AP Inter 1st Year

AP Intermediate 1st Year Commerce Textbook Solutions

Commerce Inter 1st Year

• Chapter 1 Concept of Business Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Business Activities Questions and Answers
• Chapter 3 Sole Proprietorship Questions and Answers
• Chapter 4 Joint Hindu Family Business and Co-operative Society Questions and Answers
• Chapter 5 Partnership Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Fundamental Aspects of Joint Stock Company Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Formation of a Joint Stock Company Questions and Answers
• Chapter 8 Business Finance Questions and Answers
• Chapter 9 Emerging Trends in Business Questions and Answers

AP Inter 1st Year Commerce Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

AP Inter 1st Year Study Material

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany 2nd Lesson Plant Kingdom Questions and Answers

IV. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between antheridium and archegonium.
Answer:

Question 2.
What are the two stages found in the gametophyte of mosses? Mention the structures from which these two stages develop.
Answer:

• The gametophyte of a moss consists of two stages.
  • Juvenile, green, filamentous, protonema
  • The adult leafy gametophore.
• Protonema develops by the germination of spores.
• Gametophores develop from the buds on protonema.

Question 3.
Name the stored food materials found in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
Answer:

• In Phaeophyceae – Laminarin or mannitol.
• In Rhodophyceae – Floridian starch

Question 4.
Name the pigments responsible for brown colour of Phaeophyceae and red colour of Rhodophyceae.
Answer:

• The brown colour of Phaeophyceae is due to fucoxanthin. (a xanthophyll)
• Red colour of Rhodophyceae is due to r-phycoerythrin. (a phycobilin)

Question 5.
Name different methods of vegetative reproduction in Bryophytes.
Answer:

• In liverworts, vegetative reproduction takes place by special structures called gemmae.
• They develop in small receptacles called gemma cups.
  Ex. Marchantia
• In mosses, vegetative reproduction is carried out by fragmentation, gemmae and budding.
  Ex. Funaria.

Question 6.
Name the composite structure in which nucellus is protected by envelops in Gymno- sperms.
Answer:
The Ovule

Question 7.
Name the Gymnosperms which contain mycorrhizae and coralloid roots respectively.
Answer:

• Pinus is the gymnosperm which contains mycorrhiza.
• Cycas is the gymnosperm which contains coralloid roots.

Question 8.
Name the four classes of Pteridophyta with one example each.
Answer:

• Psilopsida – Psilotum
• Lycopsida – Selaginella, Lycopodium
• Sphenopsida – Equisetum
• Pteropsida – Pteris,’Dryopteris

Question 9.
What are the first organisms to colonise rocks? Give the generic name of the moss which provides peat.
Answer:

• Mosses along with Lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks.
• Sphagnum, a moss provides peat that is used as a fuel.

Question 10.
Why are Bryophytes called the Amphibians of Plant Kingdom ?
Answer:
Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they survive in moist soils and are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

V. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between red algae and brown algae.
Answer:

Question 2.
Differentiate between liverworts and mosses.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is meant by homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes? Give two examples.
Answer:

• Pteridophytes which produce the same kind of spores are known as homosporous pteridophytes.
  Ex: Lycopodium, Pteris
• Pteridophytes,which produce two kinds of spores i.e microspores and megaspores are called heterosporous pteridophytes.
  Ex: Selaginella, Salvinia.
• Small spores are called microspores that develop into male gametophytes and large spores are called megaspores which develop into female gametophytes.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of prothallus.
Answer:

• In pteridophytes, haploid spores liberated from the sporangia of sporophyte develop into inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living photosynthetic, thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.
• These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow.
• The prothallus bears sex organs male and female called antheridia and archegonia.
• The sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and sessile.
• Water is required for the transfer of antherozoids.
• Fusion of male gamete with egg takes place in the archegonium.
• After fertilization, zygote develop into Embryo.

