AP Inter 1st Year

Reviewing AP Inter 1st Year Telugu Study Material Grammar సంధులు can help students prepare confidently for exams.

AP Intermediate 1st Year Telugu Grammar సంధులు

సంధి : పూర్వ పరస్వరములకు, పరస్వరంబు ఏకాదేశంబు అగుట, సంధి యనబడుతుంది.

సంధి వివరణము : రెండు పదాల కలయికను ‘సంధి’ అని అంటారు. సంధి రెండు పదాల మధ్య జరుగుతుంది. పరపదం లేదా మొదటి పదాన్ని ‘పూర్వపదం’ అంటారు. రెండవ పదాన్ని పరపదం లేదా ఉత్తరపదం అంటారు. పూర్వపదంలో ఉండే చివరి అచ్చును, ‘పూర్వస్వరము’ అంటారు. పరపదము లేక ఉత్తర పదములోని మొదటి అచ్చును, ‘పరస్వరము’ అంటారు. సంధి జరిగినపుడు పూర్వస్వరము లోపిస్తుంది. పూర్వ స్వరము స్థానములో పరస్వరము ఏకాదేశంగా వస్తుంది. ‘ఏకాదేశం’ అంటే, పూర్వపర స్వరాలలో ఒక్క పరస్వరమే మిగులుతుంది.

సంధులు ప్రధానంగా రెండు రకాలుగా ఉంటాయి.

1. తెలుగు సంధులు
2. సంస్కృత సంధులు

తెలుగు సంధులు

తెలుగు పదాల మధ్య జరిగేవి, ‘తెలుగు సంధులు’. ఇవి అత్త్వ, ఇత్త్వ, ఉత్త్వ, యడాగమ, సరళాదేశ, గసడదవాదేశ సంధులు మొదలయినవి.

1) అత్త్వసంధి : సూత్రము : “అత్తునకు సంధి బహుళముగానగు”.
ఉదా :

1. గ్రుచ్చిన + అట్లే = గ్రుచ్చినట్లే
2. వేడుక + ಎಲ್ಲ = వేడుకెల్ల

అత్తు అంటే హ్రస్వమైన ‘అ’కారం. బహుళం అంటే సంధి అనేక రూపాలలో (నాలుగు రూపాలుగా) జరగటం. అవి :
1. ప్రవృతి : సంధి తప్పనిసరిగా జరగడం (నిత్యం)
ఉదా : రామ + అయ్య = రామయ్య

2. అప్రవృత్తి : సంధి జరగకపోవడం
ఉదా : దూత + ఇతడు = దూతయితడు

3. వైకల్పికం/విభాష : సంధి జరగవచ్చు, జరగకపోవడం
ఉదా : వేడుక + ಎಲ್ಲ = వేడుకెల్ల/వేడుకయెల్ల

4. అన్యకార్యం : జరగవలసిన వ్యాకరణ కార్యానికి బదులుగా మరొకటి జరగడం
ఉదా : ఒక + ఒక = ఒకానొక

2) ఇత్త్వసంధి : సూత్రము : ఏమ్యాదుల యిత్తునకు సంధి వైకల్పికముగానగు.
ఉదా : ఏమి + అంటివి = ఏమంటివి, ఏమియంటివి
ఇత్తు అంటే హ్రస్వమైన ‘ఇ’ కారం. ఏమ్యాదులు అంటే ఏమి, అది, ఇది …………….
వైకల్పికం అంటే సంధి జరిగితే ఒక రూపం జరగకపోతే మరొక రూపం రావడం.

3) ఉత్త్వసంధి : సూత్రము : ఉత్తునకచ్చు పరంబగునపుడు సంధియగు.
ఉదా :

• నీకు + ఎల్లవారు = నీకె
• కన్నీర + ఒలికిన = కన్నీరొలికిన
• పందెము + ఒడ్డెద = పందెమొడ్డేద
• దొంగలకు + ఇత్తురు = దొంగలకిత్తురు

4) యడాగమసంధి : సూత్రము : సంధి లేని చోట స్వరంబు కంటే పరంబైన స్వరంబునకు యడాగమంబగు.
ఉదా :

• మా + ఊరు = మాయూరు
• మా + ಇಲ್ಲು = మాయిల్లు

5) గసడదవాదేశ సంధి: సూత్రము : ప్రథమము మీది పరుషములకు గ, స, డ, ద, వ లు బహుళముగానగు.
ఉదా :

• ఏమి + చేయుదు = ఏమిసేయుదు
• కడుపు + చొచ్చినను = కడుపుసొచ్చిన

6) టుగాగమ సంధి: సూత్రము – 1 : కర్మధారయ సమాసంలో ఉత్తునకు అచ్చుపరమైనపుడు టుగాగమంబగు.
ఉదా :

• నిలువు + అద్దము = నిలువుటద్దము
• సరసపు + అలుక = సరసపుటలుక

సూత్రము 2 : కర్మధారయమునందు పేర్వాది శబ్దములకు అచ్చు పరమైనపుడు టుగాగమం వైకల్పికంబగు.
ఉదా :

• చిగురు + ఆకు = చిగురాకు, చిగురుటాకు
• పల్లె + ఊరు = పల్లెటూరు

వివరణ : 1) ‘టు’ గాగమం అంటే ‘ట్’ అనే వర్ణం ఆగమంగా రావడం.
2) పేర్వాది శబ్దములు అంటే పేరు మొదలయిన పదములు.

7) సరళాదేశ సంధి :
సూత్రము – 1: ద్రుత ప్రకృతికము మీది పరుషములకు సరళములగు.
ఉదా : ప్రజలన్ + కాచుచు = ప్రజలఁగాచుచు

సూత్రము 2 : ఆదేశ సరళములకు ముందున్న ద్రుతమునకు బిందు సంశ్లేషలు విభాషనగు.
ఉదా : నేలన్ + పడి = నేలఁబడి

సంస్కృత సంధులు

సంధిలోని రెండు పదములూ, సంస్కృతభాషకు చెందినవి అయితే, దానిని ‘సంస్కృత సంధి’ అంటారు. సంస్కృత సంధులలో ముఖ్యంగా మనము నేర్చుకోవలసిన సంధులు. ఇవి

1. సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి,
2. గుణసంధి,
3. వృద్ధి సంధి,
4. యణాదేశ సంధి

1) సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి : సూత్రము : అ,ఇ, ఉ, ఋ కారములకు సవర్ణములైన అచ్చులు పరమైనప్పుడు దీర్ఘము ఏకాదేశముగా వచ్చును. సవర్ణం అంటే సమాన వర్ణం అని అర్థం.
ఉదా : అ = అ ఆ, ఇ – ఇ ఈ, ఉ = ఉ ఊ, ఋ = ఋ ౠ లు సవర్ణాలు.
ఉదా :

• మోహన + అక్షరములు = మోహనాక్షరములు
• కార్య + అర్థి = కార్యార్థి
• సీత + అన్వేషణ = సీతాన్వేషణ
• కృత + అర్థుడు = కృతార్థుడు
• యుగ + అంత = యుగాంతం
• పరమ + ఆప్తులు = పరమాప్తులు
• మంజుల + ఆకార = మంజులాకార
• కవి + ఇంద్రుడు = కవీంద్రుడు
• భాను + ఉదయం = భానూదయం
• మాతృ + ఋణం = మాతౄణం

2) గుణసంధి సూత్రము : అకారమునకు ఇ, ఉ, ఋకారములు పరమైనపుడు క్రమముగా ఏ, ఓ, అర్ లు ఏకాదేశమగును. ఏ, ఓ, అర్ లను గుణములు
అంటారు.
ఉదా :

• నర + ఇంద్ర = నరేంద్ర
• మహా + ఉన్నతి = మహోన్నతి
• దేవ + ఋషి = దేవర్షి
• లంక + ఈశ్వరుడు = లంకేశ్వరుడు
• విశ్వ + ఈశుడు = విశ్వేశుడు
•  ధీర + ఉత్తములు = ధీరోత్తములు

3) యణాదేశ సంధి సూత్రము : ఇ, ఉ, ఋలకు అసవర్ణములైన అచ్చులు పరమైతే క్రమంగా య, వ, ర లు ఆదేశమగును.
ఉదా :

• అతి + ఉగ్ర = అత్యుగ్ర
• ప్రతి + అక్షము = ప్రత్యక్షము
• అతి + అంత = అత్యంత
• మధు + అరి = మధ్వరి
• పితృ + అంశ = పిత్రంశ

AP Intermediate 1st Year Telugu Textbook Solutions

Telugu Inter 1st Year Material

నవోదయం పద్యభాగం

• Poem 1 భీముని గర్వభంగం – నన్నయ
• Poem 2 రుద్రపశుపతి కథ – పాల్కురికి సోమనాథుడు
• Poem 3 మంచి ముత్యాలు – వివిధ కవులు
• Poem 4 బాటసారి – శ్రీరంగం శ్రీనివాసరావు (శ్రీశ్రీ)
• Poem 5 ఆంధ్రుడను – గుర్రం జాషువా

నవోదయం గద్యభాగం

• Chapter 1 మహాత్మా జ్యోతిబాఫూలే – డాక్టర్. బి. విజయభారతి
• Chapter 2 జాయసేనాపతి – రాళ్లపల్లి అనంతకృష్ణశర్మ
• Chapter 3 సి.పి.బ్రౌన్ – జానుమద్ది హనుమచ్ఛాస్త్రి
• Chapter 4 జానపద కళలు – మిక్కిలినేని రాధాకృష్ణమూర్తి
• Chapter 5 దొంగ ఎవడు? దొర ఎవడు? – తాపీ ధర్మారావు

ఉపవాచకం – కథాలహరి

• Chapter 1 గౌరవ స్థానం – కనుపర్తి వరలక్ష్మమ్మ
• Chapter 2 ఉరి – విశ్వనాథ సత్యనారాయణ
• Chapter 3 గాలివాన (పాటకథ) – అడవి బాపిరాజు
• Chapter 4 వానకురిస్తే – కేతు విశ్వనాథరెడ్డి
• Chapter 5 మహామనిషి రతన్ టాటా – పాఠ్యగ్రంథ రచయితలు

Inter 1st Year Telugu Grammar వ్యాకరణం

• సంధులు
• సమాసాలు
• పదదోషాలు
• లేఖారచన
• స్థూల అవగాహన
• అనువాదం

AP Inter 1st Year Study Material

Referring to the AP Inter 1st Year Maths Study Material Chapter 13 Statistics Exercise 13c Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 1st Year Maths Statistics Solutions Exercise 13c

Question 1.
The mean and variance of eight observations are 9 and 9.25 respectively. If six of the observations are 6, 7, 10, 12, 12 and 13, find the remaining two observations.
Solution:
Let the remaining two observations be x and y.
Therefore, the observations are 6, 7, 10, 12, 12, 13, x, y
Mean x̄ = \(\frac{6+7+10+12+12+13+x+y}{8}\) = 9
⇒ 60 + x + y = 72
⇒ x + y = 12 ………(1)
Variance = 9.25 = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{n}} \sum_{\mathrm{i}=1}^8\)(x_i – x̄)²
9.25 = \(\frac{1}{8}\)[(-3)² + (-2)² + (1)² + (3)² + (3)² + (4)² + x² + y² – 2 × 9(x + y) + 2(9)²]
9.25 = \(\frac{1}{8}\)[9 + 4 + 1 + 9 + 9 + 16 + x² + y² – 18(12) + 162] ………..[Using (1)]
9.25= \(\frac{1}{8}\)[48 + x² + y² – 216 + 162]
9.25 = \(\frac{1}{8}\)[x² + y² – 6]
⇒ x² + y² = 80 …. (2)

From (1), we obtain (x + y)² = (12)²
⇒ x² + y² + 2xy = 144
From (2) and (3), we obtain 2xy = 64
Subtracting (4) from (2), we obtain
x² + y² – 2xy = 80 – 64 = 16
⇒ x – y = ±4
Therefore, from (1) and (5), we obtain x = 8 and y = 4, when x – y = 4 x = 4 and y = 8, when x – y = – 4 Thus, the remaining observations are 4 and 8.

