Justice Questions and Answers AP Inter 1st Year Civics Chapter 7

Regular practice with AP Inter 1st Year Civics Study Material Chapter 7 Justice Questions and Answers helps students stay prepared for examinations.

AP Inter 1st Year Civics 7th Lesson Justice Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice.
Answer:

“Justice is giving to every man his due. It is a combination of reason, courage, appetite and will in terms of the state” -Plato
“Justice means a combination and condition of political values”.-Ernest Barker “
Justice means speaking the truth and playing one’s debts”.- Cephalus .

Question 2.
What is Distributive Justice?
Answer:
Distributive justice implies the distribution of goods and wealth of citizens by the state on merit basis. Aristotle stated that justice is a sort of proportion. He regarded it as the most powerful instrument against revolutions.

Question 3.
What is Aristotle’s idea of Corrective Justice?
Answer:
Corrective Justice comprises restoring each person the lost rights due to the infringement of his rights by others. Aristotle viewed this justice as essentially negative. It is concerned with voluntary commercial transactions like hire, sale, and furnishing of property.

Question 4.
How did stoics perceive justice?
Answer:

Greek Stoics perceived nature to be a source of justice.
Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs.
In this, man should be free and Man should be treated equally.

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the major concepts of Justice.
Answer:
Concepts of Justice:

Numerical concept.
Geometrical concept.

1. Numerical concept:
Numerical concept of justice regards that everyone has equal share. The ancient Greek city states adopted this concept in public matters. They did not consider special knowledge, qualifications etc. for holding public offices.

Jeremy Bentham advocated this concept in modern times, as “Everyone counts for one, nobody for more than one”.

2. Geometrical concept:
Geometrical concept is based on the notion of proportionate equality. It advocates equal share to equals and unequal share to unequals. It means that the distribution of power and patronage in public offices should be allocated in proportion to the worth or contribution of the individuals. Aristotle stated, “Jf flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute.

Question 2.
Define justice and mention various types of justice.
Answer:
Definition of Justice:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of Justice based on natural, social, political and legal spheres.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing-the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

2. Social justice: Social justice enforces the principle of equality before law. It ensures eradication of social evils like poverty, unemployment, starvation, disease etc. It also extends protection to the downtrodden and weaker sections of society.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state.

4. Economic Justice: Economic justice refers to the absence of economic discrimination between individuals on irrational and unnatural grounds. It stands for the equal treatment of individuals irrespective of differences in the income, money, wealth, property etc.

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state.

Question 3.
What conditions are necessary for the success of political justice?
Answer:
Political justice symbolises political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of citizens in the governance of the country.

Necessary conditions for the success of political justice:

Rule of law
Independent judiciary
Regular periodical elections to the representative bodies
Political parties
Freedom of press
Democratic rule

Question 4.
Explain any two sources of justice.
Answer:
Earnest Barker gives four sources of Justice:

Nature.
Ethics
Religion
Economic elements

1. Nature: The Greek stoics perceived nature to be a source of Justice. Their perception of nature was a combination of moral philosophy and religious beliefs. They viewed that nature embodies three things.

Man should be free
Man should be treated equally.
Man should be associated with his fellow beings by the common element of reason.

2. Ethics: Idealist thinkers like Plato, Emanuel Kant, Thomas Hilly Green, Earnest Barker and others propounded that justice originated from ethical practices. They pointed out that values accepted by the society over a period of time have, in turn, become the impersonal source of positive justice.

3. Religion: Religion is regarded as another source of Justice. This source has been in force since medieval age. The church authorities held the notion that it was God who propounded the notions of justice, right and wrong.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Justice and any explain three types of Justice.
Answer:
Justice is a dynamic concept in the contemporary society.
The word ‘justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘justitia’ which means ‘to bind’.

Definition of Justice:

“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Types of justice:
There are different types of Justice. They are

Natural justice
Social justice
Political justice
Economic justice
Legal justice.

1. Natural justice: Natural justice is based on the notion that every person in the world possesses some rights for availing the natural resources. Natural resources provide support to the life of each and every creature on the earth.

3. Political Justice: Political Justice symbolizes political equality. It implies provision of political rights to all the adult citizens in a state. It facilitates free and fair participation of the citizens in the governance of the country. It allows the citizens for their active participation in day-today administration. It may be noted that political justice prevails in the State when the following conditions are prevalent:

Rule of Law.
Independent Judiciary
Popular elections to the representative bodies
Political Parties
Freedom of press and assembly.
Democratic Rule

5. Legal Justice: Legal Justice is supplemented by customs of the society. It is embodied in the Constitution and legislative enactments in a state. It determines the legal contours of Justice. There will be no discrimination between individuals in the application of laws.

Question 2.
Define justice and write an essay on Social Justice.
Answer:
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia ’, which means ‘to bind’.
Justice is a dynamic concept in contemporary society.

Definition of justice:
“Justice means a combination and coordination of political values.” -Ernest Barker

Social Justice: Social Justice is generally equated with the notion of equality. Equality is an indisputable and inherent element of social justice. The term ‘social justice’ has wider meaning. ‘Social Justice’ connotes fairness, mutual obligation and responsibility in a society. It firmly believes that everyone is responsible to the others. Everyone must be provided adequate opportunities. Social justice, in brief, aims at achieving a just society by eliminating injustice. It prevails when people have the belief of sharing the things in the society. They must be entitled to equitable treatment, human rights and fair allocation of common resources.

In this context, modern political scientists like John Rawls and David Miller gave two prominent statements.

John Rawls advanced the theory of social Justice commonly known as “Justice or Fairness”.
To him, social justice implies equal access to the liberties, rights and opportunities as well as taking care of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society.

David Miller pointed out that social justice is concerned with the distribution of good (advantages) and bad (disadvantages) in society. He further analysed more specifically how these things are distributed in society. According to him, social justice is concerned with the allocation of resources among people by social and political institutions. People, through social justice, receive many benefits in the fields of education, employment, wealth, health, welfare, transport etc.

Miller’s theory applies to both public and private spheres. His theory regards social justice as a social virtue that speaks of what a person possess and what he will owe to others in society.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who defined justice as ‘Justice means to help friends and harm enemies’?
1. Polemarchus
2. Cephalus
3. Plato
4. Ernest Bark
Answer:
1. Polemarchus

Question 2.
According to the Numerical concept of justice, who stated, ‘Everyone counts as one , no one counts for more than one’?
1. Aristotle
2. Plato
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. Cephalus
Answer:
3. Jeremy Bentham

Question 3.
Who regarded Distributive justice as the most powerful instrument against revolutions?
1. Plato
2. Aristotle
3. Ernest Barker
4. Polemarchus
Answer:
2. Aristotle

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
John Rawls advocated the ‘Theory of social justice’ commonly known as _____________.
Answer:
Justice as fairness

Question 2.
The word ‘Justice’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Justitia’ which means _____________.
Answer:
To bind

Question 3.
Aristotle stated, “If flutes are to be distributed, they should be distributed only among those who have the capacity for playing the flute. This concept is known as _____________.
Answer:
Geometrical concept

One Word Answers

Question 1.
‘Numerical Concept’ in modern times is advocated by
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham.

Question 2.
Who advocated distributive justice and corrective justice?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 3.
Who propounded that nature, ethics, religion, economic elements are the four sources justice?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.

Question 4.
Who stated that legal justice is ‘Law according to justice ‘”?
Answer:
Ernest Barker.