Question 5.
Write a note on the economic importance of algae and bryophytes.
Answer:
i) Economic importance of Algae :

• At least a half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis.
• Being photosynthetic, they increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment.
• They are important as primary producers of energy rich compounds which form the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals.
• Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
• Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances) e.g., algin (brown algae) and carrageenan (red algae) which are used commercially.
• Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria is used to grow microbes and in preparation of ice-creams and jellies.
• Chlorella are unicellular alga used as food supplements even by space travelers.

ii) Economic importance of Bryophytes :

• Some mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
• Species of Sphagnum, (peat moss) provides peat that has long been used as fuel, and because of its capacity to hold water as packing material for trans-shipment of living material.
• Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.
• They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants, hence play a significant role in plant succession.
• Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

Question 6.
Draw labelled diagrams of:
a) Female thallus and male thallus of a liverwort
b) Gametophyte and sporophyte of Funaria.
Answer:
a)

b)

VI. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give the salient features of Pteridophytes.
Answer:

• The pteridophytes include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, etc.
• They are embryophytic, archegoniate, vascular (tracheophyte) cryptogams.
• The pteridophytes are commonly found in cool, damp, shady places.
• The main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true roots, stems and leaves.
• The roots are adventitious.
• The leaves in pteridophytes are small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
• The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
• The sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.
• In the majority of the pteridophytes, all the spores are of similar kind; such plants are termed homosporous.
  Ex: Lycopodium, Pteris.
• Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia, which produce two kinds of spores, megaspores and microspores, are described as heterosporous.
• The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic, thalloid gametophytes called Prothallus.
• The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively.
• The sex organs are multicellular, jacketed and sessile.
• In heterosporous plants, the megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes respectively.
• Water is required for the transfer of antherozoids (the male gametes) released from the antheridia, to the mouth of the archegonium.
• Fusion of motile male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the formation of a zygote. This is called zooidogamous oogamy.
  The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophytes.
• This event is a precursor to the seed habit and is considered an important step in evolution.
• The embryo thereafter produces a multicellular, well differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase in the pteridophytes.
• Pteridophytes show heteromorphic alternation of generations with a diplo-haplontic life cycle.
• Both the sporophyte and gametophyte are independent, but the sporophyte is dominant.

Question 2.
Describe the important characteristics of Gymnosperms.
Answer:

• The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization.
• The seeds are naked.
• Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs.
• The giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest trees.
• The roots are generally tap roots.
• Roots in Pinus, have a fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza, while in Cycas, small specialized roots called coralloid roots are associated with N₂– fixing cyanobacteria.
• The stem is unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus).
• The leaves may be simple or compound.
• In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
• In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface area.
• The gymnosperms are heterosporous; they produce haploid microspores and megaspores.
• The two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia that are borne on sporophylls, which are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or compact strobili or cones.
• The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or male strobili.
• The microspores develop into a male gametophyte called a pollen grain.
• The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called microsporangiate or female strobili.
• The male or female cones or strobili may be borne on the same tree (Pinus).
• However, in Cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees.
• The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the nucellus.
• The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called an ovule.
• The ovules are borne on megasporophylls, which may be clustered to form the female cones.
• The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form four megaspores.
• One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia.
• The multicellular female gametophyte is also retained within megasporangium.
• The male and the female gametophytes, do not have an independent free-living existence.
• The pollen grains are released from the microsporangium. They are carried by air currents and come in contact with the opening of the ovules borne on megasporophylls.
• The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules and discharges their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.
• Following fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo, and the ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following have been excluded from plant kingdom (Plantae) in the modern system of classification (Whittaker’s classification) ?
1. Algae and Fungi
2. Fungi and some members of Monera and Protista
3. Members of Monera only
4. Algae and some members of Protista
Answer:
2. Fungi and some members of Monera and Protista

Question 2.
Which of the following pieces of evidence is very crucial to establish evolutionary relationships in Phylogenetic systems of classification ?
1. Morphological evidence
2. Anatomical evidences
3. Fossil evidence
4. Cytological evidences
Answer:
3. Fossil evidence