Question 2.
The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16, respectively. If five of the observations are 2, 4, 10, 12 and 14. Find the remaining two observations.
Solution:
Let the remaining two observations be x and y.
The observations are 2, 4, 10, 12, 14, x, y.
i.e Mean, x̄ = \(\frac{2+4+10+12+14+x+y}{7}\)
⇒ 56 = 42 + x + y
⇒ x + y = 14 ………..(1)

Variance = 16 = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^7\left(x_i-\bar{x}\right)^2\)
16 = \(\frac{1}{7}\)[36 + 16 + 4 +16 + 36 + x² + y² – 16(x + y) + 2(64)]
16 = \(\frac{1}{7}\) [36 + 16 + 4 + 16 + 36 + x² + y² – 16(14) + 2(64)]
16 = \(\frac{1}{7}\)[108 + x² + y² – 224 + 128]
16 = \(\frac{1}{7}\)[12 + x² + y²]
⇒ x² + y² = 112 – 12
⇒ x² + y² = 100
From (1), we obtain x² + y² + 2xy = 196
From (2) and (3), we obtain 2xy = 196 – 100
⇒ 2xy = 96 …. (4)
Subtracting (4) from (2), we obtain x² + y² – 2xy = 100 – 96
⇒ (x – y)2 = 4 ⇒ x – y = ±2 ….(5)
Therefore, from (1) and (5), we obtain
x = 8 and y = 6 when x – y = 2; x = 6 and y = 8 when x – y = – 2
Thus, the remaining observations are 6 and 8.

Question 3.
The mean and standard deviation of six observations are 8 and 4, respectively. If each observation is multiplied by 3, find the new mean and new standard deviation of the resulting observations.
Solution:
Let the observations be x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄, x₅ and x₆
It is given that mean is 8 and standard deviation is 4.
Mean x̄ = \(\frac{x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6}{6}\) …. (1)
If each observation is multiplied by 3 and the resulting observation be y., then
y_i = 3x_i ⇒ x_i = \(\frac{1}{3}\)y_i, for i = 1 to 6
New Mean ȳ = \(\frac{y_1+y_2+y_3+y_4+y_5+y_6}{6}=\frac{3\left(x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5+x_6\right)}{6}\)
= 3 × 8 = 24 ……….. [using (1)]
Standard deviation σ = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{\mathrm{n}} \sum_{\mathrm{i}=1}^6\left(\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{i}}-\overline{\mathrm{x}}\right)^2}\)
⇒ (4)² = \(\frac{1}{6} \sum_{i=1}^6\)(x_i – x̄)²

From (1) and (2), it can be observed that, ȳ = 3x̄ ⇒ x̄ = \(\frac{1}{3}\) ȳ
Substituting the values of x_i and x̄ in (2), we obtain
\(\sum_{i=1}^6\left(\frac{1}{3} y_i-\frac{1}{3} \bar{y}\right)^2\) = 96 ⇒ \(\sum_{\mathrm{l}=1}^6\)(y_i – ȳ)² = 864

Therefore, variance of new observations = (\(\frac{1}{6}\) × 864) = 144
Hence, the standard deviation of new observations is \(\sqrt{144}\) = 12.

Question 4.
Given that x̄ is the mean and σ² is the variance of n observations x₁, x₂,…. x_n. Prove that the mean and variance of the observations ax₁, ax₂, ax₃ ………….. ax_n are ax̄ and a²σ², respectively, (a * 0)
Solution:
The given n observations x₁, x₁ ….x_n.
Mean = x̄; Variance = σ².
∴ σ² = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\) y_n …………(1)
If each observation is multiplied by a and the new observations be y_i, then
y_i = ax_i ⇒ x_i = \(\frac{1}{a}\)y_i
∴ ȳ = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\)y₁
= \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\) ax_i
= \(\frac{a}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\) x_i
= ax

(x̄ = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\)x_i)
Therefore, mean of the observations ax₁, ax₂, ……… ax_n, is ax̄
Substituting the values of x_i and x̄ in (!), we obtain
σ² = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\left(\frac{1}{a} y_i-\frac{1}{a} \bar{y}\right)^2\)
⇒ a²σ² = \(\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n\)(y_i – ȳ)²
Thus, the variance of the observations, ax₁, ax₂ ……….. ax_n is a2a2.

Question 5.
The mean and standard deviation of 20 observations are found to be 10 and 2, respectively. On rechecking, it was found that an observation 8 was incorrect. Calculate the correct mean and standard deviation in each of the following cases.
i) If wrong item is omitted
ii) If it is replaced by 12.
Solution:
i) Number of observations (n) = 20
Incorrect mean = 10
Incorrect standard deviation = 2
x̄ = \(\frac{1}{\mathrm{n}} \sum_{\mathrm{i}=1}^{20}\)x_i
⇒ 10 = \(\frac{1}{20} \sum_{i=1}^{20}\)x_i
⇒ \(\sum_{i=1}^{20}\)x_i = 200
That is, incorrect sum of observations = 200
Correct sum of observations = 200 – 8 = 192
∴ Correct mean = \(\frac{\text { correct sum }}{19}=\frac{192}{19}\) = 10.105

Standard deviation σ = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-\frac{1}{n^2}\left(\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\right)^2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-(\bar{x})^2}\)

⇒ 2 = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{20} \text { Incorrect } \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-(10)^2}\)

⇒ 4 = \(\frac{1}{20}\) Incorrect \(\sum_{i=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\) x_i² – 100

⇒ Incorrect \(\sum_{i=1}^n\) x_i = 2080
∴ Correct = \(\sum_{i=1}^n\)x_i² = Incorrect \(\sum_{i=1}^n\)x – (8)² + (12)²
= 2080 – 64 + 144
= 2016

Corect standard deviation = \(\sqrt{\frac{\text { Correct } \sum x_1^2}{n}-(\text { Correct mean })^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{\frac{2016}{19}-(10.105)^2}\)
= \(=\sqrt{106.105-102.111}\)
= \(\sqrt{3.984}\) = 1.995

ii) When 8 is replaced by 12.
Incorrect sum of observations = 200
∴ Correct sum of observation = 200 – 8 + 12 = 204

Correct mean = \(\frac{\text { Correct sum }}{20}=\frac{204}{20}\) = 10.2
Standard deviation σ = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-\frac{1}{n^2}\left(\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\right)^2}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-(\bar{x})^2}\)
2 = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{20} \text { Incorrect } \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-(10)^2}\)
⇒ 4 = \(\frac{1}{20}\) Incorrect \(\sum_{l=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\) x_i² – 100

Incorrect \(\sum_{l=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\)x_i = 2080
Correct Σx_i² = Incorrect \(\sum_{i=1}^{\mathrm{n}}\) _i – (8)² + (12)²
= 2080 – 64 + 144
= 2160

Correct standard deviation
= \(\sqrt{\frac{\text { Correct } \sum x_i^2}{n}-(\text { Correct mean })^2}=\sqrt{\frac{2160}{20}-(10.2)^2}\)
= \(\sqrt{108-104.04}=\sqrt{3.96}\) = 1.98

Question 6.
The mean and standard deviation of a group of 100 observations were found to be 20 and 3, respectively. Later on it was found that three observations were incorrect, which were recorded as 21, 21 and 18. Find the mean and standard deviation if the incorrect observations are omitted.
Solution:
Number of observations (n) = 100
Incorrect mean (x) = 20 ; Incorrect standard deviation (σ) = 3
20 = \(\frac{1}{100} \sum_{i=1}^{100}\)x_i ⇒ \(\sum_{i=1}^{100}\)x_i = 20 × 100 = 2,000
Incorrect sum of observations = 2,000

Correct sum of observations = 2000 – 21 – 21 – 18 = 1940
Now \(\frac{1}{2}\)x_i² – (x̄)²
⇒ \(\frac{1}{100}\) Σx_i² – (20)² = 9
⇒ Σx_i² = 40, 900

Correct mean = \(\frac{1940}{97}\) = 20
Also Σx_i² = incorrect Σx_i² – (21)² – (21)² – (18)²
= 40,900 – 441 – 441 – 324
= 39,694

Correct variance = \(\frac{1}{97}\) correct Σx_i² – (correct mean)²
= \(\frac{1}{97}\) × 39,694 – (20)²
= 409.22 – 400 = 9.22
⇒ Correct SD = \(\sqrt{9.22}\) = 3.036

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 12 Government Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 12th Lesson Government Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the basis of Aristotle’s classification of government?
Answer:
Aristotle classified governments on the basis of two elements:

1. Number of persons holding power
2. End of the state.

Question 2.
What is Limited monarchy?
Answer:

• Limited monarchy is one in which the monarch or king acts as a constitutional head.
• He exercises his powers only in accordance with the advice of the cabinet.
  Ex: Britain.

Question 3.
What do you know about ‘Republican government’?
Answer:
A republican government is one where power resides with the citizens who elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
Ex: India, USA

In India, there are two houses of Parliament and State legislative assemblies.

