those three legs, you can put the basin, which is development. And if you try to balance that stool without those three, it won’t happen.

What she had understood from the given scenario was that the best way to protect the environment is by organizing the illiterate and ordinary women, who could plant trees, grow them, meet the needs and even sell them. The women are now proud of what they have achieved. The landscape also has got changes. The dust filled land now has green lush growing and are even inhabited by birds and animals. The third change is that of the people, who now come willingly forward, to be a part of the movement. She becomes more humble, to accept that the efforts she had started which has become an inspiration for a lot many such struggling communities around the world.

Glossary:

Green Belt Movement (n) = a movement to protect environment,
Nobel Peace Prize = The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel
respond (v) = to say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done
discontent (n) = a feeling of wanting better treatment or an improved situation
fodder (n) = food for farm animals
forested (adj) = covered with forests
pristine (adj) = fresh or clean
indigenous (adj) = native
biological diversity (n) = the variety of plants and animals in a particular place
exotic species (n) = unusual plants
commercial plantations (n) = a long, artificially-established mini forest, farm or estate, which is grown for commercial purposes.
flora (n) = all the plants of a particular place
fauna (n) = all the animals of a given region
downstream (adj) = with or in the direction of the current of a stream,
illiterate (n) = the person who is unable to read or write,
germinate (v) = to develop into a plant or individual, as a seed, spore,
seedlings (n) = a plant or tree grown from a seed.
rehabilitate (v) = to restore to a condition of good health, ability to work, or the like.
landscape (n) = a section or expanse of rural scenery, usually extensive, that can be seen from a single viewpoint.
profound (adj) = penetrating or entering deeply into subjects of thought or knowledge
ensure (v) = to make sure or certain
negotiations (n) = mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement
conflict (v) = to come into collision or disagreement.