Question 3.
Pick out the right examples for filamentous and colonial forms of algae respectively.
1. Ulothrix and Spirogyra
2. Ulothrix and Volvox
3. Volvox and Fucus
4. Spirogyra and Fucus
Answer:
2. Ulothrix and Volvox

Question 4.
Which of the following alga is not suitable as human food ?
1. Chlorella
2. Porphyra
3. Chara
4. Laminaria
Answer:
3. Chara

Question 5.
The alga Porphyra belongs to the class
1. Rhodophyceae
2. Phaeophyceae
3. Chlorophyceae
4. Cyanophyceae
Answer:
1. Rhodophyceae

Question 6.
The shape of archegonium in bryophytes is
1. Flask shape
2. Club shape
3. Saucer shape
4. Cup shape
Answer:
1. Flask shape

Question 7.
The sporophyte in mosses develops from
1. Microspore
2. Megaspore
3. Zygote
4. Zygospore
Answer:
3. Zygote

Question 8.
Heterospory in Pteridophytes is commonly seen in species of
1. Selaginella and Salvinia
2. Lycopodium and Equisetum
3. Equisetum and Psilotum
4. Lycopodium and Psilotum
Answer:
1. Selaginella and Salvinia

Question 9.
Which of the following is synonymous to the male gametophyte in Gymnosperms?
1. Megaspore
2. Microspore / pollen grain
3. Megasporangia
4. Microsporophyll
Answer:
2. Microspore / pollen grain

Question 10.
Smallest living angiosperm
1. Wolffia
2. Typha
3. Cuscuta
4. Cedrus
Answer:
1. Wolffia

II. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Natural classification system based on natural affinities was given by __________.
Answer:
George Bentham and J.D. Hooker

Question 2.
Using numbers and codes for characters and utilising computers to process the data is seen in __________ taxonomy.
Answer:
Numerical

Question 3.
The fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size in Eudorina is termed as __________.
Answer:
Anisogamy

Question 4.
At Least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by __________ through photosynthesis.
Answer:
Algae

Question 5.
In green algae the members have one or more storage bodies called __________ located in the chloroplasts.
Answer:
Pyrenoids

Question 6.
In phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a __________.
Answer:
Holdfast

Question 7.
The food is stored in the form of __________ in Rhodophyceae (red algae).
Answer:
Floridean starch

Question 8.
__________ moss provides peat and is also used as packing material to hold water.
Answer:
Sphagnum

Question 9.
__________ are green multicellular asexual buds on the thalli of liverworts.
Answer:
Gemmae

Question 10.
In mosses the first stage is the __________ stage, which directly develops from a Spore.
Answer:
Protonema

Question 11.
In Pteridophytes, the main plant body is a __________.
Answer:
Sporophyte

Question 12.
The free living, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte of Pteridophytes is called __________.
Answer:
Prothallus

Question 13.
Selaginella belongs to __________ class of Pteridophyta.
Answer:
Lycopsida

Question 14.
Mycorrhizal association with a fungus is seen in the Gymnosperm
Pinus

III. One Word Answer Questions

Question 1.
Which taxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour?
Answer:
Cytotaxonomy

Question 2.
What do you call the fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete in Volvox and Fucus ?
Answer:
Oogamy

Question 3.
What is the commercial product obtained from red algae Gelidium and Gracilaria?.
Answer:
Agar agar

Question 4.
Which are the two chlorophyll pigments found in chloroplasts of Phaeophyceae algae?
Answer:
Chlorophyll a and c

Question 5.
Which is the predominant red pigment present in the body of red alga?
Answer:
r-Phycoerythrin

Question 6.
In which algae the vegetative cells have a cellulose cell wall covered by algin?
Answer:
Phaeophyceae

Question 7.
Give one example for a liverwort with a thalloid plant body.
Answer:
Marchantia