Question 4.
What is Unitary Government?
Answer:

• The word ‘Unitary’ is derived from ‘Uni’ and ‘Tary’. Uni means ‘one’ and tary means ‘rule’.
• Unitary Government is a single integrated government with all executive powers.
• The constitution vests all powers in the union Government. Ex: UK, Japan, China.

Question 5.
Explain the role of the judiciary in federal government.
Answer:
Independent judiciary is one of the essential features of a federal government. It will settle disputes between the centre and the states. Judges constitutionally possess independent position. They can check the misuse of powers by the executive and legislative authorities.

Question 6.
What are the organs of the government?
Answer:
The government comprises three organs, namely,

1. Legislature – Law making authority.
2. Executive – Decision-implementation organ of Government.
3. Judiciary – Law Adjudication organ in the Government.

Question 7.
What is the primary function of the judiciary in a democratic government?
Answer:
The primary function of judiciary is interpretation of laws and safeguarding of the constitution and civil liberties of the people.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two features of Federal Government.
Answer:
The term ‘Federation’ is derived from a Latin word “Foedus”, which means Treaty or Agreement.

Features of federal government:

1. Written constitution
2. Dual citizenship
3. Division of powers
4. Bicameralism
5. Rigid constitution
6. Independent judiciary

1. Written constitution: A federal government normally will have a written constitution. Such a constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land. It defines, decides and divides powers between the central and state governments.

2. Dual citizenship: Federal state provides dual citizenship to the citizens. Accordingly, citizens will have membership in both the centre and the states simultaneously.
As a result, they participate in the election of representatives to both the national and provincial bodies.

Question 2.
Explain the ‘theory of separation of powers.
Answer:
Montesquieu, an eminent French political philosopher, is regarded as the chief architect of this theory. He elaborated this theory in his book “The spirit of laws” published in 1748.

Montesquieu was a strong supporter and advocate of human dignity. He proposed, propagated and popularised the theory of separation of powers for upholding individual liberties.

He stated that powers of government must be separated among the three organs of government in a clear manner. They are Legislative, Executive, Judiciary.

Each organ must be assigned with specific powers and functions. Each must confine its activities to its domain. No one shall enter into the jurisdiction of another organ. The theory of checks and balances is subsidiary to the theory of separation of powers. Montesquieu advocated this theory too. This theory denotes the functional aspect of the government.

Question 3.
Write any four merits of the Presidential government.
Answer:
Presidential government is also known as single executive government or fixed tenure government or non-responsible government. Under this system a single person, namely, the President exercises all executive powers.

Merits of Presidential government:

1. Presidential government is based on the theory of separation of powers. So, there is less scope for dictatorship.
2. The tenure of head of the executive will not depend upon the confidence of the legislature. So, stable government is possible in this system.
3. There will be no delay in solving the problems of the people.
4. Presidential government is suitable for emergencies.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any eight differences between Unitary government and Federal government.
Answer:
Differences between Unitary government and Federal government:

Question 2.
Discuss any four merits and four demerits of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
Parliamentary government is also known as responsible government, cabinet government, prime ministerial government. Britain is a classic example of this form of government.

Merits of Parliamentary Government:

1. Parliamentary government secures co-operation and co-ordination between the legislature and executive.
2. No scope for Despotism
3. Parliamentary government stands for the distribution of political power and administrative authority.
4. Parliamentary government enables easy formation of alternative government.

Demerits of Parliamentary Government:

1. Parliamentary government works against the spirit of the theory of separation of powers.
2. Parliamentary government may not always provide political stability.
3. The cabinet of the parliamentary government becomes a dictator under absolute majority.
4. It is very difficult to form the cabinet in a parliamentary system due to its vast diversity.

Question 3.
Mention any eight differences between Parliamentary and Presidential governments.
Answer:
Differences between Parliamentary and Presidential Governments:

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which country is the best example for Unitary government?
1. Britain
2. USA
3. Australia
4. Switzerland
Answer:
1. Britain

Question 2.
What type of Government is also known as ‘Responsible government’, ‘Cabinet government’, and ‘Prime ministerial government?
1. Unitary government
2. Federal government
3. Presidential government
4. Parliamentary government
Answer:
4. Parliamentary government

Question 3.
Which of the following is not a feature of a federal government?
1. Written constitution
2. Rigidity
3. Division of powers
4. Single citizenship
Answer:
4. Single citizenship

Question 4.
According to Aristotle’s classification of governments, what is the perverted form of the ‘polity’?
1. Tyranny
2. Oligarchy
3. Democracy
4. Monarchy
Answer:
3. Democracy

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Collective responsibility is a salient feature of ___________ government.
Answer:
Parliamentary

Question 2.
The term “Federation” is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’ Which means ___________.
Answer:
Treaty/Aareement

Question 3.
The first federal system came into being in the United States of America in the year ___________
Answer:
1789 AD

Question 4.
The ‘theory of checks and balances’ is subsidiary to ___________.
Answer:
The theory of separation of powers

One Word Answers

Question 1.
In which form of the government does the head of the state not attend legislature?
Answer:
Presidential government

Question 2.
Who is the real executive head of a parliamentary government?
Answer:
Prime minister

Question 3.
Who advocated the theory of the ‘Separation of powers’?
Answer:
Montesquieu

Question 4.
Which country is the best example of ‘Limited Monarchy”?
Answer:
Britain

Question 5.
Which type of government is also known as ‘Single executive government”?
Answer:
Presidential government

Question 6.
Who wrote the book ‘The spirit of laws”?
Answer:
Montesquieu

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 11 Constitution Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 11th Lesson Constitution Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is written constitution?
Answer:
A written constitution is formulated and adopted by a constituent assembly or a convention. It comprises several principles and rules of the government in a written form or document.
Ex: Indian Constitution.

Question 2.
What is an enacted constitution?
Answer:
Enacted Constitution is consciously made. It is the outcome of the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly specially convened for that purpose. It is promulgated by the sovereign authority – King or Parliament.
Ex: USA and Indian Constitution.

Question 3.
Explain the evolved constitution?
Answer:
Evolved Constitution is the result of evolutionary changes. It may be the product of collected material. It acts on the basis to the political institutions of a country. It is not made as it grows with the roots in the past. Several customs, usages, traditions, principles and judicial decisions act as the sources of this Constitution.
Ex: British Constitution.

Question 4.
What do you know about a rigid constitution?
Answer:
Rigid constitution is one whose provisions cannot be changed easily. In this system the constitutional amendment methods are different from those of ordinary laws. There is a special procedure for amending the provisions of the rigid constitution.
Ex: USA Constitution

Question 5.
Describe the flexible constitution.
Answer:
Flexible constitution is one whose provisions can be amended easily. It requires no special procedure for changing its provisions. It can be amended by adopting the same procedure of ordinary laws.
Ex: Britain Constitution.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four differences between written and unwritten Constitution.
Answer:
Differences between Written and Unwritten Constitution:

Question 2.
Differences between a rigid and a flexible constitution.
Answer:

Question 3.
Classify the constitutions.
Answer:
Classification of constitutions
1. Evolution of constitution
On the basis of evolution, constitutions are divided into two types, namely

• Evolved Constitution
• Enacted Constitution.

2. Nature of constitution
On the basis of nature, Constitutions are classified into two types, namely

• Written Constitution
• Unwritten Constitution.

3. Amendment Constitution
On the basis of amendment procedure, Constitutions are classified into two types, namely

• Rigid Constitution
• Flexible Constitution

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Constitution and explain any four essential features of constitution.
Answer:
The term constitution was derived from a Latin word ‘Constitutio’ which means ‘set up’ or ‘to establish’.

Definition of Constitution:
“Constitution is a set of established rules embodying and enacting the practice of Government” -Lord Bryce

Features of Constitution:
1. Preamble: Every Constitution will have a preamble. The preamble denotes the aims and aspirations of the Constitution. It is like the soul of the Constitution.

2. Clarity: The Constitution clearly explains about the different policies and methods of governance. It is written in a simple and clear language. It avoids the slightest ambiguity or doubt leading to complex interpretations. So, it will be more satisfactory to all sections of society.

3. Incorporation of fundamental rights: Every Constitution includes some fundamental rights. These fundamental rights are meant for safeguarding the freedoms of the citizens. They enable the citizens to realize their personality in various spheres.

4. Brevity: Brevity avoids confusion among the individuals in understanding and interpreting provisions. Unnecessary elements are not included in the Constitution. It should be precise.

5. Flexibility: The Constitution must be flexible for adapting the wishes and aspirations of the people from time to time. There must be a scope for amending the provisions of the Constitution if necessary.

6. Permanence: Permanence is one more feature of the Constitution. The Constitution must have everlasting values for the welfare of the whole nation.

7. Mode of Amendment: The Constitution specifies the mode of amendment.
Usually the constitutional amendments are of three types, namely

• rigid
• flexible and
• half rigid and half flexible.

8. Explanatory: The constitution is explanatory in nature. It denotes and discusses almost all elements relating to the people, government and state. It contains separate provisions on the structure, powers and limitations of state activity.

Question 2.
Write any three merits and three demerits of written constitution?
Answer:
A written constitution is formulated and adopted by a Constituent Assembly or a Convention.

It comprises several principles and rules of the government in a written form or document.

The American constitution is the first written constitution in the world. It was adopted in 1776. Thomas Jefferson and George Washington played a key role in the formulation of American Constitution.

Merits of Written Constitution:

1. A written constitution renders political stability due to its rigid nature.
2. It protects the fundamental rights of the people.
3. It maintains equilibrium between the centre and the states by allocating powers in a judicious manner.
4. It puts limitations on the powers of the government.

Demerits of Written Constitution:

1. A written constitutions rigid nature is not helpful to the development of the state.
2. Its provisions cannot be changed according to the needs and wishes of the people. So the progress of the nations lags behind.
3.  It makes the judiciary a predominant one.
4. It gives scope for conflicts among the governmental organs.

Question 3.
Explain any three merits and demerits of rigid constitution.
Answer:
Rigid constitution is one whose provisions cannot be changed easily.

The constitution of the United States is the best example of a rigid constitution.

Merits of Rigid constitution:

1. Rigid constitution secures political stability.
2. It is a product of political experience.
3. It avoids hasty and ill-considered legislation.
4. It protects the fundamental rights of the citizens.