Question 8.
Which stage of the mosses bears sex organs?
Answer:
Gametophyte, leafy stage

Question 9.
Majority of the Pteridophytes produce spores that are similar. What do you call this condition?
Answer:
Homosporous condition or Homospory

Question 10.
Which important step in evolution does the heterospory lead to?
Answer:
Seed-Habit

Question 11.
Name the tallest tree in Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Sequoia

Question 12.
What type of roots in Cycas show symbiosis with Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria?
Answer:
Coralloid roots

Question 13.
In which group of plants the seeds are enclosed in a fruit?
Answer:
Angiosperms

AP Intermediate 1st Year Economics Textbook Solutions

Economics Inter 1st Year

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Economics Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Theory of Consumer Behaviour Questions and Answers
• Chapter 3 Theory of Demand Questions and Answers
• Chapter 4 Production Analysis Questions and Answers
• Chapter 5 Cost and Revenue Analysis Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Market Structure Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Theory of Distribution Questions and Answers
• Chapter 8 National Income Accounting Questions and Answers
• Chapter 9 Theory of Employment and Public Finance Questions and Answers
• Chapter 10 Money, Banking and Inflation Questions and Answers

AP Inter 1st Year Economics Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

AP Inter 1st Year Study Material

AP Intermediate 1st Year Zoology Textbook Solutions

Zoology Inter 1st Year

Unit I Diversity in the Living World

• Chapter 1 The Living World Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Animal Kingdom Questions and Answers

Unit II Structural Organisation

• Chapter 3 Structural Organization in Animals Questions and Answers

Unit III Human Physiology

• Chapter 4 Breathing and Exchange of Gases Questions and Answers
• Chapter 5 Body Fluids and Circulation Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Excretory Products and Their Elimination Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Locomotion and Movement Questions and Answers
• Chapter 8 Neural Control and Coordination Questions and Answers
• Chapter 9 Chemical Coordination and Integration Questions and Answers

AP Inter 1st Year Zoology Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

AP Inter 1st Year Study Material

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Botany Study Material Chapter 1 Biological Classification Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Botany 1st Lesson Biological Classification Questions and Answers

IV. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the nature of the cell wall in Diatoms?
Answer:
In Diatoms, the cell wall forms two thin overlapping shells, which fit together like a soapbox. The cell walls are embedded with silica and thus they are indestructible.

Question 2.
What do the terms “Phycobiont” and “Mycobiont” refer to?
Answer:
The algal component in a lichen is called a phycobiont and the fungal component in a lichen is called a mycobiont.

Question 3.
What do the terms “Algal blooms” and “Red tides” signify?
Answer:

• The luxuriant growth of cyanobacterial members in stagnant polluted waters due to excess of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers and sewage are called algal blooms.
• Red dinoflagellates like Gonyaulax undergo rapid multiplication that they make the sea red. Hence it is called “red tides”.

Question 4.
How are “Viroids” different from “Viruses”?
Answer:

Question 5.
State two economically important uses of Heterotrophic bacteria?
Answer:

1. Making curd from milk.
2.  Production of antibiotics.
3. Nitrogen fixation in legume roots.

Question 6.
Some plants are autotrophic, Can you think of some plants that are partially heterotrophic?
Answer:
Dionaea (Venus fly trap), Utricularia (Bladderwort), Cuscuta is a parasite.

Question 7.
Give the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker? [March-26]
Answer:
The main criteria for the classification of whittaker include cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.

V. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Answer:

1. These are freshwater, flagellated organisms, found in stagnant water.
2. They are surrounded by a flexible protein rich layer called pellicle.
3. They have two unequal flagella, a short and long one.
4. They are photosynthetic in the presence of light.
5. They behave as heterotrophs when deprived of light.
6. Reproduction takes place by binary fission.
7. This pigments of Euglenoids are Identical to those present in Higher Plants.
   Ex: Euglena.

Question 2.
Give the salient features and importance of Chrysophytes?
Answer:
Salient features

1. This group includes diatoms and desmids or golden algae.
2. They are found in fresh water as well as in marine environments.
3. They are microscopic, and float passively in water currents.
4. Most of them are photosynthetic.
5. In diatoms, the cell wall contains two thin overlapping shells, which fit together like a soap box.
6. Cell walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible.
7. After death diatoms leave large amounts of cell wall deposits in their habitat and form diatomaceous earth.

Importance:

• The diatomaceous soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
• Diatoms are the chief producers of the ocean.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of Dinoflagellates?
Answer:

1. These are marine and photosynthetic forms.
2. They appear yellow, green, blue or red based on the pigments in the cell.
3. The cell wall contains stiff cellulosic plates on the outer surface.
4. These are biflagellated. One lies longitudinally and the other is transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
5. Very often, red dinoflagellates (Ex: Gonyaulax) undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear red (red tides).
6. Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals such as fishes.

Question 4.
Write the role of Fungi in our daily life.
Answer:
Uses:

1. Yeast are used to make bread and beer.
2. Some fungi like Penicillium are the source of antibiotics.
3. Agaricus are edible mushrooms.

Diseases:

1. Fungi spoils bread. Ex: Rhizopus.
2. White spots appear on the leaves of mustard by Albugo.
3. Puccinia causes rust in wheat.

VI. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Give the salient features and comparative account of different classes of fungi studied by You?
Answer:
Kingdom fungi includes heterotrophic organisms.

Salient Features:

• All the fungal members are filamentous except yeast (unicellular).
• Body of the fungi is called mycelium.
• Each thread-like slender structure in the mycelium is called hypha.
• In some fungi (Rhizopus), hyphae are aseptate and multinucleated, and are called “coenocytic hyphae”.
• Cell wall is made up of chitin and polysaccharides.
• Reserve food materials are glycogen and oil.
• They live as “saprophytes”, parasites and symbionts. (Lichens and mycorrhizae).
• Reproduction takes place vegetatively by fragmentation or fission or by budding.
• Asexually by producing spores like conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores.
• Plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis are the sequential steps in their sexual reproduction.

Kingdom fungi are divided into 4 classes based on their morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies. They are

1. Phycomycetes
2. Ascomycetes.
3. Basidiomycetes
4. Deuteromycetes

1. Phycomycetes:

• They are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants.
• The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
• Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores or by aplanospores.
• Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two gametes which may be similar or dissimilar or oogamous.
  Ex: Mucor, Rhizopus, Albugo.

2. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi):

• They are unicellular (Yeast) or multicellular (Penicillium).
• They live as saprophytes or decomposers or parasites or coprophilous (Grow on dung).
• Mycelium is branched and septate
• The asexual reproduction occurs by conidia formed on conidiophores.
• They reproduce sexually by producing Ascospores in Asci.
  Ex: Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora.
• Neurospora are used extensively in biochemical genetic work.

3. Basidiomycetes (Bracket fungi or puffballs)

• They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites.
• The mycelium is branched and septate.
• Vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation.
• Sex organs are absent but plasmogamy occurs by the fusion of two vegetative cells of different strains or genotypes.
• The dikaryotic mycelium produces basidia which in turn produce basidiospores.
  Ex: Agaricus, Ustilago, polyporus.

4. Deuteromycetes (Imperfect fungi):

• Some members live as saprophytes or parasites and most of the members live as decomposers and help in mineral cycling.
• The mycelium is branched and septate.
• They reproduce asexually by conidia.
  Ex: Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.

Question 2.
Describe briefly different groups of Monerans you have studied.
Answer:
Kingdom Monera includes Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria and Mycoplasmas.

Archaebacteria:

• These are special Monerans.
• They live in extreme habitats like salty areas, (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).
• Their cell wall contains Pseudomurein.
• Their cell membrane contains a branched chain of lipids. So they can even survive in extreme conditions.
• Methanogens are responsible for the production of methane gas from dung.