Demerits of a rigid constitution:

1. A rigid constitution cannot be easily amended to suit the changing needs.
2. It may affect the nations progress and growth
3. It is not suitable for tackling the issues arising during emergencies.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was the American constitution adopted?
1. 1676 AD
2. 1776 AD
3. 1876 AD
4. 1976 AD
Answer:
2. 1776 AD

Question 2.
Who played a key role in the formulation of the American constitution?
1. Thomas Jefferson and George Washington
2. John Adams and James Madison
3. James Monroe and Andrew Jackson
4. None of the Above
Answer:
1. Thomas Jefferson and George Washington

Question 3.
Which country’s constitution is the best example of a rigid constitution?
1. Britain
2. France
3. USA
4. Germany
Answer:
3. USA

Question 4.
Identify the wrong statement regarding a ‘Written constitution’.
1. All the basic principles of the state are clearly written.
2. It is formulated at a particular time.
3. It is useful to federal states.
4. It is suitable to the uneducated and illiterate people.
Answer:
4. It is suitable to the uneducated and illiterate people.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term ‘Constitution’ is derived from the Latin word “Constitutio”, which means ‘__________’
Answer:
To establish

Question 2.
Evolved constitution is also called as __________.
Answer:
Cumulative constitution

Question 3.
Enacted constitution is also known as __________.
Answer:
Conventional constitution

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What is the first written constitution in the world?
Answer:
Constitution of USA.

Question 2.
Which is the lengthiest, largest and most detailed constitution in the world?
Answer:
Constitution of India

Question 3.
Which kind of constitution is appropriate for smaller states?
Answer:
Flexible constitution

Question 4.
Which country’s constitution is the best example of an unwritten constitution?
Answer:
Constitution of Britain

Question 5.
Which country’s constitution is the best example of flexible constitution?
Answer:
Constitution of Britain

Question 6.
What is the smallest constitution in the world?
Answer:
Constitution of USA

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 10 Secularism Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 10th Lesson Secularism Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the types of Secularism?
Answer:
Types of Secularism:

1. Subjective Secularism
2. Objective Secularism

Question 2.
What do you mean by theocracy?
Answer:

• ‘Theo’ means ‘God’ and ‘cracy’ means ‘rule’ in practice. So, theocracy means rule by God.
• It implies rule by priests. It is originated from the theory that all legitimate powers emanate from God.

Question 3.
Define a Secular State.
Answer:
D.E. Smith defined secular state as one which guarantees individual and corporate freedom of religion, which deals with the individuals as a citizen irrespective of his religion. Further a Secular State, according to him, does not patronize constitutionally a particular religion nor does it seek either to promote or interfere with it”.

Question 4.
Mention any two factors that led to the growth of Secularism.
Answer:
Factors that led to the spread of Secularism.

1. People’s negative attitude towards superstitions.
2. Spread of rational thinking.
3. Spread of democratic values and institutions.
4. Advancement in science and technology.

Question 5.
What is the meaning of an atheistic state?
Answer:
An atheistic state is a country where religion is discouraged and out – iawed. In modern period state atheism is based on Karl Marx’s axiom “Religion is the opium of people”. So atheistic state promotes anti-clericalism. It completely bans the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.
Ex: China, North Korea.

Question 6.
Mention the dimensions of secularism.
Answer:
The two dimensions of secularism:

1. Inter-religious secularism
2. Intra- religious secularism

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention any four differences between secular state and theocratic state.
Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the features of secular state.
Answer:
Features of Secular State:
1. No place for religion: Secular state does not assign significance to any particular religion. It will not makes laws or implement them on religious grounds.

2. Equal status: Secular state accords equal status to its people. It makes no differentiation between individuals on the grounds of their caste, colour, community, religion, race, region, language etc.

3. No state religion: Secular state does not recognize any particular religion as the state religion. It adopts neutral policy in religious matters. It implements various laws and social welfare measures without basing on the religious feelings of the people.

Question 3.
Write any four points regarding the importance of secular state.
Answer:
The concept of Secular state became more important in recent years.

Factors like democratic spirit, science and technology, rational thinking, led to the growing importance of secular state.

1. Secular state strengthens non – religious forces in various spheres.
2. It drives away the social evils and superstitions from the minds of the people.
3. It promotes scientific temper and supports the intellectual progress of the people.
4. It gives priority to reason over faith, logic over magic and fact over fiction.
5. It ensures the protection of religions minorities.
6. It respects and accomodates each individuals personal religions beliefs.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define secularism and write any six factors that led to the growth of secularism.
Answer:
The term ‘secular’ in Latin language means ‘this world’. It denotes the meaning ‘the opposite of religion’.

Definition of Secularism:
“Secularism is an idea of promoting a social order as separate from religion without actively dismissing or criticising religious beliefs”. — G.J. Holyoake

Factors that led to the growth of secularism:

1. People’s negative attitude towards superstitions
2. Spread of rational thinking
3. Spread of democratic values and institutions
4. Advancement in science and technology
5. Awareness about the evils of religion
6. Impact of social legislation
7. Need for secular approach
8. Social and Economic betterment of Individuals
9. Influence of secular political leadership
10. Importance to international peace and order.

Question 2.
Explain any four merits of Secularism.
Answer:
Secularism became a prominent philosophy in modern states in tackling various social, economic and political issues.

Merits of Secularism: The following are some of the important merits of secularism:

1. Equality: It treats the people belonging to all religious denominations as equal. It gives no recognition to the man-made inequalities and discriminations based on caste, colour, community, region, religion, language, race etc.

2. Religious Freedom: The state will not interfere in the religious affairs of individuals. The Constitution and various laws in a secular state will provide individuals with complete freedom to embrace, profess, practice and propagate any religion as they like.

3. Law and Order: Secularism avoids communal clashes and religious bigotry and animosities in the society. This is due to the fact that secularism ultimately promotes religious harmony among the people.

4. Rule of Law: A State following secularism will enact laws and implements them keeping in view the interest of not a particular religious denomination, the people belonging to all religious denomination. It will not take into account the religious dogmas while making laws.

5. Tolerance: Secularism preaches tolerance and kindness. It believes in universal brotherhood of man and fatherhood of God. It professes, propagates and practices the noble principles of charity, kindness, love, magnanimity, non-violence etc.

6. National Integration: Secularism serves as the best means for fostering national unity and integrity feelings among the people. It is also considered as the best device for achieving unity in diversity. It brings unity among the people of various religious beliefs and practices.

7. Protection to the minorities: Secularism treats all alike. It makes no discrimination between the people of majority and other sections of society. It teaches the people about the significance of religious tolerance towards minority sections.

8. All-round Progress: The greatest merit of secularism relates to the achievement of all-round progress of the people. This is possible due to the prevalence of rule of law, religious tolerance, neutral attitude of the government etc.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who propounded the theory of Theocratic guardianship where the government itself would be secular?
1. Ayatollah Khomeini
2. GH. Holyoake
3. Josephus
4. D.E. Smith
Answer:
1. Ayatollah Khomeini

Question 2.
Which Constitutional Amendment Act of India made a provision for the word ‘Secular in the Preamble’ ?
1. 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act
2. 44th Constitutional Amendment Act
3. 61st Constitutional Amendment Act
4. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
Answer:
1. 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act

Question 3.
Identify the features of a secular state.
1. No place for religion
2. Equal status
3. No state religion
4. All of the above
Answer:
4. All of the above

Question 4.
Identify the wrong statement regarding ‘Theocratic state’.
1. It is based primarily on religious elements.
2. There will be a particular religion which is declared as the official religion.
3. Rule of law prevails in a theocratic state.
4. Religious priests and spiritual heads will be given special significance.
Answer:
3. Rule of law prevails in a theocratic state.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Technically ‘Theocracy’ means ___________.
Answer:
Rule by God

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Secular’ in Latin?
Answer:
This world

Question 2.
Who first used the term ‘Secular’ in modern times?
Answer:
G.J.Holyaoake

Question 3.
The term ‘Theocracy’ was first used by whom?
Answer:
Josephus.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 9 Democracy Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 9th Lesson Democracy Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any one definition of democracy.
Answer:
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. -Abraham Lincoln
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.-J.R.Seeley

Question 2.
What do you know about Direct Democracy?
Answer:
Direct Democracy: It is a democracy in which people directly participate in the administrative affairs of the Government. They assume all powers of legislation. They formulate laws in meetings attended by the people. People participate directly in the affairs of the state. Direct democracy is suitable to small states inhabited by a few thousand people.

Question 3.
What is the origin of the term Democracy?
Answer:

• The term ‘Democracy’ has originated from two Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘kratos’.
• They mean people and power. This democracy means ‘power vested in the people’.

Question 4.
Mention the different devices used in direct democracy.
Answer:
The four devices used in direct democracy:

1. Referendum
2. Initiative
3. Recall
4. Plebiscite

Question 5.
What are the features of Democracy?
Answer:
Features of Democracy:

1. Popular government.
2. Popular control
3. Individual’s dignity
4. Elections
5. Public accountability

Question 6.
What is meant by Recall?
Answer:
Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back any elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or properly. It prevails in some states of the United States like Arizona, Montana, Louisiana, Kansas, California, Nevada, Oregon etc.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any four essential features of democracy.
Answer:
Essential features of Democracy:
1. Popular government: Democracy is basically a government by the people. In democracy people act as the rulers and the ruled. While voters assume ultimate sovereign authority, their representatives are considered as immediate masters over the rulers in government.

2. Popular control: In democracy, citizens will have control over political affairs. Citizens regulate the affairs of government by expressing their opinion on various policies and programmes. They support the wise, honest and welfare-oriented programmes.

3. Individual dignity: In democracy individual dignity is honoured by the government. Even the ordinary persons living in distant and remote places are given various opportunities to express their opinions.

4. Elections: Democracy and elections are closely related. Democracy gives scope for holding elections at regular intervals as per constitutional norms. Adult citizens participate in elections for choosing the members of various representative bodies.

Question 2.
Describe the various types of Democracy.
Answer:
Types of Democracy:

1. Direct or Pure Democracy.
2. Indirect or Representative Democracy.

1. Direct or Pure Democracy: Direct or pure democracy existed in ancient Greek and Roman city states. In ancient India, this system prevailed during the Buddhist period. Not it has become a thing of the past. In this system, people directly participate in the administrative affairs of the Government. They assume all powers of legislation. They formulate laws in the meetings attended by the people. People participate directly in the affairs of the state. Direct democracy is suitable to small states.

2. Indirect or Representative Democracy: Modern states are generally huge in size and population. Hence, direct democracy is inconceivable in these states. People living in these states govern indirectly through their elected representatives. The representatives, elected for a determinate period, are responsible to the people. Hence, representatives govern the people as their trustees. They respond to public opinion.

Indirect or Representative democracy is again classified into two types namely:

1. Presidential
2. Parliamentary

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two merits and two demerits of Democracy.
Answer:
“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”. -Abraham Lincoln
“Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share”.-J.R.Seeley

Democracy received over whelming popularity in the contemporary world. Almost all the leading states have opted for democracy.