Eubacteria:

• Bacteria are abundant microorganisms, present everywhere.
• They also live in extreme habitats like hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans.
• Bacteria appear in 4 shapes
  • spherical – coccus
  • Rod shaped – Bacillus
  • Comma shaped – Vibrio
  • Spiral shaped – Spirilla.
• Bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.
• The infoldings of the plasma membrane are called mesosomes.
• Genetic material is not covered by nuclear membrane.
• Except ribosomes other cell organelles are absent.
• Motile bacteria contain one or more flagella.
• Based on the nutrition bacteria are 2 types,
  • Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs are two types:
  • Photosynthetic autotrophs.
  • Chemosynthetic autotrophs.
• Heterotrophic bacteria are of two types:
  • Photosynthetic heterotrophs
  • Chemosynthetic heterotrophs (Saprophytes or decomposers, Parasites).
• Bacteria reproduce mainly by binary fission. During unfavourable conditions they produce spores – endospores.
• Bacteria reproduce sexually by transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium.

Cyanobacteria:

• These are also known as blue-green algae.
• Cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous aquatic or terrestrial algae.
• These are photosynthetic autotrophs, due to the presence of chlorophyll.
• They show oxygenic photosynthesis.
• The colonies and trichomes or filaments are generally surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.
• They often form blooms in polluted water bodies.
• Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts.
  Ex. Nostoc and Anabaena.

Mycoplasma:

• They do not have a cell wall, and they are pleomorphic.
• They are the smallest living cells and can survive without O₂.
• Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic to animals and plants.

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Two kingdom classification was given by
1. Whittaker
2. Linnaeus
3. Aristotle
4. Theophrastus
Answer:
2. Linnaeus

Question 2.
Bacteria that live in most harsh habitats are
1. Bacteria
2. Cyanobacteria
3. Mycoplasmas
4. Archaebacteria
Answer:
4. Archaebacteria

Question 3.
Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacterium is
1. Rhizobium
2. Nostoc
3. Chlorella
4. Methanogens
Answer:
2. Nostoc

Question 4.
Smallest living monera cells that lack a cell wall are
1. Cyanobacteria
2. Protozoans
3. Mycoplasma
4. Bacteria
Answer:
3. Mycoplasma

Question 5.
Diatomaceous Earth is Indestructible due to cell walls embedded by
1. Calcium
2. Silica
3. Zinc
4. Phosphorus
Answer:
2. Silica

Question 6.
Protists that form plasmodium are
1. Euglenoids
2. Slime moulds
3. Dinoflagellates
4. Diatoms
Answer:
2. Slime moulds

Question 7.
Which is the correct sequence of the sexual cycle of fungi
1. Mitosis-Meiosis-Fertilization
2. Plasmogamy-Karyogamy-Meiosis
3. Meiosis- Plasmogamy-Karyogamy
4. Karyogamy-Plasmogamy-Meiosis
Answer:
2. Plasmogamy-Karyogamy-Meiosis

Question 8.
The viruses which infect bacteria are known as
1. Zoophages
2. Bacteriophages
3. Cyanophages
4. Zymophages
Answer:
2. Bacteriophages

Question 9.
Fungus that is extensively used in biochemical and genetic work
1. Neurospora
2. Ustilago
3. Colletotrichum
4. Saccharomyces
Answer:
1. Neurospora

Question 10.
One of the following are very good pollution indicator
1. Fungi
2. Mycoplasma
3. Lichens
4. Golden algae
Answer:
3. Lichens

II. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
In five kingdom classification Bacteria are included in __________ kingdom.
Answer:
Monera

Question 2.
Methanogens are present in gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of __________.
Answer:
Methane (biogas)

Question 3.
The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by __________ sheath.
Answer:
Gelatinous

Question 4.
Bacteria reproduce mainly by __________.
Answer:
Binary fission

Question 5.
Diatoms are the chief __________ in the oceans.
Answer:
Producers

Question 6.
Pellicle is found in __________ organisms.
Answer:
Euglenoid

Question 7.
The network of hyphae is known as __________.
Answer:
Mycelium

Question 8.
Agaricus belongs to __________ fungi.
Answer:
Basidiomycetes

Question 9.
__________ fungi is known as Imperfect fungi.
Answer:
Deuteromycetes

Question 10.
Viroids were discovered by __________.
Answer:
T.O.Diener

III. One Word Answer Questions

Question 1.
Among five kingdom classification, eukaryotes are placed in how many kingdoms ?
Answer:
Four

Question 2.
What is the cell wall composition of fungi?
Answer:
Chitin

Question 3.
Give one example of Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria?
Answer:
Nostoc or Anabaena

Question 4.
What is the protist responsible for Red tides?
Answer:
Gonyaulax

Question 5.
What are the smallest living cells which can survive without oxygen?
Answer:
Mycoplasma

Question 6.
What is the causative organism for Sleeping sickness disease?
Answer:
Trypanosoma

Question 7.
Which of the protists show both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer:
Euglenoids (Euglena)

Question 8.
Agaricus belongs to which class of the fungi ?
Answer:
Basidiomycetes

Question 9.
Which organism causes mad cow disease?
Answer:
Prion

Question 10.
Who proposed the name “Contagium vivum fluidum”[Infectious living fluid]?
Answer:
Beijereinck

AP Intermediate 1st Year Botany Textbook Solutions

Botany Inter 1st Year

Unit I Diversity in the Living World

• Chapter 1 Biological Classification Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom Questions and Answers

Unit II Structural Organisation in Plants

• Chapter 3 Morphology of Flowering Plants Questions and Answers
• Chapter 4 Anatomy of Flowering Plants Questions and Answers

Unit III CELL Structure and Functions

• Chapter 5 Cell: The Unit of Life Questions and Answers
• Chapter 6 Biomolecules Questions and Answers
• Chapter 7 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Questions and Answers

Unit IV Plant Physiology

• Chapter 8 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Questions and Answers
• Chapter 9 Respiration in Plants Questions and Answers
• Chapter 10 Plant Growth and Development Questions and Answers

AP Inter 1st Year Botany Weightage BluePrint 2026-2027

AP Inter 1st Year Study Material

Referring to the AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Study Material Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Exercise 1C Solutions makes it easier to understand complex problems.

AP Inter 2nd Year Maths Relations and Functions Solutions Exercise 1C

I.

Question 1.
Show that the function f : R →R given by f(x) = x³ is injective.
Solution:
f: R → R is given by f(x) = x³. Let x₁; x₂ ∈ R (domain)
Now f (x₁) = f(x₂) ⇒ x₁³ = x₂³⇒ x₁ = x₂.
∴ f is injective

Question 2.
Find the number of all onto functions from the set {1, 2, 3, ……….., n} to itself.
Solution:
The total number of onto function from {1, 2, 3, ………. n} to itself
= total number of permutations on {1, 2, 3,………..n} = ⁿP_n = n!
Note: In f: A → B if n(A) = n(B) then only we claim that no.of onto functions = no.of one-one functions.

Question 3.
Find the number of all one-one functions from set A = (1, 2, 3} to itself.
Solution:
Total number of one-one function from (1, 2, 3} to itself is
= Total number of permutations on {1, 2, 3} = ³P₃ = 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6.

II.

Question 1.
Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X. Define the relation R in P(X) as follows:
For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only IfA c B. Is R an equivalence relation on Justify your answer.
Solution:
(i) ARA for all A e P(X) [ every set is a subset of itself]. So, R is reflexive.
(ii) Let ARB ⇒ A ⊂ B . This does not imply that B ⊂ A. So, R is not symmetric.
(iii) If ARB and BRC, then A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C ⇒ A ⊂ C ⇒ ARC . So, R is transitive.
R is not an equivalence relation as it is not symmetric.