Merits of Democracy:
1. Efficient Government: Prof. Garner described democracy is an efficient and effective government. The Government in democracy carries ail its activities efficiently and effectively both in normal times and emergencies. It encourages self-government and self-discipline among the people.

2. Upholds individual liberties: Democracy is the only government which upholds individual liberties. It guarantees the rights of individuals by providing several constitutional safeguards. J.S.Mill stated that democracy assures its people certain civil rights like freedom of speech, expression, press and association.

3. Assures equality: Democracy assures equality of individuals in political and economic spheres. In the political sphere, it bestows several political rights like right to vote, right to contest as candidates in elections, right to hold public office etc. In economic sphere, it ensures several economic rights such as right to property, right to work, right to recreation, right to leisure etc.

4. Educates the masses: Elections to various representative bodies at different times and the corresponding campaigns make the citizens educated. These make the people enlightened in casting their votes.

Demerits of Democracy: The following are the demerits of democracy.

1. Rule by ignorants: Aristotle considered democracy as a perverted form of government. He viewed that it is a sort of mob rule. Plato, his teacher called it, a rule of ignorants. In this system, wise and honest persons are isolated thereby giving importance to ignorant and foolish persons.

2. Favours the rich: Most of the modern democracies are capitalist-oriented. The Governments in this system favour the propertied classes. Elections can become a farce. Voters, who are treated as God in democracy, are wooed by the contesting candidates on the pretext of caste, colour, community, creed and region etc.,

3. Majority Rule – A Myth: At one time during 1980s, democracy was treated as a rule by majority. But things have changed swiftly owing to the dramatic events that swept the domestic and global scenarial. Education, literacy, enlightenment, press, radio, news channels, face book, twitter and other social media revolutionised several states in the political sphere. Common Minimum Programme.
Ex: United Front (UF), National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Progressive Alliance (UPA)

4. Representative Principle – Doubtful: Democracy is based upon the principle of territorial representation. This presupposes every legislator to represent the views of everybody in his constituency.

Question 2.
Explain the devices used in direct democracy.
Answer:
Direct democratic devices prevailed and practiced in some ancient Greek city-states. At present they are not found. However, some states like Switzerland and the United States have adopted these devices.

Four devices used in direct democracy:

1. Referendum: The term ‘referendum’ literally means “refer to”. Referendum is a device hereby the opinion of the people is ascertained through a direct reference to the people. According to R.C. Brooks, “Referendum is a device whereby the electorate may veto an Act which a legislative body has already passed.”

Types of referendum:

• Compulsory or Obligatory referendum
• Optional or Facultative referendum

2. Initiative: The advocates of direct legislation were not satisfied with mere referendum.

So, they pleaded for Initiative for enabling the people to propose legislation.

For instance, in Switzerland, 50,000 citizens may sign a petition hinting out a measure which they desire to be enacted. Subsequently, the proposal will be submitted to the opinion of the people. If it is approved by the majority citizens, it becomes a duly enacted law.

Types of initiative:

• formulated
• unformulated.

3. Recall: Recall is an important direct democratic device which allows the voters to call back an elected officer or representative when he fails to carry out his obligations faithfully or properly. It prevails in some states of the United States.

4. Plebiscite: The term Plebiscite has French origin. It is derived from two Latin words namely ‘plebis’ and scitum’ which means people (plebis) and decree (scitum). It is a democratic method used for ascertaining the opinion of the people on an important public policy. It is not concerned with regular law-making activity.

Question 3.
Describe any four conditions for the success of Democracy.
Answer:
Essential conditions for the success of democracy:

1. Sound System of Education
2. Enlightened Citizenship
3. Independent and Impartial Press
4. Strong Opposition
5. Decentralization of Powers
6. Absence of Economic Disparities
7. Social Equality
8. Faith in Democracy
9. Agreement on Fundamental Issues
10. Sagacious Leadership

1. Sound system of Education: The success of democracy requires adequate education for the citizens. Ignorance, innocence and uneducation prevent them from adopting right attitudes and large-scale reforms. Education sharpens the intellect for individuals.

2. Enlightened Citizenship: Enlightened citizenship are an asset to the democratic state. They can exercise proper vigilance. They can actively participate in public affairs and help their fellow citizens in the exercise of their rights and discharge of their responsibilities.

3. Independent Press: An independent press is a perquisite of democracy. It enables the people to receive accurate and unbiased information regarding the activities of the government. It strives to promote harmonious relationship between the people and the government.

4. Strong Opposition: The success of parliamentary democracy depends to a great extent on the strong and effective opposition. Such an opposition will act as a check against the government by pointing out its lapses.

5. Decentralization of Powers: Decentralization of powers and establishment of democratic institutions at the grassroots level is indispensable for the healthy organisation of democratic institutions.

6. Absence of economic disparities: Democracy cannot function smoothly when there are economic disparities in a country. When a country comprises a large number of poor people and a few wealthy persons, democracy could not work successfully.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who considered democracy as a sort of ‘Mob rule?
1. Aristotle
2. Plato
3. A.V. Dicey
4. J.R. Seeley
Answer:
1. Aristotle

Question 2.
Who defined democracy as “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people”?
1. Plato
2. Lord Bryce
3. Abraham Lincoln
4. J.S. Mill
Answer:
3. Abraham Lincoln

Question 3.
Which organ of the government acts as the ‘Watchdog of the people’s freedom’ ?
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary
4. Media
Answer:
3. Judiciary

Question 4.
Identify the condition that is not essential for the success of democracy.
1. Sound system of education
2. Enlightened citizenship
3. Independent press
4. Lack of ethical values
Answer:
4. Lack of ethical values

Question 5.
Who stated that democracy is an efficient and effective government?
1. A.V. Dicey
2. J.W. Garner
3. J.S. Mill
4. John Locke
Answer:
2. J.W. Garner

Question 6.
Among the following countries, identify the best example of a Presidential government.
1. India
2. England
3. Australia
4. USA
Answer:
4. USA

Question 7.
Who stated, “Referendum is a device whereby the electorate may veto an Act which a legislative body has already passed.”?
1. R.C. Brooks
2. Lord Bryce
3. Maclver
4. A.V. Dicey
Answer:
1. R.C. Brooks

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term ‘referendum’ literally means ‘______________’.
Answer:
Refer to

Question 2.
‘Recall’ is an important device of direct democracy. It means ______________’.
Answer:
call back

Question 3.
‘Plebiscite’ means ______________’.
Answer:
People decreee/ People’s decisions

Question 4.
The term ‘Democracy’ has originated from the two Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘kratos’ means people and Kratos means ______________’.
Answer:
Power/ Government

One Word Answers

Question 1.
What type of democracy prevailed during the Buddhist period in ancient India?
Answer:
Direct democracy.

Question 2.
Who is the teacher of Aristotle?
Answer:
Plato

Question 3.
Who believed that democracy is a ‘Rule of ignorant’?
Answer:
Plato

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 8 Citizenship Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 8th Lesson Citizenship Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is an alien?
Answer:
Alien is a person who is not a citizen of a particular country, but resides in it. Aliens are entitled to certain rightly and obligatons as per the agreements of government state in which they reside.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship remains significant when the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution are available to all the citizens. Further, Citizenship ensures the citizens many political rights. Citizens could exercise their vote in elections to the various representative bodies. They could also contest for membership of legislative bodies.

Question 3.
What are the types of citizenship?
Answer:
Three types of citizenship:

1. Single Citizenship.
2. Dual Citizenship
3. Global or Universal Citizenship.

Question 4.
Mention two ways to overcome the hindrances to good citizenship.
Answer:
Remedies to overcome the hindrances to good citizenship:

1. Solving people’s grievances
2. Education and awareness

Question 5.
List the methods of acquiring Indian citizenship as mentioned in the citizenship Act-1955.
Answer:
The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five methods of acquiring citizenship

1. By birth
2. By descent
3. By registration
4. By naturalisation
5. By incorporation of territory.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention the methods of acquiring natural citizenship.
Answer:
Natural Citizenship: Natural citizenship is the one which is acquired by the persons without specific application or request to the authorities.

Two methods of acquiring citizenship:
I. Natural citizenship:
An individual can get this type of citizenship based on the following principles

1. Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth)
2. Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship)
3. Mixed principle.

II. Naturalised citizenship:
An alien will become a citizen in a state after fulfilling the following conditions.

1. Residence
2. Choice
3. Application
4. Fixed Assets
5. Service (Public or Private)
6. Marriage

Question 2.
Distinguish between Citizen and Alien.
Answer:
Differences between Citizen and Alien:

Question 3.
Explain any four conditions under which citizenship can be lost.
Answer:
Citizens lose their citizenship under the following conditions:

1. Renunciation: A person is deprived of his citizenship, if he wishes to become the citizen of another state. One will lose the citizenship of one’s parent state when the one becomes the citizen of a foreign state by naturalization.

2. Marriage: Generally, woman loses her citizenship when she marries alien. However, some states allow retention of citizenship. For instance, in Britain, there is an option to retain British citizenship who marries alien.

3. Accepting foreign service: A person may lose his citizenship when he enters into the service of another state. If a person accepts a permanent job in the government of a foreign state, he foregoes the citizenship of his native state.

4. Obliging foreign decorations or Titles: When a citizen obliges to receive foreign decorations or titles without the consent of the native state it may lead to the forfeiture of his / her citizenship.

5. Prolonged Absence: Prolonged absence in the native state beyond a certain period may lead to the loss of citizenship. In states like France and Germany citizens who are absent themselves from their native country for more than ten years will lose their citizenship.

6. Treason: Involvement of citizen in serious crime and subsequent evidence of his action will lead to the loss of citizenship. Especially those persons who directly or indirectly participate or extend assistance to anti-state activities, will lose their citizenship by a special notification.

Question 4.
Describe any four hindrances to good citizenship.
Answer:
The main hindrances to good citizenship are as follows:

1. Laziness: Citizens in many states do not prefer to work hard. They remain narrow minded. They show little interest in working for the progress of the nation.

2. Ignorance and Illiteracy: Ignorant and illiterate citizens may not understand their rights and responsibilities properly. They may not have an enlightened interest in public affairs in the absence of education.

3. Poverty: Poverty is the root cause of all evils. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where vast inequalities of wealth exist. Poverty leads to apathy and indifference in public life.

4. Ill health: III health is another hindrance to the good citizenship. Because unhealthy citizens cannot carry on their services to the good of the state and society.

5. Narrow Political Interests: Political parties, which are essential in democracy, play a crucial role in promoting the ideals of good citizenship. But many members of these parties, it is alleged, work for the party interests and not for the society or the nation. Leaders of various parties generally keep their attention on capturing power.