Question 2.
Let A = {- 1, 0, 1, 2), B = {- 4, – 2, 0, 2) and f, g : A → B be functions defined by f(x) = x² – x, x ∈ A and g(x) = 2|x – \(\frac{1}{2}\)|, x ∈ A. Are f and g equal?
Justify your answer. (Hint: One may note that two functions f : A → B and g : A B such that f (a) = g (a), ∀ a ∈ A, are called equal functions).
Solution:
Given that f(x) = x² – x and g(x)= 2|x – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1, x ∈ A
and A = {-1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {-4, -2, 0, 2}
Now f(-1) = (-1)² – (-1) = 1 + 1 = 2 and
g(-1) = 2|(-1) – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1 = 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2 ⇒ f(-1) = g(-1);
f(0) = (0)² – 0 = 0 and g(0) = 2|0 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1 = 2(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 ⇒ f(0) = g(0)
f(1) = (1)² – 1 = 0 and g(0) = 2|1 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1 = 2(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 ⇒ f(1) = g(1)
f(2) = (2)² – 2 = 2 and g(2) = 2|2 – \(\frac{1}{2}\)| – 1 = 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2 ⇒ f(2) = g(2)
∴ f(a)= g (a), ∀a ∈ A Hence, the functions f and g are equal.

III.

Question 1.
Show that the function f: R → b {x ∈ R : — 1 < x < 1) defined by f(x) = \(\frac{x}{1+|x|}\) x ∈ R is one one and onto function.
Solution:
(i) To show f is one-one:
Case (i): When x₁, x₂ ≥ 0. Then |x₁| = x₁, |x₂| = x₂ [∵ From the def. of |x|]
Now f(x₁) = f(x₂) ⇒ \(\frac{x_1}{1+x_1}=\frac{x_2}{1+x_2}\) ⇒ x₁ (1 + x₂) = x₂(1 + x₁)
⇒ x₁ + x₁x₂ = x₂ + x₁x₂ ⇒ x₁ = x₂
∴ f is one-one.
Similarly, the result can be verified when x₁ and x₂ both are negative.

Case (ii): When one is non-negative and other is negative.
Let x₁ ≥ 0 and x₂ < 0. Then f(x₁) ≥ 0, f(x₂) < 0
Here, f(x₁) ≠ f(x₂) ⇒ x₁ ≠ x₂.
This implies that f(x₁) = f(x₂) ⇒ x₁ = x₂
∴ f is one-one.

(ii) To show f is onto:
Case (i): When x is positive then |x| = x. Put f(x) = y
∴ y = \(\frac{x}{1+x}\) ⇒ y(1 + x) = x ⇒ y + yx = xy = x(1 – y) ⇒ x = \(\frac{y}{1+y}\) exists ∀ y ≠ 1
∴ f is onto.
Verification: f(x) = \(f\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)=\frac{\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)}{1+\left|\frac{y}{1-y}\right|}=\frac{\frac{y}{1-y}}{1+\left(\frac{y}{1-y}\right)}=\frac{y}{1-y+y}=y\)
Case (ii): When x is negative then |x|= – x. Put f(x) = y
∴ y = \(\frac{x}{1+x}\) ⇒ y(1 – x) = x ⇒ y – yx = x ⇒ y = x(1 + y) ⇒ x = \(\frac{y}{1+y}\) exists ∀ y ≠ 1
∴ f is onto.
Verification: f(x) = \(\left(\frac{y}{1+y}\right)=\frac{\left(\frac{y}{1+y}\right)}{1+\left|\frac{y}{1+y}\right|}=\frac{\frac{y}{1+y}}{1+\left(\frac{-y}{1+y}\right)}=\frac{y}{1+y-y}=y\)
Hence, f is one-one and onto in both the cases. Hence proved.