6. Selfishness: Selfishness and good citizenship cannot go together. Selfish citizens confine their thoughts and actions to their own private benefits. They spare no time and energy for the wellbeing of others including their motherland.

Question 5.
What are the constitutional provisions related to citizenship in lndia?
Answer:
The Constitution of India deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under part II.

According to the constitution, the following four categories of persons become the citizens of India at its commencement i.e., on January 26, 1950:

Constitutional provisions related to Citizenship:

1. Article 5 – Persons domiciled in India.
2. Article 6 – persons migrated from Pakistan
3. Article 7 – persons migrated to Pakistan but later returned
4. Article 8 – persons of Indian origin residing outside India.

The other constitutional provisions with respect to the citizenship:

1. Article 9 – No person shall be a citizen of India, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign state.
2. Article 10 – Every person who is a citizen of India shall continue to be such citizen, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
3. Article 11 – Parliament shall have the power to legislate with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Citizenship and explain the methods to acquire natural citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship denotes status of a person recognized under the customs or law of the State. Persons who possess citizenship are known as citizens.

“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgment to the public good”. – Prof. Laski

Methods of acquiring citizenship:
There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are

1. Natural citizenship
2. Naturalised citizenship

Natural citizenship:

Natural citizenship is the one which is acquired by persons without specific application or request to the authorities. An individual can get this type of citizenship based on the following principles

• Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth)
• Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship)
• Mixed principle.

i. Jus Soli – (Land or Place of birth): Jus Soli means acquisition of citizenship based on the principle of land or place of birth. According to this principle, citizenship is determined by the place of birth and not by parentage. It is the place of birth which determines citizenship.

ii. Jus Sanguinis – (Kinship or Blood relationship): This type of citizenship denotes acquiring citizenship based on kinship or blood relationship. According to Jus Sanguinis, a child acquires citizenship of his parents’ state irrespective of its place of birth.

iii. Mixed principle: Under this principle, citizenship is granted by following either of the two principles of jus sanguinis and jus soli. Many states adopted both these principles.
For example, Britain, France, and United States.

Question 2.
Explain the conditions to acquire naturalized citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship denotes status of a person recognized under the custom or law of the State. Persons who possess citizenship are known as citizens.

“Citizenship is one’s contribution of instructed judgment to the public good”. – Prof. Laski

Methods of acquiring citizenship:
There are two methods of acquiring citizenship. They are

1. Natural citizenship
2. Naturalised citizenship

Naturalised citizenship: Citizenship may also be acquired through naturalisation.

According to this method, an alien will become a citizen in a state after fulfilling certain conditions. These conditions vary from state to state.

Some of them are summed up as follows.

1. Residence: An alien who resides in a state for a prescribed period can become itscitizen. The period of residence varies from state to state. For instance, it is 5 years in Britain and 10 years in France.

2. Choice: The children of alien parents could receive citizenship of the state of their parents or the state they are born in according to their option and choice.

3. Application: An alien in a state may apply for the citizenship of that state. Then the government of that state considers his application on its merits, it grants citizenship to him with or without some conditions.

4. Fixed Assets: An alien who buys some portion of land or acquires some fixed property can acquire citizenship in a state.

5. Service (Public or Private): An alien who serves in the government of a state or in a private recognised enterprise could become the citizen of that state. He may also be given citizenship if he renders meritorious service in another state.

6. Marriage: An alien woman acquires citizenship of a state when she marries the citizen of that state. In some countries, when a person marries an alien, Citizenship of the state of either the husband or wife is acquired.

Question 3.
Describe any four qualities of a good Citizen.
Answer:
According to Aristotle good citizens make good state. This is due to the fact that good citizens imbibe many noble qualities. Lord Bryce cited three qualities of good citizen, namely, conscience, intelligence and self-control. On the whole, good citizen will have the following qualities.

Qualities of a Good Citizen:

1. Good Character.
2. Sound health
3. Intelligence and education
4. Self control
5. Public spirit
6. Self-sacrifice
7. Honest exercise of franchise
8. Sincere performance of obligations.

1. Good Character: Good character is essential for a good citizen. A good citizen should be courageous, just, helpful, kind-hearted, sympathetic, truthful and virtuous in letter and spirit.

2. Sound Health: A good citizen should have good health and strength. Healthy citizens make the nation healthy. Only a sound body will have a sound mind. Sound body and mind of a citizen paves the way for the progress of the state in many spheres.

3. Intelligence and education: Proper education is another quality of a citizen. The citizen should be well-enlightened, fully aware and informed of his rights and responsibilities. He must be intelligent enough to identify good and bad.

4. Self control: A good citizen will have moderate temperament. He will have self-control in his public activities. Self-control and confidence make him to lead a disciplined life.

5. Public Spirit: A good citizen should be ready to take active part in public affairs. He should have active participation in social activities. He should have public spirit.

6. Self-sacrifice: A good citizen must possess self-sacrifice. He must subordinate his self-interest to the interests of the community. He must be imbibed by the spirit of service and devotion to society, government and state.

7. Honest exercise of franchise: Honest exercise of one’s franchise is another essential quality of a good citizen. Self-interest or sectional interest in terms of class, religion or community act as a hurdle to good citizenship.

8. Sincere performance of obligations: A good citizen performs his obligations sincerely and faithfully. He extends co-operation to the authorities in the discharge of their obligations.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 7 Justice Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 7th Lesson Justice Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice.
Answer:

• “Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” -Plato
• “Justice means a combination and condition of political values”.-Ernest Barker “
• Justice means speaking the truth and playing one’s debts”.- Cephalus .

Question 2.
What is Distributive Justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on merit basis. Aristotle stated that justice is a sort of proportion. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions.

Question 3.
What is Aristotle’s idea of Corrective Justice?
Answer:
Corrective Justice comprises restoring each person the lost rights due to the infringement of his rights by others. Aristotle viewed this justice as essentially negative. It is concerned with voluntary commercial transactions like hire, sale, and furnishing of property.

Question 4.
How did stoics perceive justice?
Answer:

• Greek Stoics perceived nature to be a source of justice.
• Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs.
• In this, man should be free and Man should be treated equally.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the major concepts of Justice.
Answer:
Concepts of Justice:

1. Numerical concept.
2. Geometrical concept.

1. Numerical concept:
Numerical concept of justice regards that everyone has equal share. The ancient Greek city states adopted this concept in public matters. They did not consider special knowledge, qualifications etc. for holding public offices.

Jeremy Bentham advocated this concept in modern times, as “Everyone counts for one, nobody for more than one”.

2. Geometrical concept:
Geometrical concept is based on the notion of proportionate equality. It advocates equal share to equals and unequal share to unequals. It means that the distribution of power and patronage in public offices should be allocated in proportion to the worth or contribution of the individuals. Aristotle stated, “Jf flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute.

Question 2.
Define justice and mention various types of justice.
Answer:
Definition of Justice:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of Justice based on natural, social, political and legal spheres.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing-the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

2. Social justice: Social justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state.

4. Economic Justice: Economic justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc.

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state.

Question 3.
What conditions are necessary for the success of political justice?
Answer:
Political justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of citizens in the governance of the country.

Necessary conditions for the success of political justice:

1. Rule of law
2. Independent judiciary
3. Regular periodical elections to the representative bodies
4. Political parties
5. Freedom of press
6. Democratic rule

Question 4.
Explain any two sources of justice.
Answer:
Earnest Barker gives four sources of Justice:

1. Nature.
2. Ethics
3. Religion
4. Economic elements

1. Nature: The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of Justice. Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs. They viewed that nature embodies three things.

• Man should be free
• Man should be treated equally.
• Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason.

2. Ethics: Idealist thinkers like Plato, Emanuel Kant, Thomas Hilly Green, Earnest Barker and others propounded that justice originated from ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society over a period of time have, in turn, become the impersonal source of positive justice.

3. Religion: Religion is regarded as another source of Justice. This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice and any explain three types of Justice.
Answer:
Justice is a dynamic concept in the contemporary society.
The word ‘justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.

Definition of Justice:

“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of justice:
There are different types of Justice. They are

1. Natural justice
2. Social justice
3. Political justice
4. Economic justice
5. Legal justice.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

2. Social justice: Social justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-today administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent:

1. Rule of Law.
2. Independent Judiciary
3. Popular elections to the representative bodies
4. Political Parties
5. Freedom of press and assembly.
6. Democratic Rule

4. Economic Justice: Economic justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc. It does not allow exploitation of the weaker sections.

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state. It determines the legal contours of Justice. There will be no discrimination between individuals in the application of laws.

Question 2.
Define justice and write an essay on Social Justice.
Answer:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia ’, which means ‘to bind’.
Justice is a dynamic concept in contemporary society.

Definition of justice:
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Social Justice: Social Justice is generally equated with the notion of equality. Equality is an indisputable and inherent element of social justice. The term ‘social justice’ has wider meaning. ‘Social Justice’ connotes fairness, mutual obligation and responsibility in a society. It firmly believes that everyone is responsible to the others. Everyone must be provided adequate opportunities. Social justice, in brief, aims at achieving a just society by eliminating injustice. It prevails when people have the belief of sharing the things in the society. They must be entitled to equitable treatment, human rights and fair allocation of common resources.

In this context, modern political scientists like John Rawls and David Miller gave two prominent statements.

John Rawls advanced the theory of social Justice commonly known as “Justice or Fairness”.
To him, social justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities as well as taking care of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society.

David Miller pointed out that social justice is concerned with the distribution of good (advantages) and bad (disadvantages) in society. He further analysed more specifically how these things are distributed in society. According to him, social justice is concerned with the allocation of resources among people by social and political institutions. People, through social justice, receive many benefits in the fields of education, employment, wealth, health, welfare, transport etc.

Miller’s theory applies to both public and private spheres. His theory regards social justice as a social virtue that speaks of what a person possess and what he will owe to others in society.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who defined justice as ‘Justice means to help friends and harm enemies’?
1. Polemarchus
2. Cephalus
3. Plato
4. Ernest Bark
Answer:
1. Polemarchus

Question 2.
According to the Numerical concept of justice, who stated, ‘Everyone counts as one , no one counts for more than one’?
1. Aristotle
2. Plato
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. Cephalus
Answer:
3. Jeremy Bentham

Question 3.
Who regarded Distributive justice as the most powerful instrument against revolutions?
1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Ernest Barker
4. Polemarchus
Answer:
2. Aristotle

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
John Rawls advocated the ‘Theory of social justice’ commonly known as _____________.
Answer:
Justice as fairness

Question 2.
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means _____________.
Answer:
To bind

Question 3.
Aristotle stated, “If flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute. This concept is known as _____________.
Answer:
Geometrical concept

One Word Answers

Question 1.
‘Numerical Concept’ in modern times is advocated by
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham.

Question 2.
Who advocated distributive justice and corrective justice?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 3.
Who propounded that nature, ethics, religion, economic elements are the four sources justice?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.

Question 4.
Who stated that legal justice is ‘Law according to justice ‘”?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 6 Rights and Responsibilities Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 6th Lesson Rights and Responsibilities Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Mention the classification of rights.
Answer:
Rights are broadly classified into three categories:

1. Natural Rights
2. Moral Rights
3. Legal Rights

Legal Rights are again classified into three types:

1. Civil Rights
2. Political Rights
3. Economic Rights

Question 2.
Explain the theory of Natural rights.
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights that are enjoyed by people by birth. Theory of natural rights, claimed that rights are presocial and pre political nature. He cited the right to life, right to liberty and right to property as the basic natural rights. The state cannot deprive people of these rights.

Question 3.
Briefly explain the Moral rights.
Answer:
Moral rights are morally prescribed to men in society. The ethical or moral principles in society act as the basis of the moral rights. Customs, traditions and usages are regarded as the basic source of these rights. Moral rights don’t have legal backing.

Question 4.
What is meant by Fundamental rights?
Answer:
Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the constitution. They are guaranteed to all citizens without any discrimination. They are essential for developing the personality of individuals.

Question 5.
Write the types of Human Rights.
Answer:
Types of Human Rights:

1. Civil and Political Rights.
2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Question 6.
Classify the Responsibilities.
Answer:
Classification of Responsibilities:

1. Moral Responsibilities.
2. Legal Responsibilities

Legal Responsibilities are again classified into two types:

1. Positive Responsibilities,
2. Negative Responsibilities.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe any four features of Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state. They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

Features of Rights:

1. Rights are possible only in society.
2. Rights are social in nature. They can be established only when society or state recognizes and maintains them.
3. Rights are inherent in the social nature of man. Social contractualists stated that rights are inherent in human nature.
4. Rights are enforced and protected by the state.
5. Rights are not absolute. Society and state impose some restrictions on the enjoyment of rights by individuals.
6. Every Right has a corresponding responsibility. Rights and responsibilities are interdependent.
7. Rights are universal in nature. They are applicable to all in the state.
8. Rights vary from time to time according to the needs of the people.

Question 2.
List any four objectives of Human Rights.
Answer:
Human rights are the amenities required for the basic existence of human beings. They are available to all persons irrespective of caste, creed, community, religion, region, language etc.

Objectives of Human Rights:

1. To ensure independence and protection from discrimination
2. Freedom from poverty.
3. Freedom for availing the latent abilities of individuals.
4. Freedom from fear.
5. Freedom of protection.
6. Freedom from injustice.
7. Freedom of speech and expression.
8. Freedom of association.
9. Freedom to carry out one’s activities with dignity.
10. Freedom against exploitation.

Question 3.
Mention all the important Responsibilities of a citizen.
Answer:
Responsibility is an obligation of an individual towards other individuals residing in society. It is regarded as an obligation or duty towards others.

1. Loyalty to State: Every citizen owes allegiance to the state to which he belongs.
2. Obedience to Laws: It is the basic responsibility of the citizens to obey the laws of State. They must obey the orders and directives of the state.
3. Payment of Taxes: Money plays a vital role in the matters of the society, government and state. It is the responsiblity of every citizen to pay taxes promptly and properly.
4. Honest exercise of Franchise and Authority of Public Office: In a democratic state, all adult citizens, subject to certain qualifications, enjoy the right to vote in choosing their representatives.
5. Cooperation in law-and-order matters :Citizens must be ready to assist the authorities at times of emergency.
6. Other responsibilities
   • They should assign priority to the common good.
   • They should also act as whistleblowers against those who misuse the power.

Question 4.
Explain any two theories of rights.
Answer:
Two theories of rights:

1. The theory of Natural rights:
The theory of natural rights says that every human being enjoys certain rights and finds them indispensable for his very existence. They come from nature and are not created by human agency. The great Roman Lawyer Cicero and John Locke were strong exponents of natural rights.

2. The Legal theory of rights:
According to this theory all rights of*man depend on the state for their existence. Rights are created and maintained by the state. There can be no rights beyond the legal frame-work provided by the state. This theory was fully developed by Bentham, Austin, Ritchie and Salmond.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Rights and explain any six types of Civil Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state.
They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

“A right is a claim recognized by the society and enforced by the state”- Bosanquet

Individuals in a civilized society enjoy the following Civil Rights.

1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right to equality.
4. Right to property.
5. Right to family.
6. Right to religion
7. Right to contract
8. Right to education

1. Right to life: T.H.Green considered it as the most fundamental civil right. This right provides security to the individual’s life. Individuals can not lead their lives in the absence of this right. It empowers the state to impose some reasonable restrictions upon the individuals. This right also includes the right of self defence.

2. Right to liberty: This right enables individuals to have freedom in various walks of life. It makes their lives worth living. It enables them to develop their personality in various spheres. It includes various freedoms such as freedom of movement, speech, expression, thought, residence etc.

3. Right to equality: This right implies that individuals are equal before law. It forbids discrimination on the basis of one’s caste, colour, creed, education, region, race, religion, wealth etc. It enables equal treatment to all persons. It provides scope for uniform application of laws. It enables equal opportunities to ail persons in social, economic and political fields.

4. Right to property: This right enables every individual to acquire, enjoy, donate or inherit the property. It is essential to the individual for securing higher standards of living. This right is crucial for the growth of an individual’s personality.

5. Right to family: Family is a fundamental social institution. This right enables individuals to maintain family relations in society. Consequently, individuals will have freedom to marry persons of their choice.

6. Right to religion: This right allows the individuals to have freedom to practice, propagate, and profess any religion of their choice. Every individual is at liberty to preach or practice the religious doctrine as they like. The secular states provide religious freedom to their citizens.

7. Right to contract: This right provides freedom to every individual to enter into contract or legal arrangements with others regarding his life, property and work. It regulates the two parties in carrying their contracts in letter and spirit.

8. Right to education: In the modern era education is regarded as vital to every individual. Uneducated and innocent individuals cannot play an active role in public affairs. Similarly, illiterate persons cannot fully make use of their abilities. Education and literacy enable people to understand the problems of the society and policies of the government.

Question 2.
Define Rights and explain Political Rights.
Answer:
Rights are the basic conditions and opportunities which are recognised by the society and state.
They are safeguarded by the laws of the state.

“Right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.” – Bosanquet

Political Rights:

• Political rights enable the citizens to participate in the political affairs of the state.
• The citizen of the state only can enjoy these rights.

Types of Political Rights:

1. Right to vote:Right to vote is the most important political right enjoyed by the citizens in modern democratic states. It serves as a powerful weapon for adult citizens in choosing their representatives to various legislative bodies. It makes them as real sovereign. All the citizens are entitled to this right without any discrimination bases on creed, colour, language, race, region, religion, sex etc. However, persons such as aliens and minors are deprived of this right.

2. Right to contest as candidate in elections: This right empowers the citizens to contest as candidates to various legislative bodies in the state. Especially, it enables dynamic citizens, to actively participate in the political affairs of the state.

3. Right to hold public offices: This right provides opportunities to the citizens to hold various public offices for a definite period. It gives no scope for exclusion of citizens or conferring special privileges to some at the cost of the others. This helps the citizens exercise authority in a dignified manner.

4. Right to petition: This right enables the citizens to forward petitions denoting their requirements or grievances. It is considered as a vital political right in the modern state. The citizens could be able to find solutions to their immediate or long-pending issues by bringing them to the notice of the government through this right.

5. Right to criticism:This right gives opportunity to the citizens to criticize the various public policies and programmes. It also enables them to highlight the omissions and commissions of the leaders, and administrative personnel at various levels. It also gives scope for the citizens to render positive and constructive criticism about the on goings in the government from time to time.

Question 3.
Describe any six safeguards of the Rights.
Answer:
Safeguards of Rights: Individuals enjoy their rights only when they are fully protected or safeguarded by the State. In this regard, the following elements act as the safeguards of the rights of individuals.

1. Democratic Rule: Democratic rule safeguards the rights of the people to a great extent. People can enjoy their rights perfectly in democratic states only. This system makes constitutional and legal provisions for safeguarding the right of the people.

2. Written and Rigid Constitution: A written constitution clearly defines the powers and functions of the government. It also explains about the various limitations of governmental authority. A rigid constitution will guarantee the rights of the people by making it difficult for the rulers and legislators to make amendments on flimsy grounds.

3. Incorporation of Fundamental rights in constitution: Incorporation of fundamental rights in the Constitution will prevent the encroachment of individual rights by the government. Such an arrangement protects the rights of the individuals to a great extent.

4. Separation of Powers: The powers of the government should be separated among the three organs of the government. Such a measure would act as a check against other organ. Ultimately, it serves as a safeguard of individual liberty.

5. Decentralisation of powers: Individuals enjoy their rights, when powers are decentralized among the governmental institutions. This involves allocation of powers at various levels- national, provisional, local either on functional or territorial basis.

6. Rule of Law: Rule of Law implies equality before law. It also denotes equal application of laws to the citizens. It gives no scope for discrimination between citizens on the grounds of religion, region, caste, colour, community etc.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary: Independent and impartial judiciary is another safeguard of rights. Judges in higher judicial bodies will delivery judgment with impartial and independent outlook. In the process of delivering justice, they issue certain writs for immediate protection of the rights.

8. Independent Press: An independent and honest press is another essential safeguard of rights of individuals. Such agency will be able to disseminate news and views impartially and without fear or favour to any body.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was Magna carta issued?
1. 1215 AD
2. 1315 AD
3. 1415 AD
4. 1515 AD
Answer:
1. 1215 AD

Question 2.
Who propounded the theory of “Natural rights”?
1. Rousseau
2. John Locke
3. H.J. Laski
4. T.H. Green
Answer:
2. John Locke

Question 3.
Who propounded the theory of ‘Individualism’?
1. H.J. Laski
2. Jeremy Bentham
3. Rousseau
4. J.S. Mill
Answer:
4. J.S. Mill

Question 4.
Who propounded the theory of “Utilitarianism”?
1. Jeremy Bentham
2. Aristotle
3. John Loke
4. Hobbes
Answer:
1. Jeremy Bentham

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
“Right to vote’ is the best example of the ____________ rights.
Answer:
Political

Question 2.
Right to adequate wage’ is best example of the ____________ rights.
Answer:
Economic

Question 3.
The declaration of Universal human rights was adopteed on ____________.
Answer:
1948 December 10

Question 4.
‘Helping the needy and the sick’ is regarded as an example of ____________ responsibility.
Answer:
moral

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who defined the term right as “Right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state.”?
Answer:
Bosanquet

Question 2.
Violation of which type of rights is not considered as a crime?
Answer:
Moral rights

Question 3.
What are the basic human rights mentioned in the Constitution?
Answer:
Fundamental rights

Question 4.
Who gave the statement “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”?
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 5.
Which document is known as the “Bible of the English Constitution”?
Answer:
Magna carta.

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 5 Liberty and Equality Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 5th Lesson Liberty and Equality Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the term, liberty.
Answer:

• The term ‘liberty’ is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ‘free from restrictions.’
• Liberty denotes freedom to do something like freedom of speech, fight of self defence.

Question 2.
Give any one definition of liberty.
Answer:

• “Liberty is the opposite of over government – J. R. Seely
• “Liberty means absence of coercion” -F.A. Hayek. [Coercion means force/ compulsion]

Question 3.
What is political equality?
Answer:
Political equality means providing equal and identical political rights to all the citizens of the state. It implies provision of adequate conditions for the people to participate in the political affairs of the state. It could be achieved by granting various political rights to the citizens in a state.

Question 4.
Point out any two essential features of equality.
Answer:

1. Equality is not given by nature: Absolute equality is found nowhere. No two individuals remain exactly like each other. Practically, individuals are not equal.
2. Equality is not absolute: Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable. In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim they had absolute equality.

Question 5.
Mention any two elements threatening of individual liberty.
Answer:

1.  Enhancement of state authority
2.  Too many laws
3. Negative attitude
4. Tyranny of majority

Question 6.
What is Equality?
Answer:
The term ‘Equality’ implies absolute equality of treatment. But in actual practice it is not possible to have such equality. In Political Science, the term ‘Equality’ refers to a state which grants its citizens equality before the law and equal opportunities to develop their personality.

Question 7.
Mention the different implications of Equality.
Answer:
Implications of Equality:

1. There should not be any special privileges to any individual or a group of individuals.
2. People must be provided with adequate opportunities to develop their personalities.
3. There should not be any discrimination among the people on the grounds of religion, caste, creed, colour, place of birth etc.

Question 8.
Mention any four safeguards of Liberty.
Answer:
Safeguards of Liberty:

1. Democratic Rule
2. Written and Rigid Constitution.
3. lndependent Judiciary.
4. Rule of Law

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any four characteristics of Liberty.
Answer:
Characteristics of Liberty:

1. Liberty is a dynamic concept. Its interpretation varies according to time, place and wishes of the people.
2. Liberty always opposes political subjugation, imprisonment and slavery.
3. It always aims at realizing the aspirations of the individuals.
4. Liberty always means absence of irrational restraints and presence of favourable conditions.
5.  It is the product of rights.
6. It is essential for the realization of human personalities.
7. It is found only in democratic states.
8. It is manifest in the form of rights.

Question 2.
Explain any two types of liberty.
Answer:
Types of Liberty:

1. Natural liberty
2. Civil liberty
3. Economic liberty.
4. Political liberty.
5. National liberty.

1. Natural Liberty: Natural liberty denotes unrestrained freedom to do whatever one pleases. It gives no scope for interference or restraint of any type. It prevails when individuals are allowed to do what they wish. However, unrestrained liberty negates the liberties of individuals. Natural liberty is not found in the present-day society. It existed prior to the origin of the state and society.

2. Civil Liberty: Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organization. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential prerequisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilized life in the state. Civil Liberty is manifested in several rights.
Ex: 1) Right to life
2) Right to work

Question 3.
Narrate any two types of equality.
Answer:
The concept of equality has a significant in the study of political science.
It was originated at first in Europe as a protest against feudalism.

Types of equality

1. Natural equality
2. Social equality
3. Economic equality
4. Political equality.
5. International equality.

1. Natural equality: Natural equality implies freedom from all restraints and social customs. It means absence of restraints of any type in individual sphere. Natural equality was mentioned in the social contract theory as propounded by Thomas Hobbes. He stated that men led their life in the state of nature prior to the civil society.

2. Social Equality: Social equality stands for equality of status and absence of class distinctions and discrimination. It exists when no individual is made to suffer on account of his caste, class, colour, creed, race etc. Social equality implies the presence of harmonious conditions among the people who live in a society.

Question 4.
Describe any two obstacles to equality.
Answer:
The concept 6f equality has remained inoperative owing to the following obstacles.

Types of Obstacles:

1. Gap between law and practice
2. Equality is an Ideal
3. Social obstacles
4. Monopolization of Political power
5. Economic elements.

Obstacles to equality:
1. Gap between law and practice:

• In modern times, the concept of equality has been widely accepted all over the world.
• Law upholds the principle of equality in democratic states.
• Equality is said to be prevalent when there is no gap between the theory and practical application.

2. Social obstacles:

• Equality is not found in social sphere in almost all countries of the world.
• This is due to the narrow outlook, selfish attitude, superstitions etc.,

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Liberty and explain its types.
Answer:
Liberty: The success of a political system depends on the enjoyment of liberty and equality by the individuals. These two elements have great significance in the study of Political Science.

• “Liberty is the opposite of over government” – J. R. Seely
• “Liberty means absence of coercion” – F. A. Hayek
• “Liberty does not mean the absence of restraint, but it lies in the development of one’s personality” -Mahatma Gandhi

Types of Liberty:

1. Natural liberty: Natural Liberty denotes unrestrained freedom to do whatever one pleases. It gives no scope for interference or restraint of any type. It prevails when individuals are allowed to do what they wish. However, unrestrained liberty negates the liberties of individuals. Natural liberty is not found in the present-day society. It existed prior to the origin of the state and society.

2. Civil liberty: Civil liberty is also known as personal liberty. It relates to the individual’s freedom in his life as a member of the social organization. It is enjoyed by the individuals in the society. Civil liberty is the essential pre-requisite to the existence and survival of human beings. It enables them to lead happy, honourable and civilized life in the state.

Civil Liberty is manifested in several rights. These include:

1. Right to life
2. Right to work
3. Right to Property
4. Right to Religion
5. Right to Speech, expression, assembly, movement and residence etc.

These rights are given to the individuals without any discrimination.

3. Economic Liberty: Economic liberty means the right of everyone to earn his livelihood. Laski described this liberty as ‘the security and opportunity to find reasonable significance in earning one’s daily bread. Economic liberty ensures everyone freedom from want and fear, hunger and starvation, unemployment and insufficiency. Economic liberty denotes freedom from want or insecurity of economic nature. Without economic liberty democracy is meaningless.

4. Political Liberty: Political Liberty facilitates the citizens to take part in the political affairs of the State. Laski regarded political liberty as the power to be active in the affair of the state. Political Liberty is confined to the citizens alone. It is positive in nature. Political Liberty provides several rights in political matters.

These include:

1. Right to vote.
2. Right to contest as candidates in elections
3. Right to hold public office.
4. Right to criticism.

5. National Liberty: National Liberty implies the freedom and independence of the State. It also denotes the sovereignty of the state. Every state enjoys this liberty and remains free from the political domination of other states. This liberty is essential for the progress of nation in all spheres. The Indian masses under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi waged a non-violent struggle to secure national freedom from the British Rule.

Question 2.
What is equality? and explain its significant features.
Answer:
Equality: The term ‘equality’ implies absolute equality of treatment. But in actual practice it is not possible to have such equality. In political science, the term ‘equality’ refers to a state which grants its citizens equality before law and equal opportunities to develop their personality.

According to Pathanjali Shastri, equality means “Equality does not mean identical treatment. It means equal treatment under equal conditions”.

Significant Features of Equality:

1. Equality is not given by nature:
Equality is not given by nature. Absolute equality is found nowhere. All individuals are bom in the same circumstances. Human beings are not like standard commodities which are coming out of a factory.

2. Equality is not absolute:

Equality is not absolute. Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable.
In no movement in the history of the world did individuals claim they had absolute equality.

3. Essential for social justice:
Equality is essential for social justice. All over the world, there have been movements aiming at social justice. These movements have laid special attention to the achievement of equality.

4. Connected with liberty:
Equality is closely connected with liberty. This is due to the fact that without liberty people cannot have equality. Liberty remains insignificant in the absence of equality.

5. A condition of good life:
Equality is a condition of good life. Given equality individual can have good opportunities for developing his personality. He can reap the fruits of a higher life when there is no gap between those who are at the top and those who are at the bottom.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following equalities implies provision of adequate conditions for the people in the political affairs of the state?
1. Social Equality
2. Political Equality
3. Economic Equality
4. Natural Equality
Answer:
2. Political Equality

Question 2.
Which of the following equalities implies freedom from all restraints and social customs?
1. Natural Equality
2. Economic Equality
3. Political Equality
4. Social Equality
Answer:
1. Natural Equality

Question 3.
The definition “Liberty means absence of coercion” was given by…
1. T. H. Green
2. H.J. Laski
3. F.A. Hayek
4. J.R. Seely
Answer:
3. F.A. Hayek

Question 4.
Who opined, “Liberty is a constitutional freedom given to the individual to express his opinion frankly”?
1. Herbert Spencer
2. H. J. Laski
3. J. S. Mill
4. John Locke
Answer:
3. J. S. Mill

Question 5.
Identify the incorrect statement among the following essential features of equality.
1. Equality is not given by nature.
2. Equality is absolute.
3. Equality is essential for social justice.
4. Equality is closely connected with liberty.
Answer:
2. Equality is absolute.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The term liberty is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ___________.
Answer:
Free from restrictions

Question 2.
Natural equality was mentioned in the ‘Social contract theory’ as propounded by ___________.
Answer:
Thomas Hobbes

Question 3.
___________ equality denotes presence of equality of status and absence of class distinctions.
Answer:
Social

Question 4.
___________ equality is considered as the basis of social and political equalities.
Answer:
Economic

One Word Answers

Question 1.
Who gave the slogan “Give me liberty or Give me death”?
Answer:
Patrick Henry.

Question 2.
Which country revolutionaries shed their blood for the sake of the magic words “liberty, equality and fraternity”?
Answer:
French.

Question 3.
Which type of liberty existed before the formation of the state and society?
Answer:
Natural Liberty

Question 4.
Who stated, ‘Equality does not mean identical treatment, it means equal treatment under equal conditions’?
Answer:
Justice Pathanjali Shastri